WO2024080470A1 - 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024080470A1 WO2024080470A1 PCT/KR2023/006014 KR2023006014W WO2024080470A1 WO 2024080470 A1 WO2024080470 A1 WO 2024080470A1 KR 2023006014 W KR2023006014 W KR 2023006014W WO 2024080470 A1 WO2024080470 A1 WO 2024080470A1
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/88—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by thermal analysis data, e.g. TGA, DTA, DSC
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- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery containing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material containing an excess of lithium manganese-based oxide, wherein the lithium and manganese present in excess in the lithium manganese-based oxide
- a positive electrode capable of preventing deterioration of the lifespan of a lithium secondary battery by preventing the electrochemical properties of the lithium secondary battery, including rate characteristics, from deteriorating, and in particular by suppressing or mitigating the elution of transition metals from the lithium manganese-based oxide. It relates to active materials and lithium secondary batteries containing the same.
- Batteries store power by using materials capable of electrochemical reactions for the anode and cathode.
- a representative example of the battery is a lithium secondary battery that stores electrical energy by the difference in chemical potential when lithium ions are intercalated/deintercalated at the positive and negative electrodes.
- the lithium secondary battery is manufactured by using materials capable of reversible intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions as positive and negative electrode active materials, and filling an organic electrolyte or polymer electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes.
- a representative material used as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries is lithium composite oxide.
- the lithium composite oxide is LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 or Ni, Co, Mn or Al as disclosed in Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2015-0069334 (published on June 23, 2015). There are complex oxides, etc.
- LiCoO 2 is the most widely used due to its excellent lifespan characteristics and charge/discharge efficiency, but it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to resource limitations of cobalt used as a raw material, which limits its price competitiveness.
- Lithium manganese oxides such as LiMnO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 have the advantage of excellent thermal stability and low price, but have the problem of small capacity and poor high-temperature characteristics.
- LiNiO 2 -based positive electrode active material exhibits battery characteristics of high discharge capacity, but synthesis is difficult due to cation mixing problems between Li and transition metals, and as a result, there is a major problem in rate characteristics.
- the Li by-products mostly include LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 and may cause gelation during production of the positive electrode paste or may cause gas generation due to repeated charging/discharging after manufacturing the electrode.
- residual Li 2 CO 3 among the Li by-products increases the swelling phenomenon of the cell and reduces life characteristics.
- lithium manganese-based oxide which contains an excessive amount of Mn among transition metals and at the same time has a lithium content greater than the sum of the transition metal contents, as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries.
- This lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxide is also referred to as lithium-excessive layered oxide (OLO).
- the OLO theoretically has the advantage of being able to exhibit high capacity under a high-voltage operating environment, in reality, the electrical conductivity is relatively low due to the excessive amount of Mn contained in the oxide, and as a result, the rate characteristics of lithium secondary batteries using OLO are low. It has the disadvantage of being low. In this way, when the rate characteristics are low, the charge/discharge capacity and lifespan efficiency (cycle capacity retention rate) are reduced during cycling of the lithium secondary battery.
- lithium secondary batteries using lithium iron phosphate have been mainly used from the viewpoint of ensuring safety, etc., but recently, nickel-based lithium composite oxide, which has a larger energy capacity per weight compared to LFP, has been used. This trend is expanding.
- nickel-based lithium composite oxide which is mainly used as a positive electrode active material for high-capacity lithium secondary batteries in recent years, essentially uses ternary metal elements such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese or nickel, cobalt, and aluminum.
- ternary metal elements such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese or nickel, cobalt, and aluminum.
- a cathode active material with a new composition that can reduce the cobalt content or exclude cobalt is needed.
- lithium-manganese-based oxides with excess lithium can meet the above-mentioned market expectations, but the lithium-manganese-based oxides are still commercially available in the form of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt.
- NCM nickel-cobalt-manganese
- NCA nickel-cobalt-manganese
- lithium manganese-based oxide has a higher possibility of eluting transition metals from the particle surface as charge/discharge is repeated than ternary lithium composite oxide.
- Mn contained in excess in the lithium manganese-based oxide will be eluted from the particle surface.
- the eluted transition metal may react with the electrolyte solution on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide to form impurities.
- the impurities not only improve the surface resistance of the lithium manganese-based oxide, but also act as a cause of lowering the intercalation/deintercalation efficiency of lithium ions through the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the transition metal eluted from the lithium manganese-based oxide or the impurities formed by the reaction of the eluted transition metal and the electrolyte may move to the cathode using the electrolyte as a medium and may be deposited on the surface of the cathode.
- a side reaction with the electrolyte solution occurs on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide, or Mn 2+ contained in excess in the lithium manganese-based oxide due to a structural change (change in crystal structure, etc.) of the lithium manganese-based oxide. It may be eluted into electrolyte solution.
- Mn 2+ eluted into the electrolyte may move to the surface of the cathode using the electrolyte as a medium during chemical conversion or charge/discharge and react with various substances (electrons, electrolyte, electrodes, or by-products, etc.) present in the battery, resulting in It exists as an impurity containing Mn 2+ , Mn metal, or Mn-containing compounds (eg, MnCO 3 , MnO, MnF 2 , etc.) on the surface of the cathode.
- Mn 2+ , Mn metal, or Mn-containing compounds eg, MnCO 3 , MnO, MnF 2 , etc.
- Transition metals or impurities deposited on the cathode surface can rapidly increase the cathode resistance, and this resistance abnormality is a typical cause of accelerated deterioration of the lifespan of lithium secondary batteries.
- the lithium secondary battery using the lithium manganese-based oxide as the positive electrode active material is vulnerable to the above-mentioned problems because the operating voltage is higher than that of the lithium secondary battery using other commercially available ternary lithium composite oxides as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxides are disadvantageous in terms of electrochemical properties and/or stability.
- excess lithium manganese-based oxide can also be commercialized. It has been confirmed by the present inventors that a possible level of electrochemical properties and stability can be achieved.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide is formed as core-shell particles showing a concentration gradient of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide from the core to the shell, and relatively eluted in the region corresponding to the shell. It has been confirmed by the present inventors that the elution of transition metals from the lithium manganese-based oxide can be suppressed or alleviated by ensuring that the content of the low-potential transition metal is higher than that of other transition metals.
- the surface of the core-shell particle that is, the surface of the shell
- a barrier layer capable of suppressing the elution of the transition metal from the core-shell particle
- the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide is prevented. It has been confirmed by the present inventors that it can be further suppressed or alleviated.
- the present invention is a positive electrode active material containing lithium manganese-based oxide in excess of lithium, which controls the bulk composition of the lithium manganese-based oxide and forms a barrier layer on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide to form a barrier layer on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the purpose is to provide a positive electrode active material capable of suppressing or mitigating the elution of transition metals from.
- the present invention forms the lithium manganese-based oxide as a core-shell particle showing a concentration gradient of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide from the core to the shell, and in the region corresponding to the shell
- the elution of transition metals from the lithium manganese-based oxide is suppressed or alleviated, and at the same time, the charge-transfer of lithium ions on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide is achieved.
- the purpose is to provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving diffusion (i.e., surface kinetic).
- the present invention prevents a decrease in rate characteristics due to lithium and manganese present in excess in existing OLO, and in particular, even when driven at high voltage, there is a gap between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution.
- the purpose is to provide a lithium secondary battery capable of achieving high stability by reducing side reactions.
- a positive electrode active material comprising a lithium manganese-based oxide in which a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a phase belonging to the R3-m space group are dissolved or combined is provided.
- ternary lithium complex oxides of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) composition have a phase belonging to the R3-m space group present as a single phase, whereas the present invention
- the lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxide defined in is characterized by a solid solution or composite of a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a phase belonging to the R3-m space group.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide is provided as core-shell particles in which the concentration of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide exhibits a gradient from the core to the shell.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide is formed as core-shell particles showing a gradient in the concentration of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide from the core to the shell, but relatively in the region corresponding to the shell.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide of the positive electrode active material may exist in at least one form selected from a single primary particle and a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- the positive electrode active material may include the lithium manganese-based oxide, which is a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- the secondary particle may be a core-shell particle in which the concentration of at least one transition metal shows a gradient from the center of the secondary particle to the surface of the secondary particle.
- the barrier layer exists to cover at least a portion of the surface of the secondary particle, thereby suppressing or mitigating the elution of transition metal from the secondary particle.
- grain boundaries are defined between adjacent primary particles within the secondary particles.
- the barrier layer may exist in a diffused state from the surface portion of the secondary particle along the grain boundary toward the center of the secondary particle.
- the primary particle may be a core-shell particle in which the concentration of at least one transition metal exhibits a gradient from the center of the primary particle to the surface of the primary particle.
