WO2024116432A1 - 電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024116432A1 WO2024116432A1 PCT/JP2023/016184 JP2023016184W WO2024116432A1 WO 2024116432 A1 WO2024116432 A1 WO 2024116432A1 JP 2023016184 W JP2023016184 W JP 2023016184W WO 2024116432 A1 WO2024116432 A1 WO 2024116432A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel electrode and a lithium-ion secondary battery that includes the electrode.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries have a large charge/discharge capacity and are therefore primarily used as batteries for portable electronic devices.
- the use of lithium-ion secondary batteries is also increasing as batteries for electric vehicles, and there are high hopes for improved performance.
- Patent Document 1 describes the use of an active material for an electrode, which is made by sintering a raw material containing sulfur and a polymer containing methacrylonitrile as a monomer component.
- the present invention aims to provide an electrode, i.e., a positive electrode or a negative electrode, that can realize a lithium-ion battery with high overall performance in terms of charge/discharge capacity and capacity retention rate, and a lithium-ion secondary battery that includes the electrode.
- an electrode i.e., a positive electrode or a negative electrode
- An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising an active material layer containing a particulate active material, the active material includes an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound;
- the present invention provides an electrode, i.e., a positive electrode or a negative electrode, that can realize a lithium-ion battery with high overall performance in terms of charge/discharge capacity and capacity retention rate, and a lithium-ion secondary battery that includes the electrode.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view that illustrates a reaction apparatus used in the production of an active material in the examples of the present invention.
- An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising an active material layer containing a particulate active material, the active material includes an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound;
- the following is believed to be the reason why the electrode of the present invention is able to improve the overall performance of charge/discharge capacity and capacity retention rate.
- the active material of the present invention is characterized by containing iron, and in addition, the product of the sulfur content in the active material, the iron content, and the median diameter ( ⁇ m) of the active material is maintained at a constant value or higher. Under these conditions, it is believed that the sulfur and iron held on the electrode influence each other under given conditions, thereby improving the overall performance of the charge and discharge capacity and capacity retention rate.
- the value of the right hand side of the above formula (1) is preferably 2400.
- the A S (the amount of elemental sulfur in the active material) is preferably more than 65.0 mass %.
- the A F (iron element content in the active material) is preferably more than 15.0 mass %.
- the M (median diameter) is 1.0 ⁇ m or more.
- DC 3 When the initial discharge capacity when the electrode is used as a positive electrode is DC 3 (mAh/g), DC 3 is preferably more than 400 mAh/g, and more preferably more than 600 mAh/g.
- the electrode includes a current collector
- the current collector includes a metal foil
- a S , M, and T satisfy the following formula (2), where T ( ⁇ m) is a thickness of the metal foil.
- T ( ⁇ m) is a thickness of the metal foil.
- the performance of the electrode and/or battery is improved by each value regulating the others so that the quotient obtained by dividing the product of the amount of sulfur and the median diameter by the thickness of the current collector is equal to or greater than a predetermined value.
- a S , A F and D satisfy the following formula (3).
- the tenth discharge capacity is defined as DC 10 (mAh/g), and it is preferable that DC 10 is more than 350 mAh/g.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the above-described electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery further contains an electrolyte, and when the volume of the electrolyte is V (mL), it is preferable that A S , M and V satisfy the following formula (4). (4) A x M/V>60
- the performance of the electrode and/or battery is improved by each value regulating the others so that the quotient of the product of the amount of sulfur and the median diameter divided by the volume of the electrolyte is equal to or greater than a predetermined value.
- the term "particulate” refers to a state in which the active material is sufficiently fine to be suitable for mixing with other materials for the purposes of the present invention.
- the size of the particles constituting the active material is not particularly limited as long as the mixing can be suitably carried out.
- Active material refers to the material that is responsible for the redox reaction that takes place in lithium-ion secondary batteries to convert energy.
- Active material layer refers to a layer made of an electrode material containing an active material that is formed on a current collector that constitutes an electrode.
- the “coating density” refers to the mass (mg) per unit area (cm 2 ) of the active material coated on the current collector.
- initial discharge capacity refers to the third discharge capacity.
- the “amount of elemental sulfur” is the mass ratio (%) of elemental sulfur in the active material, and in this specification, is measured by the method of elemental analysis described later.
- the “amount of iron element” is the mass ratio (%) of iron element in the active material, and in this specification, it is measured by the method using thermogravimetry described below.
- the “median diameter” is the volume-based cumulative 50% diameter (median diameter d50) measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (Anton Paar's PSA1090L particle size distribution analyzer) with water as the dispersion medium.
- the lithium ion secondary battery electrode and lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention will be described below.
- the electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention comprises an active material layer containing a particulate active material, the active material including an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound, and when the amount of elemental sulfur in the active material is A (mass %), the amount of elemental iron is A (mass %), and the median diameter of the active material is M ( ⁇ m), A , A and M satisfy the following formula (1): (1) A S ⁇ A F ⁇ M> 1600
- the active material layer according to the present invention contains a particulate active material.
- the active material layer is constructed using an electrode material (i.e., a positive electrode material or a negative electrode material) containing a particulate active material, as described below.
- the particulate active material refers to a state in which the active material is sufficiently finely divided to a degree suitable for mixing with other materials constituting the electrode for the purpose of the present invention, and is not particularly limited as long as it is in such a state.
- the "particulate" when expressed by a median diameter, it can be in the range of 1 nm to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the median diameter (median diameter d50) of the particles constituting the active material is preferably about 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 40.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter is more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 2.4 ⁇ m or more.
- the median diameter is more preferably 30.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 20.0 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 15.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter can be measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the active material according to the present invention contains an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound.
- Organosulfur compounds are compounds in which at least carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur atoms are bonded. Because active materials are obtained through a process of sintering raw materials that include polymers such as rubber and resin, iron ion-containing compounds, and sulfur, it is difficult to analyze the detailed structure of the resulting product, but it has been confirmed that carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur atoms are bonded. Under these circumstances, it is presumed that organic sulfur compounds contain carbon-sulfur structures such as long-chain polymeric thienoacene structures in which thiophene rings are condensed and linked together, or structures similar thereto. Depending on the other raw materials used in the sintering and the gas atmosphere used, organic sulfur compounds can also be bonded to other atoms, such as nitrogen atoms.
- An iron compound is a compound in which an iron atom is bonded to an atom other than an iron atom.
- atoms other than an iron atom include sulfur atoms.
- iron compounds include iron sulfide (II) (FeS), iron sulfide (III) (Fe 2 S 3 ), and iron disulfide (FeS 2 ).
- iron disulfide (FeS 2 ) is typical or preferred.
- the particulate active material contains an organic sulfur compound
- the particulate active material contains at least carbon atoms and sulfur atoms
- the particulate active material contains an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound
- the particulate active material contains at least carbon atoms, sulfur atoms, and iron atoms. Note that when carbon atoms, sulfur atoms, and iron atoms are contained, the amounts of carbon elements, sulfur elements, and iron elements are measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the amount of sulfur element (mass%) in the active material is preferably more than 50.0 mass%, more preferably more than 55.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 60.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 61.0 mass%, even more preferably 61.2 mass% or more, even more preferably more than 62.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 63.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 63.6 mass%, even more preferably more than 64.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 65.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 65.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 66.0 mass%, even more preferably more than 70.0 mass%.
- the amount of iron element (mass%) in the active material is preferably more than 10.0 mass%, more preferably more than 11.0 mass%, more preferably more than 12.0 mass%, more preferably more than 13.0 mass%, more preferably more than 13.5 mass%, more preferably more than 14.0 mass%, more preferably more than 14.5 mass%, more preferably more than 14.9 mass%, more preferably more than 15.0 mass%, more preferably more than 15.4 mass%, more preferably more than 15.5 mass%, more preferably more than 16.0 mass%, more preferably more than 16.1 mass%, more preferably more than 17.0 mass%, and more preferably more than 17.3 mass%.
- the coating density (mg/cm 2 ) of the active material on the electrode is preferably more than 2.5 mg/cm 2 , more preferably more than 6.2 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably more than 6.5 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably more than 6.6 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably more than 7.0 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably more than 8.0 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably more than 8.5 mg/cm 2 , even more preferably 8.6 mg/cm 2 or more, even more preferably 9.0 mg/cm 2 or more, even more preferably 9.2 mg/cm 2 or more, even more preferably more than 9.5 mg/cm 2 .
- the amount of carbon element (mass %) in the active material is preferably more than 15.0 mass%, more preferably more than 17.0 mass%, and even more preferably more than 18.0 mass%, while the amount of carbon element (mass %) is preferably less than 27.0 mass%, more preferably less than 25.0 mass%, and even more preferably less than 24.0 mass%.
- the amount of hydrogen element (mass%) in the active material is relatively small because the hydrogen atoms in the polymer react with sulfur to become hydrogen sulfide by baking, which is released outside the system and decreases.
- the amount of hydrogen element in the active material is preferably 1.6 mass% or less. It is preferably less than 1.5 mass%, more preferably 1.2 mass% or less, even more preferably less than 1.1 mass%, even more preferably less than 1.0 mass%, even more preferably less than 0.5 mass%, even more preferably 0.4 mass% or less, even more preferably 0.3 mass% or less, and even more preferably 0.2 mass% or less.
- the lower limit of the amount of hydrogen element (mass%) may be 0.1 mass%, may be less than 0.1 mass%, or may be below the detection limit.
- the active material is preferably pulverized to a predetermined particle size, and the particles are preferably of a size suitable for the manufacture of an electrode.
- the median diameter (median diameter d50) is preferably about 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 40.0 ⁇ m or less. The median diameter is more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 2.4 ⁇ m or more.
- the median diameter is more preferably 30.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 20.0 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 15.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter can be measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the product of the amount of sulfur element A S (mass%) in the active material, the amount of iron element A F (mass%) in the active material, and the median diameter M ( ⁇ m) of the active material is more than 1600, as shown in the above formula (1).
