WO2024101048A1 - ニッケル-コバルト基合金、これを用いたニッケル-コバルト基合金部材、及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ニッケル-コバルト基合金、これを用いたニッケル-コバルト基合金部材、及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0433—Nickel- or cobalt-based alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/009—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of turbine components other than turbine blades
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nickel-cobalt-based alloy, a nickel-cobalt-based alloy component using the alloy, and a method for manufacturing the alloy.
- Nickel-based alloys have been used for heat-resistant components, particularly turbine disks, in aircraft engines and power-generating gas turbines. Heat-resistant components such as turbine disks are required to have excellent strength, including creep strength and fatigue strength, as well as high-temperature oxidation resistance. Nickel-based alloys that are endowed with high-temperature oxidation resistance by adding chromium have therefore been proposed.
- the nickel-based alloy for example, one containing 11.5 to 11.9 mass% Cr, 25 to 29 mass% Co, 3.4 to 3.7 mass% Mo, 1.9 to 2.1 mass% W, 3.9 to 4.4 mass% Ti, 2.9 to 3.2 mass% Al, 0.02 to 0.03 mass% C, 0.01 to 0.03 mass% B, 0.04 to 0.06 mass% Zr, 2.1 to 2.2 mass% Ta, 0.3 to 0.4 mass% Hf, 0.5 to 0.8 mass% Nb, and the balance Ni and unavoidable impurities (see Patent Document 1).
- nickel-based alloy is one that contains, relative to the total amount, 20-40% by mass of Co, 10-15% by mass of Cr, 3-6% by mass of Mo, 0-5% by mass of W, 3.4-5% by mass of Ti, 2.5-4% by mass of Al, 0.01-0.05% by mass of C, 0.01-0.05% by mass of B, 0-0.1% by mass of Zr, 1.35-2.5% by mass of Ta, 0.5-1% by mass of Hf, and 0-2% by mass of Nb (see Patent Document 2).
- the nickel-based alloy is also known to contain, relative to the total amount, 11-15 mass% Cr, 14-23 mass% Co, 2.7-5 mass% Mo, 0.5-3 mass% W, 3-6 mass% Ti, 2-5 mass% Al, 0.015-0.1 mass% C, 0.015-0.045 mass% B, 0.015-0.15 mass% Zr, 0.5-4 mass% Ta, 0-2 mass% Hf, and 0.25-3 mass% Nb (see Patent Document 3).
- Hirofumi Harada, Michio Yamazaki "Alloy design of ⁇ ' precipitation strengthened Ni-base heat-resistant casting alloys containing Ti, Ta, and W", Iron and Steel, Vol. 65, pp. 1059-1068 (1979) Hidehiro Onodera, Hoichi Ro, Toshihiro Yamagata, Michio Yamazaki, "Effect of strength and ductility on high-temperature low-cycle fatigue of cast Ni-base alloys", Iron and Steel, Vol. 71, pp. 85-91 (1985)
- the present inventors believed that it would be possible to significantly improve the temperature resistance of turbine disk alloys by following an alloy design based on a nickel-based alloy (known as a TM alloy) that the applicant developed for turbine blades in the 1970s, rather than by improving existing turbine disk alloys to achieve higher performance as in the past, and thus arrived at the present invention. That is, because the composition of alloys for turbine blades is designed assuming use at 900° C. or higher, they tend to have better oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance than alloys for turbine disks, which are intended for use at 700° C. or lower.
- TM alloy nickel-based alloy
- the nickel-cobalt-based alloy of the present invention has a composition: 15% by weight or more and 43% by weight or less of cobalt, 6% by weight or more and less than 12% by weight of chromium; 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less of tungsten; 1% by weight or more and 6% by weight or less of aluminum, 1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less of titanium; 7% by weight or less of tantalum, 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of carbon; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of boron; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of zirconium, The remainder consists of nickel and unavoidable impurities.
- the composition is 15% by weight or more and 43% by weight or less of cobalt, 6% by weight or more and less than 12% by weight of chromium; 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less of tungsten; 1% by weight or more and 6% by weight or less of aluminum, 1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less of titanium; 1.7% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less of tantalum, 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of carbon; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of boron; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of zirconium,
- the remainder preferably consists of nickel and unavoidable impurities.
- the composition is 15% by weight or more and 35% by weight or less of cobalt, 7% by weight or more and less than 12% by weight of chromium; 5.5% by mass or more and 8.5% by mass or less of tungsten; 2% by weight or more and 4% by weight or less of aluminum, 4% by weight or more and 7% by weight or less of titanium; 1.7% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less of tantalum, 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of carbon; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of boron; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of zirconium, The remainder may consist of nickel and unavoidable impurities.
- the composition is 15% by weight or more and 35% by weight or less of cobalt, 8% by weight or more and less than 12% by weight of chromium; 6.0% by mass or more and 8.0% by mass or less of tungsten; 2% by weight or more and 4% by weight or less of aluminum, 4% or more and less than 6.1% by weight of titanium; 1.7% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less of tantalum, 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of carbon; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of boron; 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less of zirconium, The remainder may consist of nickel and unavoidable impurities.
- This composition [4] is based on the composition ranges of the example alloys 1 to 3 described later and includes the composition range of base alloy 1 + (5% to 30%) x (Co-12.5 mass% Ti
- composition elements include: less than 1.5% by weight of molybdenum, 5% by weight or less of niobium and 2% by weight or less of hafnium; It is preferable that the composition contains at least one selected from the group consisting of:
- composition elements include: 0.5% by weight or less of vanadium, 0.1% by weight or less of silicon, 0.05% by weight or less of calcium, 0.2% by weight or less of yttrium and 0.2% by weight or less of lanthanide elements; It is preferable that the composition contains at least one selected from the group consisting of:
- the precipitates harmful to strength are not precipitated at 1.0 vol. % or more, preferably 0.5 vol. % or less, and more preferably 0.1 vol. % or less in a structural stability test at 850° C. for 3000 hours.