- the barrier layer can suppress or alleviate the elution of transition metals from the primary particles by covering at least a portion of the surface of the primary particles.
- the primary particle may include at least one crystallite, and the crystallite may exhibit a concentration gradient of at least one transition metal from the center of the crystallite to the surface portion of the crystallite.
- the barrier layer may cover each crystallite present in the primary particle, but the purpose of suppressing or mitigating the elution of the transition metal can be sufficiently achieved by covering the surface of the primary particle.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide may be represented by Chemical Formula 1 below.
- M1 is at least one selected from Ni and Mn,
- M2 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, At least one selected from W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, M2 does not overlap with M1,
- X is a halogen capable of substituting at least some of the oxygen present in the lithium manganese-based oxide
- the lithium manganese-based oxide may be represented by the following Chemical Formula 1-1.
- M1 is at least one selected from Ni and Mn,
- M2 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, At least one selected from W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, M2 does not overlap with M1,
- X is a halogen capable of substituting at least some of the oxygen present in the lithium manganese-based oxide
- a positive electrode containing the above-described positive electrode active material is provided.
- a lithium secondary battery using the above-described positive electrode is provided.
- the existing lithium composite oxide compared to the commercially available ternary lithium complex oxide of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) composition, the existing lithium composite oxide has various disadvantages in terms of electrochemical properties and/or stability. It is possible to improve the limitations of lithium excess lithium manganese oxide.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide is formed as core-shell particles showing a gradient in the concentration of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide from the core to the shell, corresponding to the shell.
- the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide can be suppressed or alleviated by ensuring that the content of the transition metal with a relatively low elution possibility in the region is higher than that of other transition metals.
- the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide Dissolution can be further suppressed or alleviated.
- the transition metal eluted from the lithium manganese-based oxide and/or the impurities formed by the reaction of the eluted transition metal and the electrolyte can move to the cathode using the electrolyte as a medium, and the impurities are deposited on the cathode surface, causing a rapid increase in cathode resistance. You can. Accordingly, there is a need to limit unintended movement of transition metals in a lithium secondary battery as described in the present invention.
- the present invention by preventing the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide, impurities are deposited on the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode by the transition metal eluted from the lithium manganese-based oxide, thereby deteriorating the lifespan of the lithium secondary battery. can be prevented from accelerating.
- core-shell particles showing a concentration gradient of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide
- charge-transfer of lithium ions on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide and /Or the diffusivity (i.e. surface kinetic) can be improved.
- a positive electrode active material including a lithium manganese-based oxide in which a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a phase belonging to the R3-m space group are dissolved or combined is provided.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide contains at least lithium, nickel, and manganese. At this time, the lithium manganese-based oxide is because the content of lithium present in the lithium manganese-based oxide is greater than the sum of the contents of other transition metals (generally, the molar ratio of lithium to all metal elements other than lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide) (If the Li/Metal molar ratio is greater than 1), it is also referred to as lithium overlithiated layered oxide (OLO).
- OLO lithium overlithiated layered oxide
- the above Lithium manganese-based oxide has a relatively high proportion of manganese among all metal elements (for example, 50 mol% or more, preferably 55 mol% to 75 mol%) compared to commercialized ternary lithium composite oxide.
- ternary lithium composite oxides of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) composition have a nickel content of 60 mol% or more (in the case of high-Ni type) out of all metal elements excluding lithium.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide is 80 mol% or more
- the lithium manganese-based oxide has a proportion of nickel among all metal elements compared to the commercially available ternary lithium composite oxide (for example, less than 50 mol%, preferably 25 mol% to 45 mol%). This is relatively low.
- the Li/Metal molar ratio measured from the lithium manganese-based oxide defined herein is larger than that of ternary lithium complex oxides such as nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA).
- NCM nickel-cobalt-manganese
- NCA nickel-cobalt-aluminum
- the Li/Metal molar ratio of ternary lithium complex oxides such as nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) has a value close to 1.
- the Li/Metal molar ratio of the lithium manganese-based oxide defined herein is greater than 1, and preferably has a value of 1.1 to 1.6.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide can also serve as a composite metal oxide capable of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide included in the positive electrode active material defined herein may exist as particles including at least one primary particle.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide when the lithium manganese-based oxide exists as a single primary particle, the lithium manganese-based oxide may be referred to as a single particle.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide when the lithium manganese-based oxide exists as an aggregate of a plurality of primary particles, the lithium manganese-based oxide may be referred to as a secondary particle.
- the positive electrode active material may include at least one selected from lithium manganese-based oxide that exists as a single particle and lithium manganese-based oxide that exists as secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- Primary particles constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide may have a rod shape, an elliptical shape, and/or an irregular shape. Additionally, unless specifically intended during the manufacturing process, primary particles of various shapes exist within the same positive electrode active material.
- the primary particles constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide defined herein may have an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.25 m to 0.75 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles may be the average value of the length of the primary particles in the major axis direction and the length in the minor axis direction ([major axis length + minor axis length]/2).
- the average particle diameter of the secondary particles may be 0.5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the secondary particles may vary depending on the number of primary particles constituting the secondary particles.
- the term “surface of the primary particle” used herein refers to the outer surface of the primary particle exposed to the outside.
- the term “surface of the secondary particle” used herein refers to the outer surface of the secondary particle exposed to the outside.
- the “surface of the secondary particle” formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles corresponds to the exposed surface of the primary particle present on the surface portion of the secondary particle.
- the term “surface portion of the particle” used herein refers to an area relatively close to the “surface” of the particle, and the “center of the particle” refers to an area relatively closer to the “surface” of the particle. It means the area close to the “exact center” of . Accordingly, the “surface portion of the primary particle” refers to an area relatively close to the “surface” of the primary particle, and the “center of the primary particle” refers to a region relatively closer to the “surface portion” of the primary particle.
- the “surface portion of the secondary particle” refers to an area relatively close to the “surface” of the secondary particle
- the “center of the secondary particle” refers to the “center of the secondary particle” relatively closer to the “surface portion” of the secondary particle. It refers to the area close to the “exact center”.
- the area within any particle excluding the “surface portion of the particle” can be defined as the “center of the particle.”
- the radius of the primary particle is r
- an area where the distance from the surface of the primary particle is 0 to 0.5r is defined as the surface portion of the primary particle
- the exact center of the primary particle is defined as r.
- a region at a distance of 0 to 0.5r can be defined as the center of the primary particle. If the radius of the primary particle is 0.5 ⁇ m, the surface portion of the primary particle is an area where the distance from the surface of the primary particle is 0 to 0.25 ⁇ m, and the center of the primary particle is the primary particle. It can be defined as an area where the distance from the exact center is 0 to 0.25 ⁇ m.
- a region where the distance from the surface of the primary particle is 0 to 0.1r or 0 to 0.2r is defined as the surface portion of the primary particle, a region at a distance of 0 to 0.2r or 0 to 0.5r from the exact center of the primary particle may be defined as the center of the primary particle.
- an area where the distance from the surface of the secondary particle is 0 to 0.5r is defined as the surface portion of the secondary particle, and the distance from the exact center of the secondary particle is The region where r is 0 to 0.5r can be defined as the center of the secondary particle. If the radius of the secondary particle is 2.0 ⁇ m, the surface portion of the secondary particle is an area where the distance from the surface of the secondary particle is 0 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the center of the secondary particle is the secondary particle. It can be defined as an area where the distance from the exact center is 0 to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- a region where the distance from the surface of the secondary particle is 0 to 0.1r or 0 to 0.2r is defined as the surface portion of the secondary particle
- an area with a distance of 0 to 0.2r or 0 to 0.5r from the exact center of the secondary particle can be defined as the center of the secondary particle.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide defined herein may be a lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxide represented by the following formula (1).
- the composition represented by Formula 1 below may represent an average composition reflecting the composition of the barrier layer present on at least a portion of the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- M1 is at least one selected from Ni and Mn,
- M2 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, At least one selected from W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, M2 does not overlap with M1,
- X is a substitutable halogen for at least a portion of the oxygen present in the lithium manganese oxide, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ Y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ It is 1.
- a gradient may be formed in which the ratio of at least one selected from x and y in Formula 1 changes from the surface of the primary particle toward the center of the primary particle.
- a gradient may be formed in which the ratio of at least one selected from x and y in Formula 1 changes from the surface of the secondary particle toward the center of the secondary particle.
- lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 may additionally include a spinel phase in addition to the phase belonging to the C2/m space group and the phase belonging to the R3-m space group.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide may be represented by the following Chemical Formula 1-1.