- the right side of formula (1) is preferably 2000, more preferably 2400, even more preferably 2800, even more preferably 2900, even more preferably 3600, even more preferably 3700, even more preferably 3800, even more preferably 10000, even more preferably 10800.
- the quotient obtained by dividing the product of the amount of sulfur element A S (mass%) in the active material and the median diameter M ( ⁇ m) of the active material by the thickness T ( ⁇ m) of the metal foil constituting the current collector is preferably more than 6.0, as shown in the above formula (2).
- the right side of formula (2) is more preferably 7.0, more preferably 7.9, more preferably 8.1, more preferably 10.0, more preferably 11.0, more preferably 12.0, more preferably 12.4, more preferably 15.0, more preferably 20.0, and more preferably 30.0.
- the preferred range for the thickness T ( ⁇ m) of the metal foil is 5 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more.
- T is preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the product of the amount of sulfur element A S (mass%) in the active material, the amount of iron element A F (mass%) in the active material, and the coating density D (mg/cm 2 ) of the active material is preferably more than 7000, as shown in the above formula (3).
- the right side of formula (3) is more preferably 7500, more preferably 8000, more preferably 8500, more preferably 9000, more preferably 9100, more preferably 9200, more preferably 9400, more preferably 9500, and more preferably 10000.
- the electrode of the present invention exhibits excellent charge and discharge capacity.
- the initial discharge capacity refers to the third discharge capacity (DC 3 ) unless otherwise specified.
- the third discharge capacity is the discharge capacity when the electrode and the battery are produced and charged and discharged three times with a discharge end voltage of 1.0 V and a charge end voltage of 3.0 V (the third discharge when repeating the first discharge, first charge, second discharge, second charge, third discharge, and third charge).
- the voltage of 3.0 V eventually drops to 1.0 V.
- the total time (h) from 3.0 V to 1.0 V is measured and multiplied by the current (mA) applied to obtain the capacity (mAh), and the specific capacity (mAh/g) is obtained by dividing by the weight of the active material.
- the voltage rises due to charging with a constant current, and charging is completed when the voltage finally reaches 3.0 V. The same applies to the tenth discharge capacity described later.
- the initial discharge capacity (DC 3 ) (mAh/g) when the electrode of the present invention is used as a positive electrode is preferably more than 400 mAh/g.
- the initial discharge capacity is preferably more than 500 mAh/g, more preferably more than 600 mAh/g, even more preferably 634 mAh/g or more, even more preferably 681 mAh/g or more, even more preferably 690 mAh/g or more, even more preferably more than 700 mAh/g, even more preferably more than 730 mAh/g.
- the discharge capacity after 10 repeated charge and discharge cycles i.e., the 10th discharge capacity (DC 10 ) (mAh/g) is preferably more than 350 mAh/g.
- the discharge capacity is preferably more than 400 mAh/g, more preferably more than 500 mAh/g, even more preferably more than 600 mAh/g, even more preferably more than 650 mAh/g, even more preferably 681 mAh/g or more, even more preferably more than 690 mAh/g, even more preferably 723 mAh/g or more, even more preferably 743 mAh/g or more.
- the upper limit of the discharge capacity there is no particular limit to the upper limit of the discharge capacity, and the higher the better. Therefore, although there is little meaning in mentioning the upper limit of the discharge capacity, it can be assumed that, for example, it is usually about the value of the initial discharge capacity or about 900 mAh/g as a reference value.
- the third and tenth discharge capacities when the electrode of the present invention is used as a positive electrode are determined by the configuration of the positive electrode, if the measurements are performed using a negative electrode and electrolyte within technical common sense that can be used as a lithium ion secondary battery (i.e., lithium is not quickly depleted) and that can fully demonstrate the performance related to the discharge capacity of the positive electrode.
- a negative electrode with a lithium amount (molar amount) greater than 1/100 (preferably 1/10, more preferably 1/2) of the sulfur amount (molar amount) in the positive electrode may be used.
- the weight of the composite layer containing the positive electrode active material is 103.4 mg to 144 mg (3 cm x 4 cm x coating density), and since the composite layer contains other materials besides sulfur, the sulfur amount (mol amount) is necessarily less than 0.004491 ( ⁇ 0.144/32.065) (below 71.5% of this value), whereas the weight of the negative electrode is 534 mg (4 cm x 5 cm x 0.5 mm x specific gravity of lithium), and the lithium amount (mol amount) is 0.076934 ( ⁇ 0.534/6.941), so the lithium amount (mol amount) in the negative electrode is sufficiently large.
- the electrolyte it is sufficient to make the lithium amount (mol amount) 1/100 (preferably 1/10, more preferably 1/2) of the sulfur amount (mol amount) in the positive electrode.
- the electrolyte volume V (mL) means the total volume of the electrolyte solution containing the solute or the solid electrolyte.
- the lithium ion secondary battery electrode of the present invention can be used as a positive electrode or a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery electrode of the present invention is preferably used as a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery electrode can be constructed using the materials described in the manufacturing method column below in the same manner as described in the same column.
- the conductive assistant, binder, current collector, etc. described in the manufacturing method column below can be used in the same manner as described in the same column to form a lithium ion secondary battery positive electrode
- the conductive assistant, binder, current collector, etc. described in the manufacturing method column below can be used in the same manner as described in the same column to form a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode.
- these explanations in the manufacturing method column below can be taken into consideration as explanations of this lithium ion secondary battery electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the above-mentioned lithium ion secondary battery electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery can be constructed using the materials described in the manufacturing method column below in the same manner as described in the same column.
- a lithium ion secondary battery when the lithium ion secondary battery electrode is used as a positive electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery can be constructed using the negative electrode, electrolyte, separator, etc. described in the manufacturing method column below in the same manner as described in the same column.
- a lithium ion secondary battery when the lithium ion secondary battery electrode is used as a negative electrode, a lithium ion secondary battery can be constructed using the positive electrode, electrolyte, separator, etc. described in the manufacturing method column below in the same manner as described in the same column. In this way, these explanations in the manufacturing method column below can be taken into consideration as explanations of this lithium ion secondary battery.
- the quotient of the product of the amount of sulfur element A S (mass%) in the active material and the median diameter M ( ⁇ m) of the active material divided by the volume V (mL) of the electrolyte is preferably more than 60, as shown in the above formula (4).
- the right side of formula (4) is more preferably 70, more preferably 79, more preferably 81, more preferably 100, more preferably 110, more preferably 120, more preferably 150, more preferably 200, more preferably 250, and more preferably 300.
- the range of electrolyte volume V (mL) can vary depending on the size of the battery, so it is not generally prescribed, and it is sufficient to use the minimum amount that brings out the performance of the active material and allows the battery to function satisfactorily.
- V is preferably 1.0 mL or more, more preferably 1.2 mL or more, and even more preferably 1.5 mL or more.
- V is preferably 4.0 mL or less, more preferably 3.0 mL or less, and even more preferably 2.5 mL or less.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is useful as a lithium ion secondary battery having improved overall performance in terms of charge/discharge capacity and capacity retention rate.
- the active material according to the present invention can be produced by a production method including: (1) a step of mixing a raw material containing a polymer, an iron ion-containing compound, and sulfur to obtain a raw material to be fired; and (2) a step of firing the raw material to be fired under a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the polymer is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing at least carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and when it is baked with an iron ion-containing compound and sulfur under a non-oxidizing thermal atmosphere, it takes in sulfur to form an organic sulfur compound.
- the polymer may also contain a heteroatom such as a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom.
- Specific examples of the polymer include a polymer of an unsaturated chain hydrocarbon monomer, a condensate of a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon and sulfur chloride, and the like.
- the polymer may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- Polymer of unsaturated chain hydrocarbon monomer examples include resins such as acrylic resins.
- examples of the polymer of the unsaturated chain hydrocarbon monomer include diene rubbers. One or more types of the polymer of the unsaturated chain hydrocarbon monomer may be used.
- acrylic resin examples include a polymer obtained by polymerizing at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylate compounds represented by the following chemical formula (1), or at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polymers obtained by polymerizing at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylate compounds represented by the following chemical formula (1) and at least one selected from the group consisting of diacrylate compounds represented by the following chemical formula (2).
- acrylic resins can be used, and one or more types of diacrylate compounds can be used.
- CH2 C( R11 ) COOR12 (1) (wherein R 11 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R 12 is an alkyl group.) CH 2 ⁇ C(R 21 )COO-Y-OCO(R 22 )C ⁇ CH 2 (2) (wherein R 21 and R 22 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; Y is a linear hydrocarbylene group, which may have at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group and an alkyl group; and the carbon skeleton constituting the hydrocarbylene group may have an ether bond via an oxygen atom. However, when there are two or more ether bonds, there are always two or more carbon atoms between adjacent oxygen atoms.)
- R 11 is preferably a methyl group
- R 12 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and among these, a methyl group, an n-butyl group, an i-butyl group, or a t-butyl group is preferable.
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (1) include methyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, and the like, and more preferably, methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate are mentioned.
- the "(meth)acrylate” of methyl (meth)acrylate and butyl (meth)acrylate means either "acrylate” or "methacrylate” (hereinafter the same).
- a more preferable example of the compound represented by the chemical formula (1) is butyl methacrylate.
- both R 21 and R 22 are preferably methyl groups.
- the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbylene group (straight chain) of Y is preferably 2 to 6, more preferably 2 or 3.
- the number of substituents in Y is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 or 2.
- the substituents in Y are preferably one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl groups and alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferably methyl groups.
- the portion corresponding to -Y-O- is preferably represented by the following chemical formula (3) (however, in the chemical formula (3), the substituents in Y are not taken into consideration).
- -( CH2 ) l- ( CH2CH2O ) m- ( CH2CH2CH2O ) n- (3) (Here, l is 0 to 6, m is 0 to 3, and n is 0 to 2. However, l, m, and n cannot all be 0 at the same time.)