- Precipitates harmful to strength include TCP (topologically close packed) phase, beta phase, and Laves phase.
- the 0.2% yield strength at 800° C. and a strain rate of 10 ⁇ 5 (/s) is preferably 780 MPa or more, more preferably 890 MPa or more, and even more preferably 900 MPa or more.
- the nickel-cobalt-based alloy member of the present invention is made of any one of the nickel-cobalt-based alloys [1] to [6]. [10]
- the nickel-cobalt-based alloy member [9] of the present invention may be a turbine disk.
- the method for producing the nickel-cobalt-based alloy member of the present invention comprises producing the nickel-cobalt-based alloy member [9] by one or more methods including casting including a directional solidification method, ordinary forging, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing using powder, and three-dimensional manufacturing using wire.
- the method for producing the nickel-cobalt-based alloy component of the present invention is to produce a nickel-cobalt-based alloy turbine disk [10] by one or more methods including casting including directional solidification, ordinary forging, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing using powder, and three-dimensional manufacturing using wire.
- the metal powder is preferably produced by a gas atomization method.
- composition elements and their contents of the nickel-cobalt-based alloy of the present invention are limited as above. Note that in the following explanation, the percentages representing the contents are mass percentages.
- Co is a useful component for controlling the solvus temperature of the ⁇ ' (gamma prime) phase of nickel-based alloys and nickel-cobalt-based alloys. Increasing the amount of cobalt lowers the ⁇ ' solvus temperature, widening the process tolerance range and improving forgeability.
- the titanium content is high, it is desirable to add a slightly larger amount of cobalt in order to suppress the TCP phase and improve high-temperature strength.
- the cobalt content is usually 15% by mass to 43% by mass, and preferably 15% by mass to 35% by mass.
- Chromium (Cr) is added to improve environmental resistance and fatigue crack propagation properties. For these characteristic improvements, a content of less than 6 mass% will not provide the desired properties, and a content of more than 12 mass% will make it easier for precipitation phases that reduce strength to form. For this reason, the chromium content is 6 mass% to 12 mass%, preferably 7 mass% to 12 mass%, and more preferably 8 mass% to 12 mass%.
- Tungsten (W) dissolves in the ⁇ and ⁇ ' phases, strengthening both phases and is an element that is effective in improving high-temperature strength. If the W content is less than 3 mass%, sufficient improvement in high-temperature strength cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if the W content exceeds 9 mass%, there is a possibility that high-temperature corrosion resistance will decrease. For this reason, the tungsten content is 3 mass% to 9 mass%, preferably 5.5 mass% to 8.5 mass%, and more preferably 6 mass% to 8 mass%.
- Aluminum (Al) is an element that promotes the formation of the ⁇ ' phase, and the amount of the ⁇ ' phase is adjusted mainly by the aluminum content.
- the aluminum content is 1% by mass or more and 6% by mass or less, and preferably 2% by mass or more and 4% by mass or less.
- the titanium to aluminum content ratio is strongly related to the formation of the harmful ⁇ phase, it is preferable to increase the aluminum content as much as possible to suppress this.
- aluminum is a raw material for the formation of aluminum oxide on the surface of nickel-based heat-resistant superalloys, and also contributes to improving oxidation resistance.
- Titanium (Ti) is a desirable additive element for strengthening the ⁇ ' phase and improving strength, and by adding it in combination with cobalt, nickel-based alloys and nickel-cobalt-based alloys with excellent phase stability and high strength can be realized.
- a cobalt-titanium alloy for example, Co-12.5 mass% Ti used in the examples described below
- Co-12.5 mass% Ti used in the examples described below
- the titanium content is usually 1 mass% or more and 8 mass% or less, preferably 4 mass% or more and 7 mass% or less, and more preferably 4 mass% or more and 6.1 mass% or less.
- Tantalum (Ta) mainly substitutes for the Al sites of the ⁇ ' phase and contributes to precipitation strengthening.
- the tantalum content exceeds 7 mass%, it tends to form harmful phases such as ⁇ phase and ⁇ phase, which reduces high-temperature strength.
- the tantalum content is 7 mass% or less, and since precipitation strengthening is often insufficient when the tantalum content is less than 1.7 mass%, it is preferably 1.7 mass% or more and 7 mass% or less.
- Carbon (C) is an element effective for improving ductility and creep properties at high temperatures. Usually, the carbon content is 0.01 mass % or more and 0.15 mass % or less. Boron (B) can improve creep properties, fatigue properties, etc. at high temperatures. The boron content is usually 0.01 mass% or more and 0.15 mass% or less. If carbon and boron exceed the above content range, they may reduce creep strength or narrow the process tolerance.
- Zirconium is an element that is effective in improving ductility and fatigue properties.
- the zirconium content is usually 0.01% by mass or more and 0.15% by mass or less.
- Molybdenum mainly strengthens the gamma phase and improves creep properties. Because molybdenum is a dense element, if the content is too high, the density of nickel-based alloys and nickel-cobalt-based alloys will increase, which is not practically desirable. Normally, the molybdenum content is less than 1.5 mass%.
- Niobium (Nb) is an effective strengthening element that contributes to reducing the specific gravity, but if the content is too high, harmful phases may form and cracks may occur at high temperatures.
- the niobium content is usually 5% by mass or less.
- Hafnium (Hf) is a grain boundary segregating element that segregates to crystal grain boundaries to strengthen the grain boundaries, thereby improving high-temperature strength. If the hafnium content exceeds 2 mass%, it is undesirable because it may cause local melting and reduce high-temperature strength. For this reason, the hafnium content is 2 mass% or less.