- the composition represented by Formula 1-1 below may represent an average composition reflecting the composition of the barrier layer present on at least a portion of the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- M1 is at least one selected from Ni and Mn,
- M2 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, At least one selected from W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, M2 does not overlap with M1,
- X is a substitutable halogen for at least a portion of the oxygen present in the lithium manganese oxide, and 0 ⁇ R ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ a' ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ B' ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x' ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ' ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ x'+y' ⁇ 1.
- M2 when M1 is Ni, M2 may include Mn, and when M1 is Mn, M2 may include Ni. Additionally, when M1 is Ni and Mn, M2 may not exist or, if present, may be an element other than Ni and Mn.
- M1 is Ni
- M2 is Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au
- At least one selected from Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd preferably Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo and at least one selected from W, more preferably at least one selected from Co, P, B, Si, Ti, Zr and W, even more preferably at least one selected from P, B and Si
- Mn may include.
- M2 is Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, At least one selected from Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd (preferably Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo and W at least one selected from, more preferably at least one selected from Co, P, B, Si, Ti, Zr and W, even more preferably at least one selected from P, B and Si) and Ni. can do.
- M2 is Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, At least one selected from Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, preferably Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo and at least one selected from W, more preferably at least one selected from Co, P, B, Si, Ti, Zr and W, even more preferably at least one selected from P, B and Si. You can.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 or Formula 1-1 may optionally include cobalt.
- the mole fraction of the cobalt relative to the number of moles of the total metal elements in the lithium manganese-based oxide may be 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 10% or less. there is.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 may have a cobalt-free composition that does not contain cobalt.
- the Li/Metal molar ratio measured from the lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 or Formula 1-1 may be greater than 1, preferably 1.1 to 1.6. It is possible to form a lithium manganese-based oxide with excess lithium only when the Li/Metal molar ratio measured from the lithium manganese-based oxide has a value greater than at least 1.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide in order for the lithium manganese-based oxide to properly form a solid solution or a composite solid solution of a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a phase belonging to the R3-m space group, and at the same time to exhibit high capacity under a high voltage operating environment, the lithium manganese-based oxide
- the Li/Metal molar ratio of the oxide is preferably 1.1 to 1.6.
- lithium present in the lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 or Formula 1-1 is used. It is preferable that the content of manganese among all metal elements excluded is 50 mol% or more. It is more preferable that the content of manganese among all metal elements excluding lithium present in the lithium manganese-based oxide is 50 mol% or more and less than 80 mol% so that the lithium manganese-based oxide can have the characteristics of OLO that exhibits high capacity under a high voltage operating environment. , more preferably 55 mol% to 75 mol%.
- phase transition may occur due to the movement of transition metals (particularly manganese) in the lithium manganese-based oxide during formation and/or operation of the lithium secondary battery. .
- This phase transition forms a spinel phase, and the spinel phase, which acts as an impurity in the lithium manganese-based oxide, may cause a decrease in charge/discharge capacity or voltage decay during cycling of the lithium secondary battery.
- the content of nickel among the metal elements is less than 50 mol%.
- the nickel content in the lithium manganese-based oxide is more than 50 mol%, it is difficult to sufficiently form the C2/m phase, or the phase belonging to the C2/m space group and the phase belonging to the R3-m space group do not form a sufficient solid solution, resulting in lithium secondary This may cause phase separation during formation and/or operation of the cell.
- the nickel content in the lithium manganese-based oxide is 25 mol%. It is preferably from 45 mol%.
- NCM nickel-cobalt-manganese
- NCA nickel-cobalt-aluminum
- the lithium-excessed lithium manganese-based oxide represented by Formula 1 or Formula 1-1 is a phase belonging to the C2/m space group represented by rLi 2 MnO 3 (hereinafter referred to as 'C2/m phase').
- 'C2/m phase' A composite oxide in which oxide and (1-r)Li a M1 x M2 y O 2- b It exists as
- the lithium manganese-based oxide may exist in a state in which the oxide of the C2/m phase and the oxide of the R3-m phase form a solid solution.
- a complex oxide in which a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a phase belonging to the R3-m space group are simply physically and/or chemically combined or attached does not correspond to a solid solution as defined herein.
- C2 whose surface is coated with a metal oxide having a phase belonging to the R3-m space group by mixing a metal oxide having a phase belonging to the C2/m space group and a metal oxide having a phase belonging to the R3-m space group.
- Complex oxides with phases belonging to the /m space group do not correspond to solid solutions as defined herein.
- the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 which is an oxide of the C2/m phase, in the lithium manganese-based oxide becomes excessively large, resulting in As the irreversible capacity and resistance of the positive electrode active material increase, there is a risk that the discharge capacity may decrease. That is, in order to improve surface kinetics by sufficiently activating the C2/m phase oxide, which has relatively high resistance among the lithium manganese-based oxides, it is preferable that the R3-m phase oxide be present in a predetermined ratio or more.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide as defined herein exists as core-shell particles exhibiting a gradient in concentration of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide from the core to the shell. At this time, the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide can be suppressed or alleviated by ensuring that the content of the transition metal with a relatively low elution possibility in the region corresponding to the shell is higher than that of other transition metals.
- core-shell particles showing a gradient in the concentration of at least one transition metal constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide, the charge-transfer and/or diffusion properties of lithium ions on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide (In other words, surface kinetics can be improved.
- the particle may be referred to as a core-shell particle. That is, the lithium manganese-based oxide is a core-shell particle, and the average composition of all metal elements constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide in the core and the shell may be different from each other. Accordingly, the ratio of the phase belonging to the C2/m space group and the R3-m space group in the core will be different from the proportion of the phase belonging to the C2/m space group and the R3-m space group in the shell. You can.
- the shell may occupy at least a portion of the surface of the core. That is, the shell may partially exist on the surface of the core, or may occupy the entire surface of the core.
- M 1 the number of moles of all metal elements in the lithium manganese-based oxide
- M 2 the number of moles of nickel
- M calculated from the average composition of all metal elements in the core of the lithium manganese-based oxide 2 /M 1 and M 2 /M 1 calculated from the average composition of all metal elements in the shell of the lithium manganese-based oxide may be different from each other.
- lithium-excessive lithium manganese-based oxide containing an excessive amount of Mn lithium-cobalt oxide or a ternary system of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) composition containing a relatively excessive amount of Ni It is well known that it has lower electrical conductivity than lithium complex oxide. In addition, ternary lithium composite oxide also has a problem in that the electrical conductivity decreases as the Mn content increases.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide defined herein can improve the surface kinetics of the lithium manganese-based oxide by forming a concentration gradient of the transition metal between the core and the shell. This effect can be achieved through a difference in the concentration of the transition metal in the core and shell of primary particles, secondary particles, crystallites, and/or single particles, which will be described later, or a concentration gradient of the transition metal formed between the core and the shell.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide of the positive electrode active material exists in at least one form selected from a single primary particle and a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, and the primary particle is It may be a core-shell particle in which the concentration of at least one transition metal shows a gradient from the center of the primary particle to the surface of the primary particle.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide existing in the form of secondary particles may be an aggregate of primary particles existing as core-shell particles.
- the primary particles exist as core-shell particles showing a concentration gradient of at least one transition metal from the core to the shell, the surface kinetics of the primary particles and/or the secondary particles can be improved.
- the primary particles may exhibit a concentration gradient of at least one selected from nickel and manganese from the core to the shell. More specifically, the primary particles may exhibit a concentration gradient in which the concentration of nickel increases from the core to the shell, while the concentration of manganese decreases.
- the concentration of the transition metal shows a gradient from the core of the primary particle to the shell
- rapid changes in the concentration of the metal element between the core and the shell of the primary particle can be reduced.
- instability in the crystal structure of the primary particles can be prevented.
- the average thickness of the shell is 0.1 nm to 2 ⁇ m, preferably 50 nm to 50 nm. It may be 1 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the shell of the primary particles is thinner than 0.1 nm, it may be difficult to sufficiently improve the surface kinetics of the primary particles. On the other hand, if the thickness of the shell of the primary particles is thicker than 2 ⁇ m, it may be disadvantageous to exhibit high capacity under a high voltage operating environment, which is one of the advantages of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the primary particle may include at least one crystallite.
- the crystallite has the core-shell shape described above, and the concentration of at least one transition metal may exhibit a gradient from the center of the crystallite to the surface of the crystallite.
- the crystallite may exhibit a concentration gradient of at least one selected from nickel and manganese from the center toward the surface. More specifically, the crystallite may exhibit a concentration gradient in which the concentration of nickel increases from the center toward the surface, while the concentration of manganese decreases.