- l is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and m and n are 0; alternatively, m is 1, 2, or 3, and l and n are 0; alternatively, n is 1 or 2, and l and m are 0.
- Examples of compounds represented by chemical formula (2) include ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyne glycol di(meth)acrylate, and glycerin di(meth)acrylate. Of these, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is preferred.
- acrylic resins include homopolymers of methyl (meth)acrylate, homopolymers of butyl (meth)acrylate, copolymers of methyl (meth)acrylate and ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, and copolymers of butyl (meth)acrylate and ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate.
- methacrylate-type acrylic resins are preferred.
- More preferred examples of acrylic resins include copolymers of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
- the acrylic resin is preferably in the form of fine particles.
- fine particles refer to particles having a particle diameter of 300.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle diameter is preferably 270.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 200.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 100.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 50.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 20.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 15.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 13.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 10.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 6.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit of the particle diameter is not particularly limited, but is usually, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more.
- the particle diameter is a value (median diameter) measured by a particle size distribution measuring device PSA1090L manufactured by Anton Paar.
- the acrylic resin may be spherical fine particles or porous fine particles.
- its oil absorption is preferably 100 mL/100 g or more, more preferably 110 mL/100 g or more, even more preferably 120 mL/100 g or more, even more preferably 130 mL/100 g or more, and even more preferably 140 mL/100 g or more.
- the oil absorption is a value measured in accordance with JIS K 5101-13-2:2004. More specifically, it can be measured by the method described in paragraph 0069 of JP2017-88501A.
- the Mw of the acrylic resin is not particularly limited as long as it has the above structure. However, the Mw of the acrylic resin is usually within the range of 2,000 to 1,500,000. The Mw is a value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (calibrated with polystyrene).
- Acrylic resins are commercially available or can be produced by conventional methods within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Commercially available acrylic resins include those manufactured by Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd.
- Diene rubbers include, for example, natural rubber, isoprene rubber, and butadiene rubbers such as high-cis polybutadiene rubber. Diene rubbers are commercially available or can be produced by conventional methods within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
- the condensation product of substituted aromatic hydrocarbon and sulfur chloride may be, for example, a condensation product of alkylphenol and sulfur chloride.
- Specific examples of the condensation product of alkylphenol and sulfur chloride include, for example, Tackirol V200, TS3108, TS3109 manufactured by Taoka Chemical Co., Ltd., and Vultac3 manufactured by Arkema.
- the condensation product of substituted aromatic hydrocarbon and sulfur chloride may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
- the sulfur may be in any of various forms, such as powdered sulfur, insoluble sulfur, precipitated sulfur, colloidal sulfur, etc., of which precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are preferred.
- One or more types of sulfur may be used.
- the sulfur content is preferably more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably more than 100 parts by mass, more preferably more than 300 parts by mass, even more preferably more than 400 parts by mass, and even more preferably 500 parts by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymer.
- the sulfur content is preferably less than 1000 parts by mass, more preferably less than 900 parts by mass, even more preferably less than 800 parts by mass, and even more preferably less than 700 parts by mass.
- cycle characteristics refers to the characteristic of maintaining the charge/discharge capacity of a secondary battery despite repeated charging and discharging. Therefore, a secondary battery that has a large degree of decrease in charge/discharge capacity and a low capacity retention rate with repeated charging and discharging has poor cycle characteristics, whereas a secondary battery that has a small degree of decrease in charge/discharge capacity and a high capacity retention rate has excellent cycle characteristics.
- the sulfur contains S8 sulfur, which is solid at room temperature and pressure, and more preferably is simple S8 sulfur.
- the iron ion-containing compound is not particularly limited as long as it forms an iron compound when it is baked with a polymer and sulfur under a non-oxidizing heat atmosphere.
- Such iron ion-containing compounds include iron acid salts and iron complexes containing divalent or trivalent iron ions.
- the iron acid salts include both organic iron acid salts and inorganic iron acid salts.
- the iron complexes include neutral iron complexes and salts of iron complex ions (iron complex salts).
- organic acid salt of iron examples include salts of divalent iron (Fe 2+ ) and organic acids, and salts of trivalent iron (Fe 3+ ) and organic acids. Among these, salts of divalent iron and organic acids are preferred.
- the organic acid is not particularly limited to those having a carboxyl group (-COOH) or those having a sulfo group (-SO 3 H), but those having a carboxyl group are preferred.
- Specific examples of the organic acid include fatty acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid.
- fatty acids include those having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
- acetic acid and oxalic acid are preferred.
- Preferred examples of the organic acid salt of iron include iron(II) acetate and iron(II) oxalate. These may be hydrates.
- One or more types of organic acid salts of iron can be used.
- inorganic acid salts of iron include salts of divalent iron (Fe 2+ ) and inorganic acids, and salts of trivalent iron (Fe 3+ ) and inorganic acids. Of these, salts of divalent iron and organic acids are preferred. Specific examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Of these, nitric acid is preferred. Preferred examples of inorganic acid salts of iron include iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, iron(II) sulfate, iron(III) sulfate, iron(II) nitrate, and iron(III) nitrate. These may be hydrates. One or more inorganic acid salts of iron can be used.
- the iron complex examples include a divalent iron (Fe 2+ ) complex and a trivalent iron (Fe 3+ ) complex.
- the iron complex may be in the form of a neutral complex or a complex salt.
- the ligand coordinated to the iron ion is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a halogen atom such as a chlorine atom or a bromine atom, a cyano group, a dicyclopentadienyl group, and N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine.
- iron complex examples include potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II) ([Fe(CN) 6 ]K 4 ), potassium hexacyanidoferrate(III) ([Fe(CN) 6 ]K 3 ), sodium tetrachloroferrate(III) ([FeCl 4 ]Na), dicyclopentadienyl iron(II) (ferrocene), and N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminatoiron(III) chloride.
- One or more iron complexes can be used.
- the iron ion-containing compound at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned organic acid salts of iron, inorganic acid salts of iron, neutral iron complexes, and iron complex salts can be used.
- organic acid salts of iron, inorganic acid salts of iron, and neutral iron complexes are preferred.
- the particle size of the iron ion-containing compound is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, in terms of median size.
- the particle size is preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the median size can be measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the content of the iron ion-containing compound is preferably 50 parts by mass or more and 300 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymer.
- the content is more preferably more than 50 parts by mass, even more preferably more than 60 parts by mass, even more preferably more than 70 parts by mass, and even more preferably more than 75 parts by mass.
- the content is more preferably less than 250 parts by mass, even more preferably less than 200 parts by mass, even more preferably less than 150 parts by mass, and even more preferably less than 125 parts by mass.
- the polymer and the iron ion-containing compound can be used after preparing an iron ion-containing compound-dispersed polymer in which the iron ion-containing compound is dispersed in advance inside the polymer.
- an iron ion-containing compound-dispersed polymer can be prepared by subjecting the polymer to a polymerization reaction in which the iron ion-containing compound is dispersed in advance in the monomers that constitute the polymer.
- the polymerization reaction can be carried out by a conventional method.
- an iron ion-containing compound-dispersed acrylic resin in which an iron ion-containing compound is dispersed in an acrylic resin
- acrylic resins used for this purpose include homopolymers of methyl (meth)acrylate and copolymers of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
- Preferred examples of iron ion-containing compounds used for this purpose include iron (II) oxalate.
- the raw material may optionally contain other materials commonly used in this field, such as conductive carbon materials.
- the raw material may contain a carbon material having electrical conductivity. This is because the electrical conductivity of the active material can be improved.
- a carbon material having a graphite structure is preferable.
- the carbon material for example, a porous carbon material such as activated carbon, graphite (black lead), carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fiber (CF), as well as nanocarbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers, graphene, and fullerene can be used.
- the electrically conductive carbon material one or more types can be used.
- acetylene black, carbon black, and ketjen black are preferred because they are inexpensive and have excellent dispersibility.
- Acetylene black, carbon black, and ketjen black may also be used in combination with a small amount of CNT or graphene.
- the amount of CNT or graphene used in combination is preferably 8% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less of the total amount of the conductive carbon material.
- the content of the conductive carbon material is preferably more than 5 parts by mass, and more preferably more than 10 parts by mass, relative to 100 parts by mass of the polymer. When the content is more than 5 parts by mass, it tends to be easier to achieve the goal of further improving the charge/discharge capacity and cycle characteristics. On the other hand, the content is preferably less than 50 parts by mass, and more preferably less than 40 parts by mass. When the content is less than 50 parts by mass, the proportion of sulfur-containing structures in the active material does not decrease relatively, and it tends to be easier to achieve the goal of further improving the charge/discharge capacity and cycle characteristics.
- the mixing step is a step of preparing a raw material for firing.
- the mixing step can be carried out by mixing a polymer, an iron ion-containing compound, sulfur, and other optional components.
- the above-mentioned iron ion-containing compound-dispersed polymer can be used instead of the polymer and the iron ion-containing compound.
- the above mixing can be carried out by a conventional method, and is not particularly limited as long as the components are mixed sufficiently.
- at least the mixing by the WET method or the mixing by the DRY method described below can be cited as a preferred mixing method.
- the WET method is a method for preparing a raw material by: (a-1) a step of introducing a polymer and an iron ion-containing compound into a solvent such as an organic solvent to obtain a mixture, or a step of introducing a monomer capable of forming a polymer and an iron ion-containing compound and subjecting the monomer to a polymerization reaction to obtain a mixture containing a polymer having an iron ion-containing compound dispersed therein or on its surface; (a-2) removing the solvent from the mixture to obtain a dry mixture; and (a-3) mixing the dry mixture with sulfur.
- step (a-1) the method of adding the polymer, monomer, iron ion-containing compound, etc. to the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is possible to mix them to obtain a mixture.
- the polymer (or monomer) and the iron ion-containing compound may be added to the organic solvent at the same time and mixed, (2) the polymer (or monomer) may be added to the organic solvent and mixed, and then the iron ion-containing compound may be added and mixed, or (3) the iron ion-containing compound may be added to the organic solvent and mixed, and then the polymer (or monomer) may be added and mixed.