- Vanadium (V) is an element that mainly dissolves in the ⁇ ' phase and strengthens it.
- the V content is preferably 0.5 mass% or less. If the V content exceeds 0.5 mass%, the creep strength decreases.
- Silicon (Si) forms a SiO2 film on the alloy surface as a protective film to improve oxidation resistance, and may suppress the generation of microcracks from the alloy surface to improve TMF characteristics.
- the silicon content is 0.1 mass% or less. If the content exceeds 0.1 mass%, the solid solubility limit of other elements is lowered, and the required thermal fatigue characteristics (TMF: Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue) and creep characteristics cannot be obtained.
- Calcium (Ca), yttrium (Y), and lanthanoid elements all increase the adhesion of the Cr2O3 protective film and Al2O3 protective film on the alloy surface, and in particular increase the oxidation resistance during repeated oxidation. Therefore, these elements may be contained as necessary. However, if the content of these elements is excessive, the amount of inclusions such as oxides increases, and hot workability and weldability decrease. Therefore, the content of calcium is set to 0.05% or less, and the content of yttrium and lanthanoid elements is set to 0.2% or less.
- the above V, Si, Ca, Y and lanthanoid elements may be contained alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- nickel-cobalt-based alloy of the present invention will enable longer service life for components used in high-temperature environments, such as gas turbine components, and will also enable the gas turbine body to be used in harsher environments with higher efficiency. It is also expected that the alloy will be applied to hydrogen-mixed combustion/hydrogen gas turbines, ammonia-mixed combustion gas turbines, and other applications that are planned for the future.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing a comparison of the yield of powder having a particle size of 53 ⁇ m or less for example alloys and some comparative alloys.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the relative density of the HIP materials of the base alloy and the example alloys produced.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the appearance of PM material extrusion processed samples of Example Alloy 2 and Example Alloy 5.
- 1 is an inverse pole figure orientation map (IPF map) showing a comparison of the microstructures of Example Alloy 2 and Example Alloy 5 before and after PM material extrusion processing.
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the microstructure of Example Alloy 2 (aged at 870° C.).
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the microstructure of Example Alloy 2 (two-step aging).
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the microstructure of Comparative Alloy 2 (two-step aging).
- the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs show the results of observing the structure of some of the example alloys aged for a long period of time (3000 hours), and show the cases where the aging temperatures were 650, 750, and 850° C. for base alloy 1 and example alloys 1 to 4, respectively.
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the structural stability of some of the comparative alloys upon long-term aging (materials aged for 3000 hours), and shows the cases of aging temperatures of 650, 750 and 850° C.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of a 800° C., 375 MPa creep rupture test of a comparative alloy and a base alloy.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of a 800° C., 375 MPa creep rupture test for each of base alloys 1 and 2 and example alloys 1 to 7.
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the initial structure of Example Alloy 4.
- FIG. 1 shows creep curves for C&W materials of Example Alloy 2 and Comparative Alloy 2, which are overall curves up to the region where creep strain exceeds 5%.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of a 800° C., 375 MPa creep rupture test of a comparative alloy and a base alloy.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of a 800° C., 375 MPa creep rupture test for each of base alloys 1 and 2 and example alloys 1 to 7.
- 1 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the initial structure of Example Alloy 4.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing creep curves for C&W materials of Example Alloy 2 and Comparative Alloy 2, with the curves enlarging the region up to 1% creep strain.
- 1 is a graph showing the service temperatures of a C&W alloy produced by a conventional casting and forging process, a conventional nickel-cobalt-based alloy produced by a powder metallurgy process, and Example Alloy 2, with the service temperatures shown on the vertical axis and the year of development on the horizontal axis.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the high-temperature compressive strength of the base alloy and the example alloys, showing 0.2% yield strength at 725° C. and 800° C.
- FIG. 1 shows isothermal oxidation test results for some of the example alloys.
- the example alloys were designed to add a cobalt-titanium alloy (Co-12.5 mass% Ti) to a nickel-based alloy (base alloy) having a ⁇ + ⁇ ' two-phase structure, so that the above-mentioned composite addition of cobalt and titanium was performed.
- Candidates for the base alloy were selected from the TM alloy group developed by the present applicant for turbine blades. In this case, the selection criteria were that the Cr content, which is the main carbide forming element, was 9.5 mass% or more and the density was 8.5 g/cm 3 or less, from the viewpoint of the ability to form grain boundary strengthened carbides and the disk weight.
- Table 1 shows the compositions of base alloy 1 (see Non-Patent Document 1) selected from the TM alloy group, and the alloy group (example alloys 1 to 5) in which Co-12.5 mass% Ti was added to base alloy 1, and the alloy group (example alloys 6 and 7) in which Co-12.5 mass% Ti was added to base alloy 2 (see Non-Patent Document 2) in which Co-12.5 mass% Ti was added to base alloy 1.
- the contents of Cr, W, Al, and Ta are obtained by multiplying the contents in the base alloy 1 by 0.9.
- example alloys and comparative alloys sintered powder materials
- powders were prepared from some of the example alloys and some of the comparative alloys using a confined gas atomizer. Powders with a particle size of 53 ⁇ m or less were classified, sealed, and then subjected to hot isotropic pressing (HIP) at 1100° C. to obtain sintered bodies.
- FIG. 1 shows the yield of the powder used for sintering, with a particle size of 53 ⁇ m or less. In all of the example alloys, fine powder with a particle size of 53 ⁇ m or less was produced, with a yield of more than 70%.
- FIG. 4 is an inverse pole figure (IPF) map showing the microstructures of Example Alloy 2 and Example Alloy 5 before (after heat treatment) and after extrusion.