- the plurality of crystallites constituting the primary particle may have the above-described core-shell shape. Crystallites in the core-shell form can contribute to stabilizing the crystal structure of the primary particles and simultaneously improving the low electrical conductivity of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- a region where a transition metal concentration gradient exists is in a region adjacent to the surface of the crystallite, and the average thickness of the region where the transition metal concentration gradient exists among the crystallites is It may be 0.1nm to 500nm. If the thickness of the region where the concentration gradient of the transition metal exists among the crystallites is thinner than 0.1 nm, it may be difficult to sufficiently improve the surface kinetics of the crystallites and the primary particles made of the crystallites.
- the thickness of the region where the concentration gradient of the transition metal exists among the crystallites is thicker than 500 nm, it may be disadvantageous to exhibit high capacity under a high voltage operating environment, which is one of the advantages of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the secondary particle may be a core-shell particle in which the concentration of at least one transition metal exhibits a gradient from the center of the secondary particle to the surface of the secondary particle.
- the secondary particles may exhibit a concentration gradient of at least one selected from nickel and manganese from the core to the shell. More specifically, the secondary particles may exhibit a concentration gradient in which the concentration of nickel increases from the core to the shell, while the concentration of manganese decreases.
- the average thickness of the shell is 0.1 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 100 nm to 100 nm. It may be 2 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the shell of the secondary particles is thinner than 0.1 nm, it may be difficult to sufficiently improve the surface kinetics of the secondary particles. On the other hand, if the thickness of the shell of the secondary particles is thicker than 5 ⁇ m, it may be disadvantageous to exhibit high capacity under a high voltage operating environment, which is one of the advantages of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the concentration gradient existing in the above-described primary particles, secondary particles, and/or crystallites may suppress and/or alleviate phase transition that occurs as the transition metal within the particle moves in an unintended direction.
- the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide can be suppressed or alleviated.
- suppressing or mitigating the elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide it is possible to prevent the formation of impurities by reaction between the transition metal eluted on the surface and the electrolyte solution.
- the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide Elution can be further suppressed or alleviated.
- the barrier layer covers at least a portion of the surface of the secondary particles, thereby suppressing or mitigating the elution of transition metals from the secondary particles to the outside. Additionally, by covering the surface of the secondary particle, the barrier layer can prevent side reactions between the surface of the secondary particle and the electrolyte solution.
- the barrier layer When the barrier layer covers a portion of the surface of the secondary particle, the barrier layer may exist in the form of an island. That is, even if the barrier layer covers at least a portion of the surface of the secondary particle in the form of an island, the elution of the transition metal through the area covered by the barrier layer can be suppressed or alleviated. Therefore, the fact that the barrier layer exists on the surface of the secondary particle should be distinguished from simply the presence of the lithium manganese-based oxide and other oxides in a dispersed state on the surface of the secondary particle.
- a grain boundary is defined between adjacent primary particles within the secondary particle, and the barrier layer is spread along the grain boundary from the surface of the secondary particle toward the center of the secondary particle. It can exist.
- elements mainly included in the barrier layer may exhibit a concentration gradient that decreases from the surface of the secondary particle toward the center of the secondary particle.
- the barrier layer forms a gradient from the surface of the secondary particle toward the center of the secondary particle, elution of transition metals mainly from the surface of the secondary particle can be effectively suppressed or alleviated.
- Some of the elements mainly included in the barrier layer may be doped into the primary particles and/or the secondary particles.
- the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the surface of the secondary particles is preferably 0.1 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the secondary particles is thinner than 0.1 nm, it may be difficult to sufficiently suppress the elution of transition metals from the secondary particles. On the other hand, if the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the secondary particles is thicker than 1 ⁇ m, there is a risk that the surface kinetics of the secondary particles may decrease or the electrical conductivity of the secondary particles may decrease.
- the barrier layer covers at least a portion of the surface of the primary particles, thereby suppressing or mitigating external elution of transition metals from the primary particles. Additionally, by covering the surface of the primary particle, the barrier layer can prevent side reactions between the surface of the primary particle and the electrolyte solution. At this time, the barrier layer may cover at least a portion of the surface of the secondary particle by covering the surface of the primary particle present on the surface of the secondary particle. When the barrier layer covers a portion of the surfaces of the primary particles and/or the secondary particles, the barrier layer may exist in the form of an island.
- the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the surface of the primary particle is preferably 0.1 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the primary particles is thinner than 0.1 nm, it may be difficult to sufficiently suppress the elution of transition metals from the primary particles. On the other hand, if the average thickness of the barrier layer covering the primary particles is thicker than 1 ⁇ m, there is a risk that the surface kinetics of the primary particles may decrease or the electrical conductivity of the secondary particles may decrease.
- the region where the concentration gradient of the transition metal exists may exist in an area adjacent to the surface of the crystallite.
- the barrier layer may cover at least a portion of the surface of the primary particle, and the average thickness of the barrier layer is preferably 0.1 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the barrier layer may include a first oxide represented by Chemical Formula 2 below.
- M3 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, It is at least one selected from Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 8, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 8, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 8, 2 ⁇ f ⁇ 13.
- the first oxide represented by Formula 2 is a borate-based compound or LBO (lithium borate)-based compound
- non-limiting examples of the first oxide include B 2 O 3 , Li 2 OB 2 O 3 , Li 3 BO 3 , Li 2 B 4 O 7 , Li 2 B 2 O 7 , Li 2 B 8 O 13 , etc.
- the first oxide may have a composition in which M3, a heterogeneous element, is selectively doped with the borate-based compound or lithium borate-based compound described above.
- a gradient is formed in which the concentration of at least one selected from B and M3 decreases from the barrier layer toward the core of the lithium manganese-based oxide due to diffusion and/or doping of the first oxide included in the barrier layer. It can be.
- This concentration gradient serves as a path through which lithium ions move within and between the primary particles, and thus the transport/diffusion efficiency of lithium ions via the primary particles can be improved.
- the barrier layer may further include a second oxide represented by Formula 3 below.
- M4 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, At least one selected from Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, 0 ⁇ g ⁇ 8, 0 ⁇ h ⁇ 8, 2 ⁇ i ⁇ 13, excluding the case where g and h are 0 at the same time .
- Non-limiting examples of the second oxide represented by Formula 3 include Li g Zr h O i , Li g Ti h O i , Li g Ni h O i , Li g Nb h O i , Li g Co h O i , Li g Si h O i , Li g Al h O i , Co h O i , Mn h O i , Al h O i , Si h O i , Zr h O i , Ti h O i , etc.
- a gradient in which the concentration of M4 decreases from the barrier layer toward the core of the lithium manganese-based oxide may be formed due to diffusion and/or doping of the second oxide included in the barrier layer.
- the barrier layer may include a third oxide represented by Chemical Formula 4 below.
- M5 is Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, At least one selected from W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd and Nd, 0 ⁇ j ⁇ 10, 0 ⁇ k ⁇ 8, 0 ⁇ l ⁇ 4, 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 10, 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 13, excluding the case where j and k are 0 at the same time.
- Non-limiting examples of the third oxide represented by Formula 4 include Li j (P l O m ) n, Li j Al k (P l O m ) n, Al k (P l O m ) n, (P l O m ) n, Li j Mn k (P l O m ) n, M n k (P l O m ) n, Li j N i k (P l O m ) n, N i k (P l O m ) n , etc. There is.
- a gradient is formed in which the concentration of at least one selected from M5 and P decreases from the barrier layer toward the core of the lithium manganese-based oxide due to diffusion and/or doping of the third oxide included in the barrier layer. It can be.
- a decrease in charge/discharge capacity or voltage decay during cycling of a lithium secondary battery using OLO is caused by a phase transition due to the movement of a transition metal in lithium manganese-based oxide.
- a transition metal in a lithium manganese-based oxide with a layered crystal structure moves in an unintended direction and induces a phase transition
- a spinel or similar crystal structure may occur entirely and/or partially in the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- this spinel phase not only contributes to surface stabilization of the lithium manganese-based oxide, but also serves as a two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional path through which lithium ions in the lithium manganese-based oxide diffuse. You can.
- the barrier layer that exists to suppress the elution of transition metals from the primary particles and/or the secondary particles, a spinel-phase compound is present on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide, thereby forming the primary Even if the surface of the particle and/or the secondary particle is covered with the barrier layer, the lithium manganese-based oxide can be allowed to exhibit an appropriate level of electrical conductivity.
- the barrier layer is selected from the first to third oxides to effectively suppress or alleviate the elution of transition metals from the lithium manganese-based oxide and at the same time improve the surface kinetics of the lithium manganese-based oxide. It may contain at least two or more oxides.