- the organic solvent may be any organic solvent commonly used in this field.
- solvents include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformaldehyde, alcohol, hexane, water, acetone, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, etc.
- the organic solvent is preferably one that dissolves the polymer. This is because it contributes to good mixing. One or more of these solvents may be used.
- a solvent is not essential, and when no solvent is used, step (a-2) can be omitted.
- Step (a-1) can be carried out, for example, by stirring in a container such as a beaker.
- the organic solvent can be removed by a conventional method.
- the organic solvent can be removed by subjecting the mixture of step (a-1) to a drying method such as heat drying, drying under reduced pressure, or drying under reduced pressure with heat.
- step (a-3) it is preferable to pulverize the dry mixture thus obtained before subjecting it to the next step. This is because it is expected that the mixing in step (a-3) will be carried out more efficiently.
- step (a-3) the dry mixture and sulfur can be mixed by a conventional method, such as by using a blender.
- the DRY method is a method for preparing a raw material, (b-1) A step of mixing a polymer, an iron ion-containing compound, and sulfur, all of which are in a powder state, or a step of mixing an iron ion compound-dispersed polymer and sulfur, all of which are in a powder state.
- powder refers to a state in which each solid raw material has been finely divided to a degree suitable for mixing for the purposes of the present invention.
- the size of each particle constituting the powder is not particularly limited as long as mixing is performed appropriately, but is usually, for example, in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- the size of the particles is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more, and preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, in terms of median diameter.
- the median diameter can be measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the mixing can be carried out by a conventional method, for example, in the same manner as the mixing in step (a-3) above.
- the wet or dry method it is desirable to thoroughly mix the raw materials in advance in preparation for firing. Furthermore, if conductive carbon materials or the like are added to the raw materials, these additives should also be mixed into the raw materials before firing so that they are incorporated therein.
- the raw material thus obtained can be used as is in the next firing step, or, if desired, can be formed into pellets and then used in the next step.
- the calcination step is a step of calcining the raw material obtained above. Calcination of the raw material can be performed by a conventional method, for example, by heating the raw material at a predetermined temperature increase rate until it reaches a predetermined temperature, maintaining the raw material at the predetermined temperature for a predetermined time, and then naturally cooling it.
- the firing is preferably carried out in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere refers to an atmosphere that is substantially free of oxygen, and is adopted to suppress oxidative deterioration of the components and excessive thermal decomposition.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere refers to an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, a sulfur gas atmosphere, an ammonia gas atmosphere, etc. Therefore, the firing can be suitably carried out, for example, in a quartz tube under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the heating rate is preferably, for example, in the range of 50° C./h or more and 500° C./h or less.
- the heating rate is preferably 80° C./h or more, more preferably 100° C./h or more, and even more preferably 120° C./h or more.
- the heating rate is more preferably 400° C./h or less, even more preferably 300° C./h or less, and even more preferably 200° C./h or less.
- the heating rate is within such a range, it tends to be easier to achieve the purpose of improving the charge/discharge capacity and cycle characteristics.
- the calcination temperature is the temperature after the temperature rise of the raw material is completed, and is maintained for a certain period of time for calcination of the raw material.
- the temperature is preferably in the range of more than 250 ° C and less than 550 ° C.
- the sulfurization reaction tends to be avoided from being insufficient, and the charge-discharge capacity of the target product tends to be prevented from decreasing.
- the decomposition of the raw material tends to be prevented, and the decrease in yield and the decrease in charge-discharge capacity tend to be prevented.
- the temperature is more preferably more than 300 ° C, more preferably more than 350 ° C, and even more preferably 370 ° C or more. On the other hand, less than 500 ° C is more preferable, and less than 450 ° C is even more preferable.
- the firing temperature in the firing step is higher than the temperature at which the iron ion-containing compound thermally decomposes.
- the time for which the firing temperature is maintained may be set appropriately depending on the type of raw material, the firing temperature, etc., but is preferably, for example, from 1 hour to 6 hours. A time of 1 hour or more tends to allow firing to proceed sufficiently, while a time of 6 hours or less tends to prevent excessive thermal decomposition of the constituent components.
- the calcination can be carried out, for example, by a muffle furnace (FIG. 1), or by using a continuous apparatus such as a twin-screw extruder.
- a continuous apparatus such as a twin-screw extruder.
- the raw materials are kneaded, pulverized, and mixed in the apparatus while calcining, and the sulfur-based active material can be produced continuously by a series of operations.
- the muffle furnace ( Figure 1) is a furnace that is partitioned with a hot plate or the like so that the heat source (heater) is not exposed inside the furnace in order to prevent contamination of the samples.
- the muffle furnace 1 has a heater 2 at the bottom of the furnace, which is partitioned with a hot plate.
- a lid 3 is installed on the front of the furnace (the left end side in the figure), and the furnace is designed to maintain an atmosphere of inert gas 4 inside.
- a thermocouple (not shown) is attached to the lid, which makes it possible to measure the temperature inside the furnace during sintering.
- two tiers of stainless steel rectangular trays 5 and 6 are installed on the upper and lower tiers for sintering the raw materials.
- Gas for example, an inert gas such as argon (Ar) gas
- gas inlet pipe 7 and gas exhaust pipe 8 Gas exhaust pipe 8 is connected to trap tank 10 containing aqueous sodium hydroxide solution 9, and exhaust gas attempting to exit from muffle furnace 1 through gas exhaust pipe 8 to the outside first passes through aqueous sodium hydroxide solution 9 in trap tank 10 before being released to the outside. Therefore, even if the exhaust gas contains hydrogen sulfide gas generated by the reaction, it is neutralized by the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and removed from the exhaust gas.
- the obtained active material is preferably pulverized to a predetermined particle size and classified to obtain particles of a size suitable for the production of an electrode.
- the preferred size (particle size distribution) of the particulate active material is as described above.
- the grinding can be carried out by a conventional method, for example, by subjecting the material to grinding treatment under specified conditions using a grinding machine such as a cutter mill or a jet mill.
- the grinding conditions vary depending on the mill used, but for example, when a cutter mill (for example, Free Speed Mill FS-20 manufactured by Labnect Co., Ltd.) is used, the grinding can be carried out at a rotation speed of 20,000 rpm to 30,000 rpm for 1 second to 30 seconds.
- a dry jet mill for example, Nano Jet Mizer NJ-30 manufactured by Aisin Nano Technologies Co., Ltd.
- the grinding can be carried out at a processing speed of 1 g/min to 3 g/min and a grinding pressure of 0.5 MPa to 2.0 MPa.
- the shearing during kneading allows the active material to be produced and at the same time the produced active material can be pulverized into particles.
- a lithium ion secondary battery electrode having an active material layer containing the particulate active material can be produced by a conventional method. That is, the electrode can be obtained in the same manner as in the production of a general lithium ion secondary battery electrode, except that the particulate active material is used as the active material.
- the positive electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries can be prepared in the same manner as a general positive electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries, except that the particulate active material is used as the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode can be prepared by mixing the particulate active material with a conductive assistant, a binder, and a solvent to prepare a paste-like positive electrode material, applying the positive electrode material to a current collector, and then drying the mixture.
- the positive electrode can also be prepared by kneading the particulate active material with a conductive assistant, a binder, and a small amount of solvent using a mortar or the like, forming it into a film, and then pressing the film onto a current collector using a press or the like.
- the coating is preferably performed so that the coating density D (mg/cm 2 ) of the active material satisfies the above formula (3).
- conductive assistant examples include vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon powder, carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), ketjen black (KB), graphite, or fine powder of metals such as aluminum and titanium that are stable at the positive electrode potential.
- VGCF vapor grown carbon fiber
- CB carbon black
- AB acetylene black
- KB ketjen black
- graphite fine powder of metals such as aluminum and titanium that are stable at the positive electrode potential.
- the conductive carbon material described above can also be used as the conductive assistant.
- One or more of these conductive assistants can be used.
- binders examples include polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic resin, methacrylic resin (PMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), modified polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), etc. These binders can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- acrylic resin methacrylic resin
- PMA methacrylic resin
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- solvent examples include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformaldehyde, alcohol, hexane, water, etc. These solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amounts of the materials constituting the positive electrode are not particularly limited, but for example, it is preferable to mix 2 to 100 parts by mass of conductive additive, 2 to 50 parts by mass of binder, and an appropriate amount of solvent per 100 parts by mass of active material.
- the amount of sulfur element A S (mass %) and the amount of iron element A F (mass %) of the active material are determined in relation to the application density D (mg/cm 2 ) of the active material so that the product of A S , A F , and D satisfies the above formula (3).
- the current collector As the current collector, one generally used for a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery may be used.
- the current collector may be made of metal foil such as aluminum foil, aluminum mesh, punched aluminum sheet, aluminum expand sheet, stainless steel foil, stainless steel mesh, punched stainless steel sheet, stainless steel expand sheet, foamed nickel, nickel nonwoven fabric, copper foil, copper mesh, punched copper sheet, copper expand sheet, titanium foil, titanium mesh, carbon nonwoven fabric, carbon woven fabric, etc.
- a current collector containing a metal foil is preferred.
- two or more types may be used in combination.
- the surface of the current collector may be coated with carbon or the like.
- a specific example of such a current collector whose surface is coated with carbon or the like is, for example, carbon-coated aluminum foil.
- the current collector includes a carbon-coated portion.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries can be prepared in the same manner as a general negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries, except that the particulate active material is used as the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode can be prepared by mixing the particulate active material with a conductive assistant, a binder, and a solvent to prepare a paste-like negative electrode material, applying the negative electrode material to a current collector, and then drying the paste.
- the negative electrode can also be prepared by kneading the particulate active material with a conductive assistant, a binder, and a small amount of solvent using a mortar or the like, forming it into a film, and then pressing the film onto a current collector using a press or the like.