- the "average grain size” in the figure means the average grain size.
- FIG. 5A, 5B, and 5C show SEM photographs of the microstructures of each alloy, where FIG. 5A shows Example Alloy 2 (aged at 870°C), FIG. 5B shows Example Alloy 2 (two-step aging), and FIG. 5C shows Comparative Alloy 2 (two-step aging). SEM photography was performed using a Gemini 300 made by Carl Zeiss. As shown in FIG. 5B, in Example Alloy 2 subjected to two-step aging heat treatment, typical fine crystal grains pinned by primary ⁇ ' and a large amount of secondary ⁇ ' precipitates were confirmed within the grains. As described above, various process conditions were examined, and the optimum process conditions capable of forming a good quality structure having a uniform crystal grain size and fine ⁇ ' precipitate distribution were finally established.
- FIG. 6 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the results of observation of the structure of a portion of the example alloys aged for a long time (3000 hours), and shows the cases of aging temperatures of 650, 750, and 850°C for each of the base alloy 1 and the example alloys 1 to 4.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 7 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph showing the results of observation of the structure of a portion of the comparative alloys aged for a long time (3000 hours), and shows the cases of aging temperatures of 650, 750, and 850°C for each of the comparative alloys 4 and 5.
- Table 2 shows the results of measurement of precipitates (TCP phase, beta phase, Laves phase, etc.) that are harmful to strength, which precipitated in a structure stability test at an aging temperature of 850°C for an aging time of 3000 hours.
- Example alloy which does not contain Mo, Nb, and Hf and has a smaller amount of Ta added than the current material, is an extremely promising alloy system.
- Example Alloys 1, 2, 3, and 4 in particular exhibit excellent structural stability in the operating temperature range for turbine disk applications. From the above, it is concluded that the nickel-cobalt-based alloy of the present invention should have a characteristic in which precipitates harmful to strength do not precipitate at 1.0 vol. % or more in a structural stability test at 850° C. for 3,000 hours, preferably 0.5 vol. % or less, and more preferably 0.1 vol. % or less.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the results of the tensile creep test of the base alloy and the comparative alloy.
- the comparative alloy 1 showed the shortest life, with a rupture life of 0.42 h.
- FIG. 9A is a diagram showing the results of a 800° C. 375 MPa creep rupture test for each of base alloys 1 and 2 and example alloys 1 to 7.
- example alloy 4 containing 40 mass% Co had a shorter life than base alloy 1. This is because, as shown in FIG. 9B, a large amount of TCP phase (harmful phase) was present at 2.1 vol % in the final solidification portion of the initial structure. A decrease in life due to the remaining eutectic ⁇ ' phase was observed in Example Alloy 5, in which Co-12.5 mass% Ti and Al were added to Base Alloy 1. Also, a tendency for the life to be extended as the amount of Co-12.5 mass% Ti added was increased was observed in Example Alloys 6 and 7, in which Co-12.5 mass% Ti was added to Base Alloy 2.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram showing creep characteristics of cast and forged materials of Example Alloy 2 and Comparative Alloy 2, and is an overall curve up to the region where creep strain exceeds 5%.
- FIG. 10B is a curve in which the region where creep strain is up to 1% in FIG. 10A is enlarged.
- FIG. 10A shows the creep endurance temperature based on the creep time to creep rupture in the creep rupture test results at 725°C and 630MPa.
- the creep endurance temperature of Comparative Alloy 2 is 698°C, while the 870°C aged material of Example Alloy 2 is 728°C, and the two-stage aged material of Example Alloy 2 is 739°C.
- FIG. 10B shows the creep endurance temperature based on the creep time at which creep strain becomes 0.2% in the creep rupture test results at 725°C and 630MPa.
- the creep endurance temperature of Comparative Alloy 2 is 727°C
- that of Example Alloy 2 aged at 870°C is 740°C
- that of Example Alloy 2 two-stage aged is 766°C.
- Example Alloy 2 has a rupture life that is approximately 10 times better than Comparative Alloy 2, which has the world's highest endurance temperature as a current C&W material.
- the plastic processing process enabled the decomposition of harmful PPB, resulting in a creep rupture elongation of approximately 5%.
- the two-stage aged material with finer precipitates had better creep properties, whether evaluated by rupture life or 0.2% creep time.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the service temperatures of the C&W alloy by the conventional casting and forging process, the conventional nickel-cobalt-based alloy by the powder metallurgy process, and the example alloy 2, with the vertical axis showing the service temperature and the horizontal axis showing the year of development.
- the open circle ⁇ indicates the C&W alloy
- the black circle ⁇ indicates the powder metallurgy process alloy.
- FIG. 11 also shows the service temperatures of the example alloy 2 and the comparative alloy 2, which were experimentally produced as cast and forged materials.
- the creep life of the example alloy 2 at 725°C/630MPa is about 2100 hours, and the service temperature is equivalent to 739°C in terms of creep rupture life. Furthermore, the service temperature in terms of 0.2% creep life, which is important for disk alloys (alloys for turbine disks) that are Life Limited Parts, was 766°C. Thus, the example alloy 2 showed the world's highest service temperature at the present stage as a cast and forged material. As described above, the service temperature of PM materials has only improved by 22°C in 28 years, from 693°C (IN100) to 715°C (ME3) between 1974 and 2002, which is an improvement rate of 0.79°C/year. Example alloy 2 has a service temperature that is improved by 24°C compared to ME3.
- example alloy 1 the 0.2% yield strengths at 725°C and 800°C were 1100 MPa and 930 MPa, respectively.
- example alloy 2 the 0.2% yield strengths at 725°C and 800°C were 1080 MPa and 890 MPa, respectively.