- ternary lithium composite oxides of nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) composition which contain a relatively excessive amount of Ni, experience rapid thermal weight loss starting from about 700°C. It is known that lithium manganese-based oxide with excess lithium does not lose heat weight up to about 900°C. Accordingly, no thermogravimetric loss occurs in the range of 400°C to 700°C when thermogravimetric analysis is performed on lithium manganese-based oxide that is not separately surface modified.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide which covers at least a portion of the surface of the primary particle and/or the secondary particle with the barrier layer, begins to lose thermogravity at around 500°C. , the thermogravimetric loss for the lithium manganese-based oxide can be confirmed at 700°C.
- thermogravimetric loss confirmed from thermogravimetric analysis of the lithium manganese-based oxide may be caused by the components constituting the barrier layer. Accordingly, as the content of the barrier layer present in the lithium manganese-based oxide increases, the thermogravimetric loss confirmed from thermogravimetric analysis of the lithium manganese-based oxide may increase.
- the difference (y-x) of y) is preferably 0.03 wt% or more, and is more preferably 0.10 wt% or more in order to effectively suppress or alleviate the elution of transition metals from the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the fact that the difference in weight loss rate (y-x) is less than 0.03 wt% means that a barrier layer to suppress or alleviate the elution of transition metals is insufficiently formed on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the content of the main constituent elements of the barrier layer is preferably greater than 0.1 mol% and less than 5 mol%.
- the main constituent elements of the barrier layer are boron (B) and M3
- the main constituent elements of the barrier layer are The element is M4
- the main constituent element of the barrier layer is M5.
- the main constituent element of the barrier layer is selected from boron (B), M3, M4, and M5.
- the fact that the content of the main constituent elements of the barrier layer is less than 0.1 mol% means that the barrier layer to suppress or alleviate the elution of transition metals is insufficiently formed on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide. Accordingly, it is difficult to effectively prevent accelerated deterioration of the lifespan of the lithium secondary battery due to deposition of impurities on the positive electrode and/or negative electrode by the transition metal eluted from the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the content of the main constituent elements of the barrier layer is more than 5 mol%, the surface kinetics of the lithium manganese-based oxide may be lowered, and accordingly, compared to the case where the main constituent elements of the barrier layer are present in an appropriate amount. Electrochemical properties may deteriorate.
- the content of the main constituent elements of the barrier layer calculated based on the elements is 1 ⁇ 0.1 mol% or more and 3 ⁇ 0.1 mol% or less (specifically, 0.9 mol% to 3.1 mol%, more specifically, 0.98 mol% to 3.04 mol %) is more preferable.
- a positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector may be provided.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include lithium manganese-based oxide according to various embodiments of the present invention described above as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium manganese-based oxide a positive electrode active material
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing chemical changes in the battery, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or carbon, nickel, titanium on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , surface treated with silver, etc. may be used. Additionally, the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material. For example, it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer may be manufactured by applying a positive electrode slurry composition containing the positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and optionally a binder, if necessary, to the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 to 99 wt%, more specifically 85 to 98.5 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer. When included in the above content range, it can exhibit excellent capacity characteristics, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular limitation as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity in the battery being constructed.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Alternatively, conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt% based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive active material and the current collector.
- Specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). ), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-co-HFP vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- the binder may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt% based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the positive electrode active material described above.
- a positive electrode slurry composition prepared by dissolving or dispersing the above-mentioned positive electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive material in a solvent may be prepared by applying the positive electrode current collector to the positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling.
- the solvent may be a solvent commonly used in the art, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, or Water, etc. may be used, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- acetone or Water, etc.
- the amount of solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, and binder in consideration of the application thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity when applied for subsequent positive electrode production. do.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by casting the positive electrode slurry composition on a separate support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from this support onto the positive electrode current collector.
- an electrochemical device including the above-described anode can be provided.
- the electrochemical device may specifically be a battery, a capacitor, etc., and more specifically may be a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium secondary battery may specifically include a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned opposite the positive electrode, and a separator and electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a positive electrode a negative electrode positioned opposite the positive electrode
- a separator and electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- it can be used on the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel. Surface treatment with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and like the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be manufactured by applying a negative electrode slurry composition containing the negative electrode active material, a conductive material, and optionally a binder, if necessary, to the negative electrode current collector.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation/deintercalation of lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon;
- Metallic compounds that can be alloyed with lithium such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy;
- a composite containing the above-described metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or Sn-C composite, may be used, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- a metallic lithium thin film may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the carbon material may include both low-crystalline carbon and high-crystalline carbon.
- low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- High-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes is a representative example.
- the negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 to 99 wt% based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the binder is a component that assists in bonding between the conductive material, the active material, and the current collector, and can typically be added in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt% based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and tetrafluoride.
- Roethylene polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- sulfonated-EPDM styrene-butadiene rubber
- nitrile-butadiene rubber fluorine rubber
- the conductive material is an ingredient to further improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, and may be added in an amount of 10 wt% or less, preferably 5 wt% or less, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- These conductive materials are not particularly limited as long as they have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery, and examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black; Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; Metal powders such as carbon fluoride, aluminum, and nickel powder; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer is prepared by applying and drying a negative electrode slurry composition prepared by dissolving or dispersing the negative electrode active material and optionally a binder and a conductive material in a solvent on the negative electrode current collector, or by applying the negative electrode slurry composition to the negative electrode current collector. It can be manufactured by casting the composition on a separate support and then peeling from this support and laminating the obtained film onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed by applying and drying a negative electrode slurry composition prepared by dissolving or dispersing the negative electrode active material and optionally a binder and a conductive material in a solvent on the negative electrode current collector, or by applying the negative electrode slurry composition to the negative electrode current collector. It may also be manufactured by casting the composition on a separate support and then peeling from this support and laminating the obtained film onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in lithium secondary batteries, and can be used in particular for ion movement in the electrolyte. It is desirable to have low resistance and excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous non-woven fabrics for example, non-woven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymer materials may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- electrolytes used herein include organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel-type polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in the production of lithium secondary batteries, and are limited to these. That is not the case.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent includes ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone-based solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate Carbonate-based solvents such as PC); Alcohol-based solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (R is a straight-chain, branched or ring-structured hydro
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) with high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve battery charge/discharge performance, and low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds.
- a mixture of e.g., ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate, etc.
- excellent electrolyte performance can be obtained by mixing cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9.
- the lithium salt can be used without particular limitations as long as it is a compound that can provide lithium ions used in lithium secondary batteries.
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2.
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M. When the concentration of lithium salt is within the above range, the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be achieved and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte used herein is a solid electrolyte
- a solid inorganic electrolyte such as a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a nitride-based solid electrolyte, a halide-based solid electrolyte, etc.
- Electrolytes may be used.
- the material of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte includes a solid electrolyte containing Li, can be used.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte material include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 SP 2 S—LiX (where X is a halogen element such as I or Cl), Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -Li 2 O, Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -Li 2 O-LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiBr, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -LiCl, Li 2 S- SiS 2 -B 2 S 3 -LiI, Li 2 S-SiS 2 -P 2 S 5 -LiI, Li 2 SB 2 S 3 , Li 2 SP 2 S 5 -Z m S n (where m, n are integers and Z is Ge, Zn or Ga), Li 2 S-Ge
- a solid electrolyte preferably a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture of amorphous and crystalline.
- Materials of the oxide-based solid electrolyte include Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7-x La 3 Zr 1-x Nb x O 12 , Li 7-3x La 3 Zr 2 Al x O 12 , Li 3x La 2/ 3-x TiO 3 , Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 1+x Al x Ge 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3+x PO 4- x N x (LiPON), Li 2+2x Zn 1-x GeO 4 (LISICON), etc.
- the above-mentioned solid electrolyte may be disposed as a separate layer (solid electrolyte layer) between the anode and the cathode. Additionally, the solid electrolyte may be partially included in the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode independently of the solid electrolyte layer, or the solid electrolyte may be partially included in the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode independent of the solid electrolyte layer.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included. At this time, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 5 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery containing the positive electrode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and life characteristics, and is therefore widely used in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- the external shape of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is not particularly limited, but may be cylindrical, prismatic, pouch-shaped, or coin-shaped using a can.
- lithium secondary batteries can not only be used in battery cells used as power sources for small devices, but can also be preferably used as unit cells in medium to large-sized battery modules containing multiple battery cells.
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and/or a battery pack including the same may be provided.
- the battery module or the battery pack includes a power tool; Electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV); Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems.
- Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV);
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O mixed at a molar ratio of 40:60, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added into the reactor and stirred.
- the temperature in the reactor was maintained at 45°C, and the precursor synthesis reaction was performed while N 2 gas was introduced into the reactor. After completion of the reaction, washing and dehydration were performed to obtain a Ni 0.4 Mn 0.6 (OH) 2 precursor with an average particle diameter of 3.5 ⁇ m.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O aqueous solution, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added to the reactor where the precursor obtained in step (a) was being stirred. At this time, NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O was weighed to 5 mol% and then added. After completion of the reaction, it was washed, dehydrated, and dried at 150°C for 14 hours to obtain a coated precursor.