- the application is preferably performed so that the application density D (mg/cm 2 ) of the active material satisfies the above formula (3).
- the conductive additive, binder, and solvent can be the same as those used above when particulate active material is used as the positive electrode active material, and the current collector can also be the same as those used above.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can be produced in the same manner as in the production of a general lithium ion secondary battery, except that the lithium ion secondary battery electrode obtained above is used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can be produced in accordance with a conventional method by using a positive electrode containing the particulate active material (positive electrode active material), a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and, if desired, components such as a separator.
- ⁇ Negative electrode> As the negative electrode material, known metallic lithium, carbon-based materials such as graphite, silicon-based materials such as silicon thin film, and alloy-based materials such as copper-tin and cobalt-tin can be used.
- a material that does not contain lithium for example, a carbon-based material, a silicon-based material, an alloy-based material, etc. among the above-mentioned negative electrode materials, it is advantageous in that a short circuit between the positive and negative electrodes due to the generation of dendrites is unlikely to occur.
- these lithium-free negative electrode materials are used in combination with the positive electrode of the present invention, neither the positive electrode nor the negative electrode contains lithium.
- the pre-doping method of lithium may be according to a known method. For example, when doping lithium into the negative electrode, a method of inserting lithium by an electrolytic doping method in which a half cell is assembled using metallic lithium as the counter electrode and lithium is electrochemically doped, or a method of inserting lithium by a pasting pre-doping method in which a metallic lithium foil is pasted on the electrode and then left in an electrolyte solution to dope the lithium by utilizing the diffusion of lithium into the electrode, can be mentioned.
- the above-mentioned electrolytic doping method can be used when pre-doping the positive electrode with lithium.
- the negative electrode material not containing lithium silicon-based materials, which are high-capacity negative electrode materials, are particularly preferred, and among them, thin-film silicon, which has a thin electrode thickness and is advantageous in terms of capacity per volume, is more preferred.
- Electrolytes compensates for the charge generated by the release of electrons to an external circuit accompanying the oxidation/reduction of the active material at the positive and negative electrodes with the flow of ions.
- an electrolyte obtained by dissolving an alkali metal salt in an organic solvent can be used.
- the organic solvent it is preferable to use at least one selected from non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl ether, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and acetonitrile.
- the electrolyte LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiI, LiClO 4 , etc. can be used.
- the concentration of the electrolyte may be about 0.5 mol/L to 1.7 mol/L.
- the electrolyte is not limited to a liquid state.
- the electrolyte is in a solid state (for example, a polymer gel state).
- the lithium ion secondary battery may include a separator and other components in addition to the above-mentioned negative electrode, positive electrode, and electrolyte.
- the separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and allows the movement of ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and prevents internal short-circuiting between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. If the lithium ion secondary battery is a sealed type, the separator is also required to have a function of retaining the electrolyte.
- the separator it is preferable to use a thin, microporous or nonwoven membrane made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, aramid, polyimide, cellulose, glass, or the like.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited, and it can be in various shapes such as a cylindrical type, a stacked type, a coin type, a laminated type, and a button type.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention can be produced in accordance with a conventional method by using a negative electrode containing the particulate active material (negative electrode active material), a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and, if desired, other components such as a separator.
- the positive electrode material is not particularly limited as long as it is, for example, a transition metal oxide or solid solution oxide containing lithium, or a substance capable of electrochemically absorbing and releasing lithium ions.
- the transition metal oxide containing lithium include Li-Co based composite oxides such as LiCoO2 , Li-Ni-Co-Mn based composite oxides such as LiNi x Co y Mn z O2 , Li-Ni based composite oxides such as LiNiO2 , and Li- Mn based composite oxides such as LiMn2O4 .
- solid solution oxides examples include LiaMnxCoyNizO2 (1.150 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.430 , 0.450 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.600, 0.100 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.150 , 0.200 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.280), LiMnxCoyNizO2 (0.300 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.850, 0.100 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.300, 0.100 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.300), LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 , etc. These compounds may be used alone or in combination.
- the electrolyte, separator, and shape of the lithium-ion secondary battery can be the same as those described above in which particulate active material is used as the positive electrode active material.
- Iron ion-containing compound iron (II) oxalate dihydrate prepared in Synthesis Example 1
- Sulfur Precipitated sulfur manufactured by Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Synthesis Example 2 (iron ion-containing compound dispersed polymer) A mixture was prepared by mixing 80 parts by mass of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 20 parts by mass of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and further dispersing 100 parts of an iron ion-containing compound therein. The mixture was subjected to a polymerization reaction to obtain an acrylic resin having an iron ion-containing compound dispersed therein and on its surface. The polymerization conversion rate was 100%.
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- EGDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- the raw material was fired in a muffle furnace (FIG. 1).
- the muffle furnace in FIG. 1 was as described above.
- Production Example 7 was carried out using a dry jet mill (Nano Jetmizer, NJ-30, manufactured by Aisin Nano Technologies Co., Ltd.) at a processing speed of 2 g/min and a grinding pressure of 1.1 MPa.
- the mass ratio (%) of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur to the total amount of active material was calculated from the mass measured using Elementar's fully automated elemental analyzer, Vario MICRO Cube. The results are shown in Table 2.
- iron element content The active materials produced in the examples and comparative examples were subjected to thermogravimetry, and the amount of iron element (mass %) was calculated based on the obtained measurement results.
- Fe ratio (mass%) FeS2 ratio ⁇ Fe atomic weight / (Fe atomic weight + S atomic weight ⁇ 2) (However, the Fe atomic weight was 55.845 and the S atomic weight was 32.065.)
- the volume-based cumulative 50% diameter (median diameter d50) was measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (Anton Paar's PSA1090L particle size distribution analyzer) with water as the dispersion medium.
- the prepared slurry was applied to a 20 ⁇ m carbon-coated aluminum foil using an applicator with a slit width of 200 to 300 ⁇ m, and the electrode compressed using a roll press was heated in a dryer at 120 ° C.
- the coating density (mg/cm 2 ) refers to the coating density of the active material.
- a metallic lithium foil manufactured by Honjo Metals Co., Ltd., thickness 0.5 mm was used as the negative electrode, and a copper foil was used as the negative electrode current collector.
- the metallic lithium foil was cut to a width of 5 cm and a length of 4 cm, and was bonded to the copper foil to obtain an electrode (negative electrode).
- the electrolyte used was a non-aqueous electrolyte in which LiPF6 was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
- the ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1.
- the concentration of LiPF6 in the electrolyte was 1.0 mol/L.
- Lithium-ion secondary battery A laminate battery was produced using the positive and negative electrodes.
- a separator Chemicallgard 2400 manufactured by Celgard, a polypropylene microporous membrane having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m
- a glass nonwoven fabric filter 440 ⁇ m thick, GA100 manufactured by ADVANTEC
- This electrode body battery was housed in a laminate pack formed of an aluminum laminate film (manufactured by MTI).
- the above electrolyte 2.0 mL was injected into the laminate pack.
- the laminate pack was sealed with a vacuum degassing sealer to obtain the lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1.
- the third discharge capacity DC3 (mAh/g) was taken as the initial capacity.
- Capacity Maintenance Index Capacity retention of each Example and Comparative Example / Capacity retention of Comparative Example 1 ⁇ 100
- Table 3 shows that the examples show improvements in overall performance in terms of charge/discharge capacity and capacity retention rate.
- An electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising an active material layer containing a particulate active material, the active material includes an organic sulfur compound and an iron compound; an electrode, wherein A S (mass %), A F (mass %), and M ( ⁇ m) are the amount of elemental sulfur and elemental iron in the active material, respectively, and A S , A F , and M satisfy the following formula (1), and preferably the right-hand side of the following formula (1) is 2000: (1) A S ⁇ A F ⁇ M> 1600 [2]
- a S the amount of elemental sulfur in the active material
- a F iron element content in the active material
- [5] The electrode according to any one of the above [1] to [4], wherein the M (median diameter) is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 40.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 25.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more and 20.0 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 2.4 ⁇ m or more and 15.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the initial discharge capacity DC 3 (mAh/g) is more than 400 mAh/g.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the electrode according to any one of [1] to [10] above.