- the 0.2% yield strengths at 725°C and 800°C were 990 MPa and 795 MPa, respectively.
- the 0.2% yield strengths at 725°C and 800°C were 950 MPa and 750 MPa, respectively.
- the 0.2% yield strength at 800°C was 880 MPa, and no data was obtained for 725°C.
- the 0.2% yield strength of these example alloys increased significantly with an increase in the amount of Co-12.5 mass% Ti added to the base alloy, and then decreased gradually. It is believed that the alloy that shows the maximum strength in the design guidelines of this example based on base alloy 1 exists between example alloy 1 and example alloy 2.
- the increase in 0.2% yield strength up to example alloy 1 is believed to be the effect of the increase in the volume fraction of precipitated phase and the Ti content.
- the gradual decrease from example alloy 2 to example alloy 4 is believed to be due to the decrease in the content of Cr and W, which are the main solid solution strengthening elements in the alloy parent phase, due to the addition of Co-12.5 mass% Ti to base alloy 1.
- Example alloys and comparative alloys sintered powder materials
- Figure 13 shows the weight increase results for example alloys 1, 2, 3, and 4 as examples.
- the oxidation resistance of base alloy 1 is reduced by adding Co-12.5 mass% Ti. This reduction is believed to be due to the reduction in the content of Al and Cr, which form an oxide film.
- the oxidation resistance of these example alloys is comparable to that of comparative alloy 4, which is a commercial alloy, and is therefore believed to pose no practical problems.
- example alloys exhibit superior creep strength, service temperature, and compressive strength compared to the comparative alloys, and also have sufficient oxidation resistance. It has been confirmed that the present inventors can improve turbine disk alloys based on a new design methodology based on turbine blade alloys.
- a billet having a homogeneous microstructure can be produced by either the casting process or the powder metallurgy process, and industrial manufacturability has been confirmed.
- the use of the nickel-cobalt-based alloy of the present invention makes it possible to extend the life of components used in high-temperature environments such as gas turbine components, and to increase the efficiency of the gas turbine body by using it in a harsher environment, and it is expected to be applied to hydrogen-mixed combustion/hydrogen gas turbines, ammonia-mixed combustion gas turbines, etc., which are planned in the future.
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Abstract
Description
即ち、タービン翼用合金の組成は、900℃以上での使用を想定し設計されているため、700℃以下の使用を想定したタービンディスク用合金よりも耐酸化性や耐腐食性に優れる傾向にある。そこで、タービン翼用合金をベースとし、Mo、Nb、Hfの添加量を少なくすることで耐酸化性・組織安定性を向上させ、これら以外の元素を添加することにより高強度化を達成できれば、耐用温度が大幅に向上したタービンディスク用合金の実現が期待できると考え、本発明を想到するに至った。
15質量%以上43質量%以下のコバルト、
6質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
3質量%以上9質量%以下のタングステン、
1質量%以上6質量%以下のアルミニウム、
1質量%以上8質量%以下のチタン、
7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなるものである。
15質量%以上43質量%以下のコバルト、
6質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
3質量%以上9質量%以下のタングステン、
1質量%以上6質量%以下のアルミニウム、
1質量%以上8質量%以下のチタン、
1.7質量%以上7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなるとよい。
15質量%以上35質量%以下のコバルト、
7質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