- the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was heated at a rate of 2°C/min, maintained at 550°C, and the precursor obtained in step (b) was heat-treated for 5 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain a precursor in an oxide state.
- the temperature of the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was raised at a rate of 2°C/min and maintained at 900°C, and the mixture was heat treated for 8 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain lithium manganese-based oxide with excess lithium.
- step (b) As a result of TEM/EDS analysis of the lithium manganese-based oxide, as the precursor coating using Ni was performed in step (b), the concentration of Ni increased from the center to the surface, and the concentration of Mn decreased, showing a gradient. formation could be confirmed.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (d) was mixed with H 3 BO 3 whose boron content was weighed to 1.0 mol% based on metal elements other than lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide, and then maintained in an O 2 atmosphere in the kiln.
- the temperature was raised to 400°C at 4.4°C per minute, heat treated for 8 hours, classified and pulverized to obtain a final product (average particle size of 3.5 ⁇ m) with a barrier layer containing a B-containing compound formed on the surface.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that H 3 BO 3 weighed at 2.0 mol% was used in step (e).
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that H 3 BO 3 weighed at 3.0 mol% was used in step (e).
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 2.0 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 300°C.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (d) of Example 1 and SiO 2 weighed to have a Si content of 1.0 mol% based on metal elements excluding lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide were added to stirring distilled water for 40 minutes. By stirring at °C for 12 hours, lithium manganese-based oxide with SiO 2 distributed on the surface was obtained.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (e) was heat-treated for 8 hours at a rate of 4.4°C per minute up to 400°C while maintaining an O 2 atmosphere in a kiln, and classified and pulverized to form a barrier layer containing a Si-containing compound on the surface.
- This final product (average particle diameter: 3.5 ⁇ m) was obtained.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (d) of Example 1 and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 weighed to have a P content of 3.0 mol% based on metal elements other than lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide were added to stirring distilled water. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 12 hours to obtain lithium manganese-based oxide with NH 4 H 2 PO 4 distributed on the surface.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (e) was heat-treated for 8 hours at a rate of 4.4°C per minute to 400°C while maintaining an O 2 atmosphere in a kiln, and classified and pulverized to form a barrier layer containing a P-containing compound on the surface.
- This final product (average particle diameter: 3.5 ⁇ m) was obtained.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O mixed at a molar ratio of 40:60, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added into the reactor and stirred.
- the temperature in the reactor was maintained at 45°C, and the precursor synthesis reaction was performed while N 2 gas was introduced into the reactor. After completion of the reaction, washing and dehydration were performed to obtain a Ni 0.4 Mn 0.6 (OH) 2 precursor with an average particle diameter of 3.5 ⁇ m.
- the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was heated at a rate of 2°C/min, maintained at 550°C, and the precursor obtained in step (a) was heat-treated for 5 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain a precursor in an oxide state.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide according to Comparative Example 1 did not involve precursor coating using Ni, and thus it was confirmed that a transition metal gradient within the particle was not formed.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O mixed at a molar ratio of 40:60, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added into the reactor and stirred.
- the temperature in the reactor was maintained at 45°C, and the precursor synthesis reaction was performed while N 2 gas was introduced into the reactor. After completion of the reaction, washing and dehydration were performed to obtain a Ni 0.4 Mn 0.6 (OH) 2 precursor with an average particle diameter of 3.5 ⁇ m.
- the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was heated at a rate of 2°C/min, maintained at 550°C, and the precursor obtained in step (a) was heat-treated for 5 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain a precursor in an oxide state.
- the temperature of the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was raised at a rate of 2°C/min and maintained at 900°C, and the mixture was heat treated for 8 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain lithium manganese-based oxide with excess lithium.
- step (c) After mixing the lithium manganese-based oxide obtained in step (c) with H 3 BO 3 whose boron content based on metal elements excluding lithium of the lithium manganese-based oxide was weighed to 2.0 mol%, an O 2 atmosphere was maintained in the kiln. The temperature was raised to 400°C at 4.4°C per minute, heat treated for 8 hours, classified and pulverized to obtain the final product (average particle size 3.5 ⁇ m).
- the lithium manganese-based oxide according to Comparative Example 2 did not involve precursor coating using Ni, and thus it was confirmed that a transition metal gradient within the particle was not formed.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O mixed at a molar ratio of 40:60, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added into the reactor and stirred.
- the temperature in the reactor was maintained at 45°C, and the precursor synthesis reaction was performed while N 2 gas was introduced into the reactor. After completion of the reaction, washing and dehydration were performed to obtain a Ni 0.4 Mn 0.6 (OH) 2 precursor with an average particle diameter of 3.5 ⁇ m.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O aqueous solution, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added to the reactor where the precursor obtained in step (a) was being stirred. At this time, NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O was weighed to 5 mol% and then added. After completion of the reaction, it was washed, dehydrated, and dried at 150°C for 14 hours to obtain a coated precursor.
- the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was heated at a rate of 2°C/min, maintained at 550°C, and the precursor obtained in step (b) was heat-treated for 5 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain a precursor in an oxide state.
- step (b) As a result of TEM/EDS analysis of the lithium manganese-based oxide, as the precursor coating using Ni was performed in step (b), the concentration of Ni increased from the center to the surface, and the concentration of Mn decreased, showing a gradient. formation could be confirmed.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O mixed at a molar ratio of 40:60, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added into the reactor and stirred.
- the temperature in the reactor was maintained at 45°C, and the precursor synthesis reaction was performed while N 2 gas was introduced into the reactor. After completion of the reaction, washing and dehydration were performed to obtain a Ni 0.4 Mn 0.6 (OH) 2 precursor with an average particle diameter of 3.5 ⁇ m.
- NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O aqueous solution, NaOH, and NH 4 OH were added to the reactor where the precursor obtained in step (a) was being stirred. At this time, NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O was weighed to 5 mol% and then added. After completion of the reaction, it was washed, dehydrated, and dried at 150°C for 14 hours to obtain a coated precursor.
- the furnace in an O 2 atmosphere was heated at a rate of 2°C/min, maintained at 550°C, and the precursor obtained in step (b) was heat-treated for 5 hours and then furnace cooled to obtain a precursor in an oxide state.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing WO 3 .
- step (b) As a result of TEM/EDS analysis of the lithium manganese-based oxide, as the precursor coating using Ni was performed in step (b), the concentration of Ni increased from the center to the surface, and the concentration of Mn decreased, showing a gradient. formation could be confirmed.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 2.0 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 500°C.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 2.0 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 600°C.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 2.0 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 700°C.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 0.1 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 300°C.
- a positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in step (e), H 3 BO 3 weighed at 5.0 mol% was used, and a third heat treatment was performed at a final temperature of 300°C.
- composition (molar ratio of each element) of the lithium manganese-based oxide contained in the positive electrode active material prepared according to Preparation Example 1 was measured by ICP, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Li/Metal molar ratio represents the molar ratio of lithium to all elements other than lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- a positive electrode slurry was prepared by dispersing 90 wt% of each positive electrode active material, 4.5 wt% of carbon black, and 5.5 wt% of PVDF binder prepared according to Preparation Example 1 in N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to an aluminum thin film with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m and vacuum dried at 135°C to prepare a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery.
- lithium foil was used as a counter electrode
- a porous polyethylene membrane (Celgard 2300, thickness: 25 ⁇ m) was used as a separator, and ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate were mixed in a volume ratio of 2:4:4.
- a half-cell was manufactured using an electrolyte solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.15M in a mixed solvent.
- a positive electrode slurry was prepared by dispersing 90 wt% of each positive electrode active material, 4.5 wt% of carbon black, and 5.5 wt% of PVDF binder prepared according to Preparation Example 1 in N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to an aluminum thin film with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m and vacuum dried at 135°C to prepare a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery.
- a graphite electrode was used as a counter electrode, a porous polyethylene membrane (Celgard 2300, thickness: 25 ⁇ m) was used as a separator, and ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate were mixed in a volume ratio of 2:4:4.
- a full-cell was manufactured using an electrolyte solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.15M in a mixed solvent.
- XPS analysis was performed on the lithium manganese-based oxide selected from each positive electrode active material prepared according to Preparation Example 1 to measure the content of the target element contained in the lithium manganese-based oxide.
- the content of the target element present on the surface of the lithium manganese oxide (secondary particle) according to Examples 1, 2, 5, and 6 is 20 at% or more. You can check it.
- the content of the target element derived from the raw material used during the third heat treatment on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide (secondary particles) is 20 at% or more because a barrier layer is formed on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide (secondary particles). It is expected that this is because.