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Abstract
Description
粒子状の活物質を含む活物質層を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記活物質は有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含み、
前記活物質における硫黄元素量をAS(質量%)、鉄元素量をAF(質量%)、前記活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)とするとき、AS、AFおよびMは下記式(1)を満たす、電極。
(1) AS×AF×M> 1600
粒子状の活物質を含む活物質層を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記活物質は有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含み、
前記活物質における硫黄元素量をAS(質量%)、鉄元素量をAF(質量%)、前記活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)とするとき、AS、AFおよびMは下記式(1)を満たす、電極。
(1) AS×AF×M> 1600
(2) AS×M/T>6.0
(3) AS×AF×D> 7000
(4) AS×M/V>60
「粒子状」とは、活物質が、本発明の目的の下、他の材料との混合に適する程度にまで、十分に細かくなった状態をいう。活物質を構成する粒子について、そのような粒子の大きさは、上記混合が好適に実施できる程度である限り特に限定されない。
「硫黄元素量」は、活物質中の硫黄元素の質量比(%)であり、本明細書では、後記の元素分析の方法により測定される。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極は、粒子状の活物質を含む活物質層を備えるものであって、前記活物質は有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含み、前記活物質における硫黄元素量をAS(質量%)、鉄元素量をAF(質量%)、前記活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)とするとき、AS、AFおよびMは下記式(1)を満たす。
(1) AS×AF×M> 1600
本発明に係る活物質層は、粒子状の活物質を含むものである。当該活物質層は、後述の、粒子状の活物質を含む電極材料(すなわち、正極材料または負極材料)を用いて構成されたものである。ここで、活物質が粒子状とは、活物質が、本発明の目的の下、電極を構成する他の材料との混合に適する程度にまで十分に細かくなった状態をいい、そのような状態にあれば、特に限定されない趣旨である。例えば、「粒子状」をメジアン径で表す場合、1nm~1000μmの範囲内をとりうる。
本発明に係る活物質は、有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含むものである。
活物質における硫黄元素量(質量%)は、50.0質量%超が好ましく、より好ましくは55.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは60.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは61.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは61.2質量%以上、さらに好ましくは62.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは63.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは63.6質量%以上、さらに好ましくは64.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは65.0質量%以上、さらに好ましくは65.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは66.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは70.0質量%超である。硫黄元素量の上限について特に限定はないが、通常、80質量%程度である。
活物質における鉄元素量(質量%)は、10.0質量%超が好ましく、より好ましく11.0質量%超、さらに好ましく12.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは13.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは13.5質量%超、さらに好ましくは14.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは14.5質量%超、さらに好ましくは14.9質量%以上、さらに好ましくは15.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは15.4質量%以上、さらに好ましくは15.5質量%以上、さらに好ましくは16.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは16.1質量%超、さらに好ましくは17.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは17.3質量%超である。鉄元素量の上限について特に限定はないが、通常、25.0質量%程度である。
活物質の電極上での塗布密度(mg/cm2)は、2.5mg/cm2超が好ましく、より好ましくは6.2mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは6.5mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは6.6mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは7.0mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは8.0mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは8.5mg/cm2超、さらに好ましくは8.6mg/cm2以上、さらに好ましくは9.0mg/cm2以上、さらに好ましくは9.2mg/cm2以上、さらに好ましくは9.5mg/cm2超である。上限について特に制限はなく、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、塗布密度の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として通常、15.0mg/cm2程度と想定することもできる。
活物質における炭素元素量(質量%)は、15.0質量%超が好ましく、より好ましくは17.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは18.0質量%超である。一方、該炭素元素量(質量%)は、27.0質量%未満が好ましく、より好ましくは25.0質量%未満、さらに好ましくは24.0質量%未満である。
活物質における水素元素量(質量%)は、焼成によりポリマー中の水素原子は硫黄と反応して硫化水素となり、系外に放出され減っていくので、比較的少ない量である。活物質における水素元素量は、1.6質量%以下であることが好ましい。1.5質量%未満であることが、より好ましくは1.2質量%以下、さらに好ましくは1.1質量%未満、さらに好ましくは1.0質量%未満、さらに好ましくは0.5質量%未満、さらに好ましくは0.4質量%以下、さらに好ましくは0.3質量%以下、さらに好ましくは0.2質量%以下である。一方、該水素元素量(質量%)の下限は、0.1質量%であっても差し支えなく、0.1質量%未満であってもよく、検出限界以下であってもよい。
活物質は、所定の粒度となるように粉砕し、電極の製造に適したサイズの粒子であることが好ましい。活物質の粒子の好ましい粒度分布としては、電極および/または電池の性能向上の観点から、メジアン径(メジアン径d50)で、好ましくは1.0μm以上40.0μm以下程度である。当該メジアン径は、1.5μm以上がより好ましく、2.0μm以上がさらに好ましく、2.4μm以上がさらに好ましい。また、メジアン径は、30.0μm以下がより好ましく、25.0μm以下がさらに好ましく、20.0μm以下がさらに好ましく、15.0μm以下がさらに好ましい。メジアン径は、後記実施例の欄に記載の方法で測定することができる。
本発明の電極は、活物質における硫黄元素量AS(質量%)と、活物質における鉄元素量AF(質量%)と、活物質のメジアン径M(μm)との積が、上記式(1)で示されるとおり、1600超である。式(1)の右辺は、好ましくは2000、より好ましくは2400、さらに好ましくは2800、さらに好ましくは2900、さらに好ましくは3600、さらに好ましくは3700、さらに好ましくは3800、さらに好ましくは10000、さらに好ましくは10800である。式(1)の左辺の値の上限について特に限定はないが、通常、20000程度、または、15000程度、または、12000程度である。
本発明の電極は、好ましくは、活物質における硫黄元素量AS(質量%)と活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)との積を、集電体を構成する金属箔の厚さT(μm)で割った商が、上記式(2)で示されるとおり、6.0超である。式(2)の右辺は、より好ましくは7.0、さらに好ましくは7.9、さらに好ましくは8.1、さらに好ましくは10.0、さらに好ましくは11.0、さらに好ましくは12.0、さらに好ましくは12.4、さらに好ましくは15.0、さらに好ましくは20.0、さらに好ましくは30.0である。式(2)の左辺の値の上限について特に限定はないが、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、式(2)の左辺の値の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として通常、90.0程度、または、60.0程度、または、50.0程度である。
本発明の電極は、好ましくは、活物質における硫黄元素量AS(質量%)と、活物質における鉄元素量AF(質量%)と、活物質の塗布密度D(mg/cm2)との積が、上記式(3)で示されるとおり、7000超である。式(3)の右辺は、より好ましくは7500、さらに好ましくは8000、さらに好ましくは8500、さらに好ましくは9000、さらに好ましくは9100、さらに好ましくは9200、さらに好ましくは9400、さらに好ましくは9500、さらに好ましくは10000である。式(1)の左辺の値の上限について特に限定はないが、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、式(1)の左辺の値の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として通常、20000程度、または、15000程度、または、12000程度と想定することもできる。
本発明の電極は、優れた充放電容量を示す。なお、下記において、初期放電容量とは、特に断りのない限り、3回目の放電容量(DC3)をいう。ここで、3回目の放電容量とは、電極および電池の作製後において、放電終止電圧を1.0V、充電終止電圧を3.0Vとする充放電を3回行った際の放電容量である(1回目放電、1回目充電、2回目放電、2回目充電、3回目放電、3回目充電と繰り返す際の、3回目放電である)。放電の場合、一定の電流(正極活物質1gあたり、50mAに相当する電流値)で放電させたとき、3.0Vの電圧が最終的には1.0Vにまで低下する。3.0Vから1.0Vに低下するまでの間の総時間(h)を計測し、流した電流(mA)とかけ合わせれば容量(mAh)が得られ、活物質の重量で除したものが比容量(mAh/g)となる。一方、充電の場合は、一定の電流による充電により、逆に電圧が上昇していき、最終的に3.0Vに到達すれば、充電が終了となる。後述する10回目の放電容量も同様である。
本発明の電極を正極として用いた際の初期放電容量(DC3)(mAh/g)は、好ましくは400mAh/g超である。該初期放電容量は、好ましくは500mAh/g超、より好ましくは600mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは634mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは681mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは690mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは700mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは730mAh/g超である。該初期放電容量の上限について特に制限はなく、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、該初期放電容量の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として、通常、例えば、1000mAh/g程度と想定することもできる。