5.5質量%以上8.5質量%以下のタングステン、
2質量%以上4質量%以下のアルミニウム、
4質量%以上7質量%以下のチタン、
1.7質量%以上7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなるとよい。
15質量%以上35質量%以下のコバルト、
8質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
6.0質量%以上8.0質量%以下のタングステン、
2質量%以上4質量%以下のアルミニウム、
4質量%以上6.1質量%未満のチタン、
1.7質量%以上7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなるとよい。この組成〔4〕は、後述する実施例合金1~3の組成範囲を基礎に、ベース合金1+(5%~30%)x(Co-12.5質量%Ti)の組成範囲を含むものである。
1.5質量%未満のモリブデン、
5質量%以下のニオブ、及び
2質量%以下のハフニウム、
からなる群から選択される、少なくとも一つを含有するとよい。
0.5質量%以下のバナジウム、
0.1質量%以下のケイ素、
0.05質量%以下のカルシウム、
0.2質量%以下のイットリウム、及び
0.2質量%以下のランタノイド元素、
からなる群から選択される、少なくとも一つを含有するとよい。
〔8〕ニッケル-コバルト基合金〔1〕乃至〔6〕のうち、800℃・ひずみ速度10-5(/s)における0.2%耐力が780MPa以上であるであるとよく、好ましくは890MPa以上であり、更に好ましくは900MPa以上であるとよい。
〔10〕本発明のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材〔9〕は、タービンディスクであるとよい。
〔12〕本発明のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を製造する方法は、ニッケル-コバルト基合金タービンディスク〔10〕を、方向性凝固法を含む鋳造、普通鍛造、粉末冶金、粉末を用いた積層造形、ワイヤーを用いた三次元造形の一つまたは複数の方法により製造するものである。
〔13〕本発明のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を製造する方法〔11〕又は〔12〕において、好ましくは、前記金属粉末はガスアトマイズ法により製造された金属粉末であるとよい。
ホウ素(B)は、高温におけるクリープ特性、疲労特性などを改善することができる。通常、ホウ素の含有量は、0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下である。炭素及びホウ素は、上記含有量の範囲を超えると、クリープ強度を低下させたり、プロセスの許容範囲を狭めたりすることがある。
上記のV、Si、Ca、Y、及びランタノイド元素は、いずれか1種のみ、または2種以上を複合して含有することができる。
実施例合金は、γ+γ’二相組織を有するニッケル基合金(ベース合金)へ、コバルト-チタン合金(Co-12.5質量%Ti)を添加することにより、上述のコバルトとチタンの複合的な添加が行われるように設計した。ベース合金の候補は、タービン翼用に本出願人が開発したTM合金群の中から選定した。この際、粒界強化炭化物の形成能及びディスク重量の観点から、主要な炭化物形成元素であるCr含有量が9.5質量%以上、かつ密度が8.5g/cm3以下であることを選定基準とした。TM合金群の中から選定したベース合金1(非特許文献1参照)及びそれにCo-12.5質量%Tiを添加した合金群(実施例合金1~5)、並びに、ベース合金2(非特許文献2参照)及びそれにCo-12.5質量%Tiを添加した合金群(実施例合金6、7)の組成を表1に示す。
例えば、実施例合金1の組成は、ベース合金1の組成に対してCo-12.5質量%Tiを10%添加したもの(表1のコメント欄参照)であり、そのCo含有量(17.3質量%)は、9.5質量%(ベース合金1のCo含有量)×0.9=8.55質量%に、87.5質量%(上記コバルト-チタン合金のCo含有量)×0.1=8.75質量%を加算することで得られる。実施例合金1のTi含有量についても同様に、(3.90×0.9)+(12.5×0.1)=4.76と計算される。Cr、W、Al、及びTaの含有量は、それぞれベース合金1での含有量に0.9を乗算することで得られる。なお、実施例合金5については、ベース合金1の組成に対してCo-12.5質量%Tiを20%添加した組成(すなわち、実施例合金2の組成)に、更にAlが0.7質量%添加されている点に留意されたい。
更に、実施例合金の優位性検証のため、比較合金として、C&W材である市販の比較合金1及び比較合金2、PM材である比較合金3、比較合金4、比較合金5を選定した。これらの組成も表1に示す。
比較評価にあたっては、製造プロセス及び組織の影響を排除するため、各合金組成から粒界強化元素であるC、B、及びZrを除いた組成のSC材を一方向凝固炉にて鋳造し、使用した。鋳造した単結晶供試材丸棒(10mm径、130mm長さ)は1200~1300℃において5時間の溶体化処理を行い、さらに870℃において20時間の時効熱処理を行った。熱処理後、各単結晶供試材丸棒から引張クリープ試験(比較評価試験)用の試験片を採取した。
実施例合金の、PM材製造プロセスへの適合性を評価する目的で、実施例合金の一部と比較合金の一部について、コンファインド型ガスアトマイズ装置によって粉末を作製し、粉末粒径53μm以下の粉末を分級、封函後1100℃で静水圧プレス(HIP:hot isotropic press)することにより、焼結体を得た。
図1に、焼結に使用した粉末粒径53μm以下の粉末の収率を示す。全ての実施例合金において、粉末粒径53μm以下の粉末の収率が70%を超える微細な粉末が製造された。また、商用合金である比較合金4に比べてもより高収率で、微細な粉末が得られた。また、ベース合金に対するCo-12.5質量%Ti添加量の増加に伴い上記粉末の収率が上昇する傾向も確認された。粉末焼結材の製造では、焼結に供する粉末の収率が高いほど製造歩留まりが高くなるので、実施例合金は比較合金より粉末製造に適した(低コスト・量産に適した)合金系であると評価される。
図2に、作製したベース合金と実施例合金のHIP材の相対密度の一例を示す。図2に示したベース合金1及び実施例合金2とも、良好な高密度焼結体が得られたことが分かる。
粉末焼結材として試作した実施例合金のうち、実施例合金2及び実施例合金5のHIP焼結体を炭素鋼(SS400)とステンレス鋼(SUS304)で覆うことで、押出ビレット供試体を作製した。これらの押出ビレット供試体に対し、日本国内の既存押出加工装置を用いて押出し加工を実施し、減面率Re=80%で詰まることなく押し出すことに成功した(図3)。
図4は、実施例合金2及び実施例合金5の押出し加工前(熱処理後)と押出し加工後のミクロ組織を示す逆極点図方位マップ(Inverse Pole Figure:IPFマップ)である。図中の「平均粒径」は、結晶粒径の平均値を意味する。EBSD(電子線後方散乱回折:Electron Back Scattered Diffraction Pattern)法でのデータ取得は、メーカー名 AMETEK、Inc. EDAX事業部、型式 TEAMTM EDSにより行われた。IPF解析ソフトウェアは、メーカー名 株式会社TSLソリューションズ、型式 OIM ver.8.1.0により行われた。図4のIPFマップによれば、実施例合金2及び実施例合金5とも、押出し加工後は比較的均一な微細粒が形成されており、内部クラック等は確認されなかった。また、強度低下の原因となるPPB(Prior Particle Boundary:旧粒子界面)が解消されていることも確認された。以上の様に、実施例合金は粉末冶金プロセスでの製造性は良好であることを確認した。