- the target element derived from the raw material used in the second heat treatment step does not exist as a barrier layer on the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide (secondary particles), but mostly enters the lithium manganese-based oxide (particularly, primary particles). Because it was doped.
- the content of the target element decreases as the etching time increases because the target element is doped and diffused from the surface of the lithium manganese-based oxide toward the center.
- Target element content (at%) after 100 second etching Target element content (at%) after 200 second etching Target element content (at%) after etching for 400 seconds
- the target element content is calculated by taking the sum of the contents of Ni and Mn among all elements except lithium in the lithium manganese-based oxide as 100.
- Thermogravimetric loss analysis was performed on the lithium manganese-based oxide selected from each positive electrode active material prepared according to Preparation Example 1 to determine whether a barrier layer was formed on the surface of the primary particles and/or secondary particles constituting the lithium manganese-based oxide. It was confirmed whether it was formed to an appropriate level.
- TGA analysis was performed under the following conditions, and the TGA analysis results are shown in Table 4 below.
- Measurement conditions Temperature increase from 30°C to 900°C at a rate of 10°C/min.
- the lithium manganese-based oxide according to Comparative Example 3 did not substantially lose thermogravity at 400°C and 700°C, considering the error range. In other words, it can be seen that it is consistent with the trend of the thermogravimetric analysis results of general lithium manganese-based oxides in which no thermogravimetric loss occurs up to about 900°C.
- the lithium according to Examples 1, 2, and 6 It can be seen that the manganese-based oxide loses its thermal weight starting from about 500°C to 600°C.
- a discharge rate of 25°C, voltage range 2.0V to 4.6V, and 0.1C to 5.0C was applied to the lithium secondary battery (half-cell) prepared in Preparation Example 2 using an electrochemical analysis device (Toyo, Toscat-3100).
- Initial charge capacity, initial discharge capacity, initial reversible efficiency, and rate characteristics were measured through charge/discharge experiments.
- An electrochemical analysis device (Toyo, Toscat-3100) was used on the lithium secondary battery (full-cell) manufactured in Preparation Example 3 using the positive electrode active materials according to Example 2, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, and Comparative Example 4.
- voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 0.2C/0.2C charge 500 times at 25°C
- voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 1C/1C. /Discharge was performed.
- the initial (1 st cycle) discharge capacity and the ratio of the discharge capacity of the 100th cycle, 300th cycle, and 500th cycle to the initial discharge capacity (cycle capacity retention rate) were measured.
- the concentration of the transition metal shows a gradient from the center of the particle to the surface, but in the case of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 in which there is no barrier layer on the particle surface, the cycle It can be seen that the capacity maintenance rate is rapidly decreasing.
- the above results are expected to be due to the fact that a resistance abnormality phenomenon occurs in the negative electrode as the transition metal is eluted from the lithium manganese-based oxide, thereby accelerating the deterioration of the lifespan of the lithium secondary battery.
- Example 2 in which the concentration of the transition metal shows a gradient from the center of the particle to the surface and a barrier layer is formed on the particle surface, elution of the transition metal from the lithium manganese-based oxide is prevented and at the same time, the particle surface It can be seen that the cycle capacity maintenance rate is superior to Comparative Example 2 by improving electrochemical properties, such as improving kinetics.
- An electrochemical analysis device (Toyo, Toscat-3100) was used on the lithium secondary battery (full-cell) manufactured in Preparation Example 3 using the positive electrode active materials according to Example 2, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, and Comparative Example 4.
- voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 0.2C/0.2C full-cell is heated at 25°C, voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 0.05C/0.05C. It was stabilized by charging/discharging for 2 cycles under certain conditions. Subsequently, after dismantling the full-cell, the negative electrode was washed with diethyl carbonate solvent, vacuum dried at 60°C, and recovered.
- the lithium secondary battery (full-cell) manufactured in Preparation Example 3 using the positive electrode active materials according to Example 2, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, and Comparative Example 4 was analyzed using an electrochemical analysis device (Toyo, Toscat-3100). ), after completing the 6 cycle formation process under the conditions of 25°C, voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 0.2C/0.2C, 500 cycles under the conditions of 25°C, voltage range 2.0V ⁇ 4.6V, 1C/1C. Charging/discharging was performed. Subsequently, each full-cell was stabilized by two cycles of charge/discharge at 25°C, voltage range of 2.0V to 4.6V, and 0.05C/0.05C. Subsequently, after dismantling the full-cell, the negative electrode was washed with diethyl carbonate solvent, vacuum dried at 60°C, and recovered.
- Toyo Toscat-3100
- Example 2 in which the barrier layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 2, it can be confirmed that the content of the transition metal dissolved to the cathode side is higher than in Example 2.
- the above results show that in the lithium manganese-based oxide according to Example 2, a concentration gradient was formed such that the content of transition metals with a relatively low elution possibility in the area corresponding to the surface (shell) of the particle was higher than that of other transition metals, whereas in the comparative example This is expected to be because there is no transition metal concentration gradient from the center of the particle to the surface in the lithium manganese-based oxide according to 2.
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Abstract
Description
| 구분 | Li/MeMolar ratio | 단위(mol%) | ||||||
| Ni | Co | Mn | B | Si | P | W | ||
| 실시예 1 | 1.24 | 42.57 | - | 56.42 | 1.01 | - | - | - |
| 실시예 2 | 1.23 | 42.31 | - | 55.64 | 2.05 | - | - | - |
| 실시예 3 | 1.23 | 41.84 | - | 55.24 | 2.92 | - | - | - |
| 실시예 4 | 1.22 | 42.13 | - | 55.84 | 2.03 | - | - | - |
| 실시예 5 | 1.25 | 42.58 | - | 56.44 | - | 0.98 | - | - |
| 실시예 6 | 1.23 | 41.60 | - | 55.38 | - | - | 3.02 | - |
| 비교예 1 | 1.25 | 40.12 | - | 59.88 | - | - | - | - |
| 비교예 2 | 1.26 | 39.29 | - | 58.70 | 2.01 | - | - | - |
| 비교예 3 | 1.25 | 43.40 | - | 56.60 | - | - | - | - |
| 비교예 4 | 1.25 | 42.84 | - | 56.09 | - | - | - | 1.07 |
| 참고예 1 | 1.24 | 42.11 | - | 55.83 | 2.06 | - | - | - |
| 참고예 2 | 1.25 | 42.14 | - | 55.87 | 1.99 | - | - | - |
| 참고예 3 | 1.24 | 42.04 | - | 55.95 | 2.01 | - | - | - |
| 참고예 4 | 1.26 | 42.96 | - | 56.94 | 0.1 | - | - | - |
| 참고예 5 | 1.24 | 40.93 | - | 54.04 | 5.03 | - | - | - |
| 구분 | 타겟 원소 | 표면부타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 100초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 200초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 400초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) |
| 실시예 1 | B | 28 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 실시예 2 | B | 42 | 9 | 7 | 0 |