本発明の電極を正極として用いた際の、充放電を10回繰り返した時の放電容量、すなわち、10回目の放電容量(DC10)(mAh/g)は、350mAh/g超であることが好ましい。該放電容量は、好ましくは400mAh/g超、より好ましくは500mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは600mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは650mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは681mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは690mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは723mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは743mAh/g以上である。該放電容量の上限について特に制限はなく、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、該放電容量の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として、通常、例えば、初期放電容量の値程度、または、900mAh/g程度と想定することもできる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極は、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極または負極として使用することができる。また、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極は、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極として使用することが好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記のリチウムイオン二次電池用電極を含んでなるリチウムイオン二次電池である。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、好ましくは、活物質における硫黄元素量AS(質量%)と活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)との積を電解質の体積V(mL)で割った商が、上記式(4)で示されるとおり、60超である。式(4)の右辺は、より好ましくは70、さらに好ましくは79、さらに好ましくは81、さらに好ましくは100、さらに好ましくは110、さらに好ましくは120、さらに好ましくは150、さらに好ましくは200、さらに好ましくは250、さらに好ましくは300である。式(4)の左辺の値の上限について特に限定はないが、高ければ高い程好ましい。したがって、式(4)の左辺の値の上限に言及する意義は乏しいが、あくまで参考値として通常、900程度、または、600程度、または、500程度である。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、充放電容量、容量維持率の総合性能が向上したリチウムイオン二次電池として有用である。
本発明の電極およびリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法について、以下、当該電極を構成する活物質の製造方法から順に説明する。
本発明に係る活物質は、(1)ポリマー、鉄イオン含有化合物、および硫黄を含む原料を混合して焼成原料を得る工程、および、(2)前記焼成原料を、非酸化性雰囲気下で焼成する工程を含む製造方法により、製造することができる。
ポリマーは、少なくとも炭素原子、水素原子を含む化合物であって、非酸化性熱雰囲気下で、鉄イオン含有化合物および硫黄と焼成した場合に、硫黄を取り込んで、有機硫黄化合物を形成するものであれば、特に限定されない。また、ポリマーとしては、窒素原子や硫黄原子などのヘテロ原子を含むものであってもよい。ポリマーの具体例としては、例えば、不飽和鎖式炭化水素系モノマーの重合体、置換芳香族炭化水素と塩化硫黄との縮合体などが挙げられる。ポリマーは、1種単独で、または、2種以上を組み合わせて使用することができる。
不飽和鎖式炭化水素系モノマーの重合体としては、例えば、アクリル樹脂などの樹脂が挙げられる。また、不飽和鎖式炭化水素系モノマーの重合体としては、ジエン系ゴム等が挙げられる。不飽和鎖式炭化水素系モノマーの重合体は、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
CH2=C(R11)COOR12 (1)
(ここで、R11は水素原子またはメチル基であり、R12はアルキル基である。)
CH2=C(R21)COO-Y-OCO(R22)C=CH2 (2)
(ここで、R21とR22は同一または異なって、水素原子またはメチル基であり、Yは直鎖のヒドロカルビレン基であり、該ヒドロカルビレン基は水酸基およびアルキル基からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの置換基を有していてもよく、かつ、ヒドロカルビレン基を構成する炭素骨格は酸素原子によるエーテル結合を有していてもよい。但し、当該エーテル結合が2以上あるとき隣接する酸素原子間には常に2以上の炭素原子が介在する。)
-(CH2)l-(CH2CH2O)m-(CH2CH2CH2O)n- (3)
(ここで、lは0~6であり、mは0~3であり、nは0~2である。但し、lとmとnが同時に0となることはない。)
置換芳香族炭化水素と塩化硫黄との縮合体としては、例えば、アルキルフェノールと塩化硫黄の縮合体などが挙げられる。アルキルフェノールと塩化硫黄の縮合体の具体例として、例えば、田岡化学工業(株)製のタッキロールV200、TS3108、TS3109、Arkema社製のVultac3などが挙げられる。置換芳香族炭化水素と塩化硫黄との縮合体は、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
硫黄としては粉末硫黄、不溶性硫黄、沈降硫黄、コロイド硫黄等の種々の形態のものをいずれも使用できるが、このうち、沈降硫黄、コロイド硫黄が好ましい。硫黄は、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
鉄イオン含有化合物としては、非酸化性熱雰囲気下で、ポリマーおよび硫黄と焼成した場合に、鉄化合物を形成するものであれば、特に限定されない。そのような鉄イオン含有化合物としては、2価または3価の鉄イオンを含む鉄の酸塩、鉄の錯体等を挙げることができる。該鉄の酸塩としては、鉄の有機酸塩および鉄の無機酸塩をいずれも挙げることができる。一方、該鉄の錯体としては、中性の鉄の錯体、鉄の錯イオンの塩(鉄の錯塩)を挙げることができる。
本発明において、ポリマーと鉄イオン含有化合物とは、ポリマーの内部に予め鉄イオン含有化合物を分散させた鉄イオン含有化合物分散ポリマーとした上で使用することができる。そのような鉄イオン含有化合物分散ポリマーは、ポリマーを構成するモノマーに、予め、鉄イオン含有化合物を分散させた状態で、これを重合反応に付することにより調製することができる。当該重合反応は常法により実施することができる。
原料は、この分野で通常使用されるその他の材料を、所望により、適宜含むものであってもよい。そのような材料としては、例えば、導電性炭素材料等が挙げられる。
原料は、導電性を有する炭素材料を含むものであってもよい。活物質の導電性を向上させることができるからである。このような導電性炭素材料としては、グラファイト構造を有する炭素材料が好ましい。炭素材料としては、例えば、活性炭などの多孔質炭素材料、グラファイト(黒鉛)、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、カーボンファイバー(CF)の他、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)、カーボンナノファイバー、グラフェン、フラーレンなどのナノ炭素材料を使用できる。導電性炭素材料としては1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
混合工程は、焼成原料を調製する工程である。混合工程は、ポリマー、鉄イオン含有化合物、硫黄、およびその他の任意成分を混合することにより、実施することができる。この場合において、ポリマーと鉄イオン含有化合物に代えて、前記の鉄イオン含有化合物分散ポリマーを使用することもできる。
本発明において、WET法とは、原料を調製するにあたり、
(a-1)有機溶媒などの溶媒に、ポリマーおよび鉄イオン含有化合物を投入して混合物を得る工程、または、ポリマーを形成し得るモノマーおよび鉄イオン含有化合物を投入して、重合反応に付して、鉄イオン含有化合物がその内部や表面に分散したポリマーを含む混合物を得る工程、
(a-2)前記混合物から前記溶媒を除去して、乾燥混合物を得る工程、および、
(a-3)前記乾燥混合物と硫黄とを混合する工程
を含むものである。
本発明において、DRY法とは、原料を調製するにあたり、
(b-1)ポリマーと鉄イオン含有化合物と硫黄とをいずれも粉体の状態で混合する工程、または、鉄イオン化合物分散ポリマーと硫黄といずれも粉体の状態で混合する工程を含むものである。
焼成工程は、前記で得た原料を焼成する工程である。原料の焼成は常法により行うことができ、例えば、原料を、所定の温度に到達するまで所定の昇温速度で加熱し、当該所定の温度で所定の時間維持し、その後自然に冷却することにより行うことができる。
焼成は、非酸化性雰囲気下で実施することが好ましい。非酸化性雰囲気とは、酸素を実質的に含まない雰囲気をいい、構成成分の酸化劣化や過剰な熱分解を抑制するために採用されるものである。具体的には、窒素やアルゴンなどの不活性ガス雰囲気、硫黄ガス雰囲気、アンモニアガス雰囲気等をいう。したがって、焼成は、例えば、不活性ガス雰囲気下の石英管中で、好適に実施することができる。
該昇温速度は、例えば、50℃/h以上500℃/h以下の範囲内であることが好ましい。該昇温速度は、80℃/h以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは100℃/h以上、さらに好ましくは120℃/h以上である。一方、該昇温速度は、400℃/h以下であることがより好ましく、300℃/h以下であることがさらに好ましく、200℃/h以下であることがさらに好ましい。昇温速度がこのような範囲内にあることで、充放電容量やサイクル特性を向上させるという目的を達成し易い傾向がある。
焼成温度とは、原料の昇温完了後の温度であって、原料の焼成のために一定時間維持される温度をいう。該温度は、250℃超550℃未満の範囲であることが好ましい。250℃超であることで、硫化反応が不十分となることを避け、目的物の充放電容量の低下を防止できる傾向がある。一方、550℃未満とすることで、原料の分解を防ぎ、収率の低下や、充放電容量の低下を防止できる傾向がある。該温度は、300℃超がより好ましく、350℃超がさらに好ましく、370℃以上がさらに好ましい。一方、500℃未満がより好ましく、450℃未満がさらに好ましい。
焼成は、例えば、マッフル炉(図1)によって実施できる他、例えば、二軸押出機等の連続式の装置を用いて実施することもできる。連続式の装置を用いる場合、該装置内で、原料を混練して粉砕・混合しながら、焼成も施すなど、硫黄系活物質を一連の操作により連続して製造できるというメリットがある。
焼成後に得られる処理物中には、焼成時に昇華した硫黄が冷えて析出した未反応硫黄などが残留している場合がある。これら残留物はサイクル特性を低下させる要因となるため、残留物がある場合にはできるだけ除去することが望ましい。残留物の除去は、例えば、減圧加熱乾燥、温風乾燥、溶媒洗浄などの常法に従い、実施することができる。
得られた活物質は、所定の粒度となるように粉砕し、分級して、電極の製造に適したサイズの粒子とすることが好ましい。粒子状の活物質の好ましい大きさ(粒度分布)は前記のとおりである。
上記で得た粒子状の活物質を用いて、常法により、当該粒子状の活物質を含む活物質層を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池用電極を製造することができる。すなわち、当該電極は、活物質として、上記粒子状の活物質を用いること以外は一般的なリチウムイオン二次電池用電極を作製する場合と同様にして、得ることができる。
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極は、正極活物質として上記粒子状の活物質を用いること以外は、一般的なリチウムイオン二次電池用正極と同様にして、作製することができる。例えば、該正極は、粒子状の活物質を、導電助剤、バインダ、および溶媒と混合してペースト状の正極材料を調製し、当該正極材料を集電体に塗布した後、乾燥させることによって作製することができる。また、その他の方法として、該正極は、例えば、粒子状の活物質を、導電助剤、バインダ、および少量の溶媒とともに、乳鉢などを用いて混練し、かつフィルム状にしたのち、プレス機等を用いて集電体に圧着して、作製することもできる。但し、この場合において、塗布は、活物質の塗布密度D(mg/cm2)が前記式(3)を満たすように実施されることが好ましい。
導電助剤としては、例えば、気相法炭素繊維(Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber:VGCF)、炭素粉末、カーボンブラック(CB)、アセチレンブラック(AB)、ケッチェンブラック(KB)、黒鉛、あるいは、アルミニウムやチタンなどの正極電位において安定な金属の微粉末等が例示される。また、導電性助剤としては、前記の導電性炭素材料を使用することもできる。これらの導電助剤は、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