実施例合金2に対し、真空溶解、均質化熱処理、溝ロール、スウェジング加工、溶体化熱処理、時効熱処理を用いたプロセス技術開発を実施した。また、比較のため、現行のC&W材である比較合金2の製造も実施した。塑性加工は1100℃の予備加熱条件で実施し、スウェジ材を作製した。作製した実施例合金2及び比較合金2のスウェジ材は、それぞれ1160℃及び1100℃/4h/ACで溶体化熱処理を施した。更に、650℃/24h/AC+760℃/16h/ACの二段時効熱処理を施した。また、比較のため、実施例合金2に関しては、単結晶モデル合金の標準時効条件である870℃/20hで熱処理した試料も作製した。
図5A、B、及びCは、それぞれのミクロ組織のSEM写真を示すもので、図5Aは実施例合金2(870℃時効)、図5Bは実施例合金2(二段時効)、図5Cは比較合金2(二段時効)をそれぞれ示している。SEM写真撮影は、カールツァイス株式会社、型式 Gemini300にて行った。図5Bに示すように、二段時効熱処理を施した実施例合金2では、一次γ’でピン止めされた典型的な微細結晶粒、及び粒内に多量の二次γ’の析出が確認された。以上の様に、各種プロセス条件を検討し、最終的に均一な結晶粒径及び微細なγ’析出物分布を有する良質な組織形成が可能な最適プロセス条件を確立した。
粉末焼結材として試作した実施例合金及び比較合金の溶体化時効材に対して、タービンディスクとしての想定使用温度域である、650℃、750℃及び850℃で長時間時効試験を実施した。図6は、長時間(3000時間)時効した実施例合金の一部の組織観察結果を示す走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真で、ベース合金1及び実施例合金1~4の各々について、時効温度650、750及び850℃の場合を示している。図7は、長時間(3000時間)時効した比較合金の一部の組織観察結果を示す走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真で、比較合金4と比較合金5の各々について、時効温度650、750及び850℃の場合を示している。また、時効温度850℃で時効時間3000時間の組織安定性試験で析出した、強度に有害な析出物(TCP相、ベータ相、Laves相等)の計測結果を、表2に示す。
以上より、本発明のニッケル-コバルト基合金は、850℃3000時間の組織安定性試験で、強度に有害な析出物が1.0体積%以上析出しない特性であるとよく、好ましくは0.5体積%以下であり、更に好ましくは0.1体積%以下であるとよいと結論付けられる。
単結晶材の試作材を用いて、800℃において負荷応力735MPaの条件で引張クリープ破断試験を行った。図8は、ベース合金及び比較合金の引張クリープ試験結果を示す図である。本試験条件では、比較合金の中では本出願人開発合金である比較合金3が最も長い寿命を示し、その破断寿命はtf=11.9hであった。また、比較合金1が最も寿命が短く、破断寿命は0.42hであった。破断寿命は、比較合金3>比較合金5>比較合金2>比較合金4>比較合金1の順序であり、この結果から、ニッケル-コバルト基合金である比較合金3や比較合金2は、優れたクリープ特性を示すことが分かる。一方、ベース合金1及びベース合金2は、比較合金と比べ極めて優れたクリープ特性を示した。ベース合金1及びベース合金2の破断寿命は、それぞれtf=38.39h及びtf=41.64hであった。
図9Aは、ベース合金1、2及び実施例合金1~7の各々についての、800℃375MPaクリープ破断試験結果を示す図である。ここで、ベース合金1、及びベース合金1にCo-12.5質量%Tiを添加した実施例合金1、2、3、4のクリープ特性に着目すると、ベース合金1へのCo-12.5質量%Tiの添加量が増加するに従い長寿命化し、Coを30質量%以上含有する実施例合金3はtf=123.22hの最大値を取ることが明らかとなった。したがって、従来のタービン翼用合金であるニッケル基合金又はニッケル-コバルト基合金に対して、同様のγ+γ’二相組織を有するコバルト-チタン合金(Co-12.5質量%Ti)の添加によるCo及びTiの複合的な添加は、クリープ寿命向上に極めて有効であることが実証された。他方、Coを40質量%含有する実施例合金4は、ベース合金1よりも寿命が低下した。これは、図9Bに示すように、初期組織の最終凝固部に2.1体積%と多くのTCP相(有害相)が存在したためである。
ベース合金1にCo-12.5質量%Ti及びAlを添加した実施例合金5では、共晶γ’相の残存相に起因する寿命の低下が見られた。また、ベース合金2にCo-12.5質量%Tiを添加した実施例合金6、7でも、Co-12.5質量%Tiの添加量が増加するに従い長寿命化する傾向が見られた。
図10Aは、実施例合金2及び比較合金2の鋳鍛造材におけるクリープ特性を示す図で、クリープひずみが5%を超える領域までの全体曲線である。図10Bは、図10Aにおいて、クリープひずみが1%までの領域を拡大した曲線である。図10Aでは、725℃630MPaでのクリープ破断試験結果において、クリープ破断に至るクリープ時間を基準として、クリープの耐用温度を示している。比較合金2のクリープの耐用温度が698℃であるのに対して、実施例合金2の870℃時効材が728℃、実施例合金2の二段時効材が739℃となっている。図10Bでは、725℃630MPaでのクリープ破断試験結果において、クリープひずみが0.2%となるクリープ時間を基準として、クリープの耐用温度を示している。比較合金2のクリープの耐用温度が727℃であるのに対して、実施例合金2の870℃時効材が740℃、実施例合金2の二段時効材が766℃となっている。
図10Aの様に、実施例合金2は、現行C&W材として世界最高の耐用温度を示す比較合金2に比べ、およそ10倍の良好な破断寿命を有している。また、塑性加工プロセスにより、有害なPPBを分解できた結果、5%程度のクリープ破断伸びを示した。また、実施例合金2どうしを比較したとき、図10A及び図10Bの様に、より微細な析出物が析出する二段時効材のほうが、破断寿命で評価しても0.2%クリープ時間で評価しても、より優れたクリープ特性を有していた。
図11は、従来の鋳鍛造プロセスによるC&W合金と粉末冶金プロセスによる従来のニッケル-コバルト基合金並びに実施例合金2の耐用温度を示す図で、縦軸に耐用温度、横軸に開発年を示している。図11において、白抜き丸印〇はC&W合金、黒塗り丸印●は粉末冶金プロセス合金を示している。また、図11においては、鋳鍛造材として試作した実施例合金2と比較合金2の耐用温度を示している。実施例合金2の725℃/630MPaでのクリープ寿命は約2100時間であり、耐用温度はクリープ破断寿命換算で739℃に相当する。更に、Life Limited Parts(有寿命部品)であるディスク合金(タービンディスク用合金)にとって重要な、0.2%クリープ寿命換算での耐用温度は766℃であった。この様に、実施例合金2は、鋳鍛造材として現段階で世界最高の耐用温度を示した。上述したように、PM材の耐用温度は、1974年から2002年までに、693℃(IN100)から715℃(ME3)へ、28年間で22℃しか向上しておらず、0.79℃/年の向上率である。実施例合金2は、ME3と比較して24℃も耐用温度が向上している。このことから、タービン翼用合金をベース合金とした新規ニッケル-コバルト基合金の設計指針は、ガスタービンディスクの製造性を維持しつつ、耐用温度を大幅に向上させる技術として極めて効果的であると結論付けられる。