| 실시예 5 | Si | 20 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 실시예 6 | P | 62 | 25 | 10 | 4 |
| 비교예 2 | B | 40 | 11 | 7 | 0 |
| 비교예 4 | W | 5 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 0.7 |
| 구분 | 타겟 원소 | 표면부타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 100초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 200초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) | 400초 에칭 후타겟 원소 함량(at%) |
| 실시예 1 | Ni | 48 | 46 | 40 | 37 |
| Mn | 52 | 54 | 60 | 62 |
| 구분 | TGA 열중량 손실률(%) | y-x | |||
| 400℃(x) | 500℃ | 600℃ | 700℃(y) | ||
| 실시예 1 | 99.97 | 99.99 | 99.90 | 99.83 | 0.14 |
| 실시예 2 | 99.97 | 99.98 | 99.84 | 99.69 | 0.28 |
| 실시예 6 | 99.89 | 99.86 | 99.80 | 99.31 | 0.59 |
| 비교예 3 | 99.97 | 99.99 | 100.01 | 100.01 | -0.04 |
| 구분 | 초기 충전용량(0.1C-rate) | 초기 방전용량(0.1C-rate) | 초기 효율 | 방전용량 비율(2C/0.1C) | 방전용량 비율(5C/0.1C) |
| 단위 | mAh/g | mAh/g | % | % | % |
| 실시예 1 | 251.1 | 225.2 | 89.7 | 81.7 | 71.7 |
| 실시예 2 | 250.2 | 226.6 | 90.6 | 83.0 | 72.8 |
| 실시예 3 | 247.2 | 225.5 | 91.3 | 81.2 | 70.0 |
| 실시예 4 | 248.7 | 226.1 | 90.9 | 81.0 | 70.5 |
| 실시예 5 | 250.2 | 225.5 | 90.1 | 79.9 | 69.4 |
| 실시예 6 | 226.9 | 224.3 | 98.9 | 80.5 | 69.9 |
| 비교예 1 | 252.1 | 214.1 | 84.9 | 71.6 | 58.2 |
| 비교예 2 | 253.4 | 221.4 | 87.4 | 74.8 | 60.6 |
| 비교예 3 | 249.1 | 219.4 | 88.1 | 78.2 | 68.0 |
| 비교예 4 | 247.5 | 219.2 | 88.6 | 82.3 | 69.9 |
| 참고예 1 | 239.2 | 218.4 | 91.3 | 78.7 | 66.1 |
| 참고예 2 | 234.6 | 212.0 | 90.4 | 74.8 | 60.9 |
| 참고예 3 | 192.2 | 172.1 | 89.5 | 55.7 | 30.5 |
| 참고예 4 | 246.6 | 221.2 | 89.7 | 78.3 | 67.6 |
| 참고예 5 | 242.0 | 220.5 | 91.1 | 79.0 | 66.4 |
| 구분 | 초기 방전용량(mAh/g) | 사이클 용량 유지율(%) | ||
| 100cycle | 300cycle | 500cycle | ||
| 실시예 2 | 185.2 | 95.5 | 91.2 | 87.1 |
| 비교예 2 | 180.9 | 94.9 | 89.8 | 85.4 |
| 비교예 3 | 181.5 | 77.2 | 35.7 | 15.5 |
| 비교예 4 | 187.1 | 79.7 | 45.5 | 27.0 |
| 화성 후 | 500회 충/방전 후 | |||
| 구분 | Ni (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | Ni (ppm) | Mn (ppm) |
| 실시예 2 | 5 | 39 | 12 | 216 |
| 비교예 2 | 136 | 329 | 288 | 357 |
| 비교예 3 | 38 | 114 | 538 | 958 |
| 비교예 4 | 57 | 193 | 641 | 884 |
Claims (23)
- C2/m 공간군에 속하는 상과 R3-m 공간군에 속하는 상이 고용 또는 복합된 리튬 망간계 산화물을 포함하는 양극 활물질로서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 코어로부터 쉘을 향해 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물을 구성하는 적어도 하나의 전이 금속의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 코어-쉘 입자이며,상기 쉘의 표면 중 적어도 일부를 커버하는 배리어층이 존재하는,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질 중 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 복수의 1차 입자가 응집된 2차 입자로서 존재하며,상기 2차 입자는 상기 2차 입자의 중심부로부터 상기 2차 입자의 표면부를 향해 적어도 하나의 전이 금속의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 코어-쉘 입자이며,상기 배리어층은 상기 2차 입자의 표면 중 적어도 일부를 커버하도록 존재하며,상기 배리어층은 상기 2차 입자로부터 전이 금속의 용출을 억제 또는 완화하는,양극 활물질.
- 제2항에 있어서,인접한 1차 입자 사이에 결정립계(grain boundary)가 정의되며,상기 배리어층은 상기 결정립계를 따라 상기 2차 입자의 표면부로부터 상기 2차 입자의 중심부를 향해 확산된 상태로 존재하는,양극 활물질.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 전이 금속의 농도 구배가 존재하는 영역은 상기 2차 입자의 쉘에 존재하며,여기서,상기 쉘의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 5μm이며,상기 배리어층의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 1μm인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질 중 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 단일의 1차 입자 및 복수의 1차 입자가 응집된 2차 입자로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나의 형태로서 존재하며,상기 1차 입자는 상기 1차 입자의 중심부로부터 상기 1차 입자의 표면부를 향해 적어도 하나의 전이 금속의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 코어-쉘 입자이며,상기 배리어층은 상기 1차 입자의 표면 중 적어도 일부를 커버하도록 존재하며,상기 배리어층은 상기 1차 입자로부터 전이 금속의 용출을 억제 또는 완화하는,양극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 전이 금속의 농도 구배가 존재하는 영역은 상기 1차 입자의 쉘에 존재하며,여기서,상기 쉘의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 2μm이며,상기 배리어층의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 1μm인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 적어도 하나의 결정자가 존재하는 1차 입자를 포함하며,상기 결정자는 상기 결정자의 중심부로부터 상기 결정자의 표면부를 향해 적어도 하나의 전이 금속의 농도가 구배를 나타내며,상기 배리어층은 상기 1차 입자의 표면 중 적어도 일부를 커버하며,상기 배리어층은 상기 1차 입자로부터 전이 금속의 용출을 억제 또는 완화하는,양극 활물질.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 전이 금속의 농도 구배가 존재하는 영역은 상기 결정자의 표면과 인접한 영역에 존재하며,여기서,상기 결정자 중 상기 전이 금속의 농도 구배가 존재하는 영역의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 500nm이며,상기 배리어층의 평균 두께는 0.1nm 내지 1μm인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 하기의 화학식 1로 표시되는,[화학식 1]Li(LiaM1xM2y)O2-bXb(여기서,M1은 Ni 및 Mn로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며,M2는 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd 및 Nd로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며, M2는 M1과 중복되지 않으며,X는 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물에 존재하는 산소 중 적어도 일부를 치환 가능한 할로겐이며,0<a≤0.7, 0≤b≤0.1, 0<x≤1, 0≤y<1, 0<x+y≤1이다)양극 활물질.
- 제9항에 있어서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 코어로부터 쉘을 향해 니켈 및 망간으로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 코어-쉘 입자인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 하기의 화학식 1-1로 표시되는,[화학식 1-1]rLi2MnO3·(1-r)Lia'M1x'M2y'O2-b'Xb'(여기서,M1은 Ni 및 Mn로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며,M2는 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, P, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd 및 Nd로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며, M2는 M1과 중복되지 않으며,X는 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물에 존재하는 산소 중 적어도 일부를 치환 가능한 할로겐이며,0<r≤0.7, 0<a'≤1, 0≤b'≤0.1, 0<x'≤1, 0≤y'<1, 0<x'+y'≤1이다)양극 활물질.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 리튬 망간계 산화물은 코어로부터 쉘을 향해 니켈 및 망간으로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 코어-쉘 입자인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,불활성 가스 분위기 하에서 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물에 대한 열중량 손실 분석시, 700℃에서 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물에 대한 열중량 손실이 존재하는,양극 활물질.
- 제13항에 있어서,400℃에서 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물의 중량 손실률(x)과 700℃에서 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물의 중량 손실률(y)의 차이(y-x)는 0.03wt% 이상인,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 배리어층은 하기의 화학식 2로 표시되는 제1 산화물을 포함하는,[화학식 2]LicBdM3eOf(여기서,M3은 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd 및 Nd로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며,0≤c≤8, 0<d≤8, 0≤e≤8, 2≤f≤13이다)양극 활물질.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 배리어층으로부터 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물의 코어를 향해 B 및 M3로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나의 농도가 감소하는 구배가 형성된,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 배리어층은 하기의 화학식 3으로 표시되는 제2 산화물을 포함하는,[화학식 3]LigM4hOi(여기서,M4는 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd 및 Nd로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며,0≤g≤8, 0≤h≤8, 2≤i≤13이며, g와 h가 동시에 0인 경우를 제외한다)양극 활물질.
- 제17항에 있어서,상기 배리어층으로부터 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물의 코어를 향해 M4의 농도가 감소하는 구배가 형성된,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 배리어층은 하기의 화학식 4로 표시되는 제3 산화물을 포함하는,[화학식 4]LijM5k(PlOm)n(여기서,M5는 Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Nb, B, Si, Ti, Zr, Ba, K, Mo, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Na, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Eu, Sm, W, Ce, V, Ta, Sn, Hf, Gd 및 Nd로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나이며,0≤j≤10, 0≤k≤8, 0<l≤4, 0<m≤10, 0<n≤13이며, j와 k가 동시에 0인 경우를 제외한다)양극 활물질.
- 제19항에 있어서,상기 배리어층으로부터 상기 리튬 망간계 산화물의 코어를 향해 M5 및 P로부터 선택되는 적어도 하나의 농도가 감소하는 구배가 형성된,양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 쉘의 표면 중 적어도 일부에 스피넬 상이 존재하는,양극 활물질.
- 제1항 내지 제21항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 제22항에 따른 양극을 사용하는 리튬 이차전지.
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| JP2025533245A (ja) | 2025-10-03 |
| US20250183288A1 (en) | 2025-06-05 |
| EP4560726A1 (en) | 2025-05-28 |
| KR20240052356A (ko) | 2024-04-23 |
| KR102857191B1 (ko) | 2025-09-09 |
| CN119816955A (zh) | 2025-04-11 |
| EP4560726A4 (en) | 2025-11-12 |
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