725℃及び800℃の温度で、粉末焼結材として製造されたベース合金および実施例合金の一部の圧縮試験を行った。図12に示すように、ベース合金1にCo-12.5質量%Tiを添加した実施例合金1~5について、実施例合金4以外はすべて、ベース合金1に比べて高い0.2%耐力を示すことが明らかになった。ここで、0.2%耐力は、指定温度でひずみ速度10-5(/s)にて試験を行ったとき、ひずみが0.2%に到達した段階での応力値をいう。ベース合金1では、725℃と800℃の0.2%耐力が、それぞれ980MPaと780MPaであった。これに対して、実施例合金1では、725℃と800℃の0.2%耐力が、それぞれ1100MPaと930MPaであった。実施例合金2では、725℃と800℃の0.2%耐力が、それぞれで1080MPaと890MPaであった。実施例合金3では、725℃と800℃の0.2%耐力が、それぞれで990MPaと795MPaであった。実施例合金4では、725℃と800℃の0.2%耐力が、それぞれで950MPaと750MPaであった。実施例合金5では、800℃の0.2%耐力が、880MPaであり、725℃についてはデータを取得していない。
粉末焼結材として試作した実施例合金及び比較合金の溶体化時効材に対して、650℃、750℃及び850℃で500時間の等温酸化試験を実施した。図13に一例として実施例合金1、2、3、4の重量増加結果を示す。ベース合金1に対し、Co-12.5質量%Tiを添加することで、耐酸化性は低下している。この低下は、酸化被膜を形成するAlやCrの含有量の低下に起因すると考えられる。ただし、これら実施例合金の耐酸化性は商用合金である比較合金4と遜色なく、実用上の問題は生じないと考えられる。
上記のように、実施例合金は比較合金と比べて優れたクリープ強度、耐用温度、圧縮強度を示すとともに、十分な耐酸化性を有しており、本発明者による、タービン翼用合金をベースとした新たな設計手法に基づくタービンディスク用合金の改良が可能であることが確認された。
Claims (13)
- 組成が、
15質量%以上43質量%以下のコバルト、
6質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
3質量%以上9質量%以下のタングステン、
1質量%以上6質量%以下のアルミニウム、
1質量%以上8質量%以下のチタン、
7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とするニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - 組成が、
15質量%以上43質量%以下のコバルト、
6質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
3質量%以上9質量%以下のタングステン、
1質量%以上6質量%以下のアルミニウム、
1質量%以上8質量%以下のチタン、
1.7質量%以上7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - 組成が、
15質量%以上35質量%以下のコバルト、
7質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
5.5質量%以上8.5質量%以下のタングステン、
2質量%以上4質量%以下のアルミニウム、
4質量%以上7質量%以下のチタン、
1.7質量%以上7質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - 組成が、
15質量%以上33質量%以下のコバルト、
8.9質量%以上12質量%未満のクロム、
6.0質量%以上8.3質量%以下のタングステン、
2.5質量%以上3.5質量%以下のアルミニウム、
4.4質量%以上6.5質量%未満のチタン、
1.8質量%以上2.5質量%以下のタンタル、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下の炭素、
0.01質量%以上0.15質量%以下のホウ素、
0.01質量以上0.15質量%以下のジルコニウム、
残余のニッケル及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - さらに任意的組成元素として、
1.5質量%未満のモリブデン、
5質量%以下のニオブ、及び
2質量%以下のハフニウム、
からなる群から選択される、少なくとも一つを含有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - さらに任意的組成元素として、
0.5質量%以下のバナジウム、
0.1質量%以下のケイ素、
0.05質量%以下のカルシウム、
0.2質量%以下のイットリウム、及び
0.2質量%以下のランタノイド元素、
からなる群から選択される、少なくとも一つを含有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金。 - 請求項1乃至6の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金において、850℃3000時間の組織安定性試験で、強度に有害な析出物が1.0体積%以上析出しないことを特徴とするニッケル-コバルト基合金。
- 請求項1乃至6の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金において、800℃・ひずみ速度10-5(/s)における0.2%耐力が780MPa以上であることを特徴とするニッケル-コバルト基合金。
- 請求項1乃至6の何れかに記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金により構成されたニッケル-コバルト基合金部材。
- 前記ニッケル-コバルト基合金部材はタービンディスクである、請求項9に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材。
- 請求項9に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を、方向性凝固法を含む鋳造、普通鍛造、粉末冶金、金属粉末を用いた積層造形、ワイヤーを用いた三次元造形の一つまたは複数の方法により製造するニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を製造する方法。
- 請求項10に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金タービンディスクを、方向性凝固法を含む鋳造、普通鍛造、粉末冶金、金属粉末を用いた積層造形、ワイヤーを用いた三次元造形の一つまたは複数の方法により製造するニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を製造する方法。
- 前記金属粉末は、ガスアトマイズ法により作製された金属粉末である請求項11又は12に記載のニッケル-コバルト基合金部材を製造する方法。
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