バインダとしては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PolyVinylidene DiFluoride:PVDF)、ポリ四フッ化エチレン(PTFE)、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリアミドイミド(PAI)、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)、アクリル樹脂、メタクリル樹脂(PMA)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)、変性ポリフェニレンオキシド(PPO)、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)等が例示される。これらのバインダは、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
溶媒としては、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアルデヒド、アルコール、ヘキサン、水等が例示される。これら溶媒は、1種または2種以上を使用することができる。
これら正極を構成する材料の配合量は、特に問わないが、例えば、活物質100質量部に対して、導電助剤2~100質量部、バインダ2~50質量部、および適量の溶媒を配合するのが好ましい。この場合において、活物質の硫黄元素量AS(質量%)と鉄元素量AF(質量%)は、活物質の塗布密度D(mg/cm2)との関係で、ASとAFとDの積が前記式(3)を満たすように決定されることが好ましい。
集電体としては、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極に一般に用いられるものを使用すればよい。例えば、集電体としては、アルミニウム箔、アルミニウムメッシュ、パンチングアルミニウムシート、アルミニウムエキスパンドシート、ステンレススチール箔、ステンレススチールメッシュ、パンチングステンレススチールシート、ステンレススチールエキスパンドシート、発泡ニッケル、ニッケル不織布、銅箔、銅メッシュ、パンチング銅シート、銅エキスパンドシート、チタン箔、チタンメッシュなどの金属箔であるものの他、カーボン不織布、カーボン織布等からなるものが例示される。このうち、金属箔を含む集電体が好ましい。集電体は1種を用いる他、2種以上を併用してもよい。なお、前記集電体はその表面が炭素などで被覆されていてもよい。そのような集電体の表面が炭素などで被覆されたものの具体例としては、例えば、カーボンコートアルミ箔などが挙げられる。この場合において、集電体は、カーボンコート部分を含むものである。
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、負極活物質として上記粒子状の活物質を用いること以外は、一般的なリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と同様にして、作製することができる。例えば、該負極は、粒子状の活物質を、導電助剤、バインダ、および溶媒と混合してペースト状の負極材料を調製し、当該負極材料を集電体に塗布した後、乾燥させることによって作製することができる。また、その他の方法として、該負極は、例えば、粒子状の活物質を、導電助剤、バインダ、および少量の溶媒とともに、乳鉢などを用いて混練し、かつフィルム状にしたのち、プレス機等を用いて集電体に圧着して、作製することもできる。この場合において、塗布は、活物質の塗布密度D(mg/cm2)が前記式(3)を満たすように実施されることが好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記で得たリチウムイオン二次電池用電極を用いること以外は一般的なリチウムイオン二次電池を作製する場合と同様にして、製造することができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記粒子状の活物質(正極活物質)を含む正極に、負極および電解質、さらには、所望により、セパレータ等の部材を使用して、常法に従い、作製することができる。
負極材料としては、公知の金属リチウム、黒鉛などの炭素系材料、シリコン薄膜などのシリコン系材料、銅-錫やコバルト-錫などの合金系材料を使用できる。負極材料として、リチウムを含まない材料、例えば、上記した負極材料の内で、炭素系材料、シリコン系材料、合金系材料等を用いる場合には、デンドライトの発生による正負極間の短絡を生じ難い点で有利である。ただし、これらのリチウムを含まない負極材料を本発明の正極と組み合わせて用いる場合には、正極および負極が何れもリチウムを含まない。このため、負極および正極の何れか一方、または両方にあらかじめリチウムを挿入するリチウムプリドープ処理が必要となる。リチウムのプリドープ法としては公知の方法に従えばよい。例えば、負極にリチウムをドープする場合には、対極に金属リチウムを用いて半電池を組み、電気化学的にリチウムをドープする電解ドープ法によってリチウムを挿入する方法や、金属リチウム箔を電極に貼り付けたあと電解液の中に放置し電極へのリチウムの拡散を利用してドープする貼り付けプリドープ法によりリチウムを挿入する方法が挙げられる。また、正極にリチウムをプリドープする場合にも、上記した電解ドープ法を利用することができる。リチウムを含まない負極材料としては、特に、高容量の負極材料であるシリコン系材料が好ましく、その中でも電極厚さが薄くて体積当りの容量で有利となる薄膜シリコンがより好ましい。
電解質は、正極・負極での活物質の酸化/還元に伴い外部回路に電子が放出されることで生じる電荷を、イオンの流れで補償する。リチウムイオン二次電池に用いる電解質としては、有機溶媒に電解質であるアルカリ金属塩を溶解させたものを用いることができる。有機溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジメチルエーテル、γ-ブチロラクトン、アセトニトリル等の非水系溶媒から選ばれる少なくとも一種を用いるのが好ましい。電解質としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiI、LiClO4等を用いることができる。電解質の濃度は、0.5mol/L~1.7mol/L程度であればよい。なお、電解質は液状に限定されない。例えば、リチウムイオン二次電池がリチウムポリマー二次電池である場合、電解質は固体状(例えば、高分子ゲル状)をなす。
リチウムイオン二次電池は、上述した負極、正極、電解質以外にも、セパレータ等の部材を備えてもよい。セパレータは、正極と負極との間に介在し、正極と負極との間のイオンの移動を許容するとともに、正極と負極との内部短絡を防止する。リチウムイオン二次電池が密閉型であれば、セパレータには電解液を保持する機能も求められる。セパレータとしては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、アラミド、ポリイミド、セルロース、ガラス等を材料とする薄肉かつ微多孔性または不織布状の膜を用いるのが好ましい。
リチウムイオン二次電池の形状は特に限定されず、円筒型、積層型、コイン型、ラミネート型、ボタン型等の種々の形状にできる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記粒子状の活物質(負極活物質)を含む負極に、正極および電解質、さらには、所望により、セパレータ等の部材を使用して、常法に従い、作製することができる。
正極材料としては、例えば、リチウムを含む遷移金属酸化物もしくは固溶体酸化物、または電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出することができる物質であれば特に制限されない。リチウムを含む遷移金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2等のLi・Co系複合酸化物、LiNixCoyMnzO2等のLi・Ni・Co・Mn系複合酸化物、LiNiO2等のLi・Ni系複合酸化物、またはLiMn2O4等のLi・Mn系複合酸化物等を例示することができる。固溶体酸化物としては、例えば、LiaMnxCoyNizO2(1.150≦a≦1.430、0.450≦x≦0.600、0.100≦y≦0.150、0.200≦z≦0.280)、LiMnxCoyNizO2(0.300≦x≦0.850、0.100≦y≦0.300、0.100≦z≦0.300)、LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4等を例示することができる。これらの化合物を単独または複数種、混合して用いてもよい。
鉄イオン含有化合物:合成例1で調製したシュウ酸鉄(II)二水和物
鉄イオン含有化合物分散ポリマー:合成例2で調製した鉄イオン含有化合物分散アクリル樹脂(メチルメタクリルレート(MMA)とエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(EGDMA)とのコポリマー(MMA:EGDMA=80:20(質量比)であって、鉄イオン含有化合物がその内部や表面に分散された状態のアクリル樹脂)
ポリマー:鉄イオン含有化合物を用いないこと以外は、製造例2と同様に重合して得たアクリル樹脂(MMA:EGDMA=80:20(質量比)
硫黄:鶴見化学工業(株)製の沈降硫黄
シュウ酸鉄(II)二水和物(関東化学(株)製のしゅう酸鉄(II)二水和物、鹿1級)を、冷凍粉砕機(日本分析工業(株)製のJFC-2000)で10分間粉砕したものを、鉄イオン含有化合物とした。粒子径(メジアン径d50):2.10μm、比表面積:6.6m2/g。
メチルメタクリルレート(MMA)80質量部とエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(EGDMA)20質量部を混合し、さらに100部の鉄イオン含有化合物を分散させた混合物を調製し、該混合物を重合反応に付すことにより、鉄イオン含有化合物がその内部や表面に分散されたアクリル樹脂を得た。重合転化率は100%であった。
<粒子状の活物質の製造>
(焼成原料)
表2に従い、各成分を合わせてブレンダーで混合し、焼成のための原料(焼成原料)を得た。
焼成原料の焼成には、マッフル炉(図1)を用いた。図1のマッフル炉については、上記で説明したとおりである。
まず、焼成原料をSUS製の容器であるトレイに収容した状態で、マッフル炉内の雰囲気を、真空ポンプを用いて、Arガスで3回置換した。その後、ガス導入管から、100mL/分の流量でArガスを継続的に供給しながら、供給開始30分後に、マッフル炉の加熱を開始した。5℃/分の昇温速度で昇温し、焼成原料の温度が表2記載の焼成温度に達した時点で、当該温度を維持しながら2時間熱処理をした。次いで、Arガスの流量を調製しながら、Arガス雰囲気下、焼成物の温度を25℃まで自然冷却させたのち、該焼成物をマッフル炉内から取り出した。
焼成物の粉砕は、カッターミルや乾式ジェットミルなどを用いて行った。製造例1~7についての粉砕工程を以下に記す。
粉砕後の焼成物から粗大粒子を除去するために、32μmメッシュのステンレスふるいを用いて分級して活物質を得た。
(元素分析)
実施例、比較例で製造した活物質の元素分析をした。
実施例、比較例で製造した活物質を熱重量測定(thermogravimetry)に付し、得られた測定結果をもとに、鉄元素量(質量%)を算出した。
灰分比率(質量%)=100-重量減少率(質量%)
FeS2比率(質量%)=灰分比率×{100/(100-36)}
Fe比率(質量%)=FeS2比率×Fe原子量/(Fe原子量+S原子量×2)
(但し、Fe原子量は55.845、S原子量は32.065を用いた。)
レーザー回折/散乱式粒度分布測定装置(アントンパール社製の粒度分布測定装置PSA1090L)を用い、水を分散媒として、体積基準累積50%径(メジアン径d50)を測定した。
表3に従い、上記で得た活物質を用いて、以下のとおり、正極を作製し、さらに、当該正極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
活物質として上記で得た活物質、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック、バインダとしてアクリル樹脂を用いた。これらを、割合が、活物質:導電助剤:バインダ=90:5:5(質量%)になるよう秤量し、容器にいれ、分散剤にmilliQ水を使用して自転公転ミキサー((株)シンキー製のARE-250)を用いて攪拌、混合を行い、均一なスラリーを作製した。作製したスラリーを20μmのカーボンコートアルミ箔上に、スリット幅200~300μmのアプリケーターを使用して塗工し、ロールプレスを用いて圧縮した電極を120℃で3時間、乾燥機で加熱し、乾燥後、活物質を含む合材層の形成部分が幅4cm、長さ3cmとなり、さらに正極タブとなる正極集電体の露出部も含む形状に裁断することで電極(正極)を得た。その後、電極の質量を測定し、上述の比率から電極中の活物質量を算出した。なお、表3中、塗布密度(mg/cm2)とあるのは、活物質の塗布密度である。
負極としては、金属リチウム箔(本城金属(株)製、厚み0.5mm)を用い、負極集電体には銅箔を用いた。金属リチウム箔は幅5cm、長さ4cmに裁断し、銅箔に接着させることで電極(負極)を得た。
電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとの混合溶媒に、LiPF6を溶解した非水電解質を用いた。エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとは体積比1:1で混合した。電解液中のLiPF6の濃度は、1.0mol/Lであった。
上記正極および負極を用いて、ラミネート電池を製作した。詳しくは、ドライルーム内で、セパレータ(Celgard社製のCelgard2400、厚さ25μmのポリプロピレン微孔質膜)と、ガラス不織布フィルタ(厚さ440μm、ADVANTEC社製のGA100)と、を正極と負極との間に挟装して、電極体電池とした。この電極体電池を、アルミラミネートフィルム(MTI社製)で形成したラミネートパックに収容した。ラミネートパックには上記電解液(2.0mL)を注入した。ラミネートパックを真空脱気シーラーで密閉して、実施例1のリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
(放電容量、容量維持率)
各実施例、比較例で作製したラミネート型のリチウムイオン二次電池について、試験温度30℃の条件下で、正極活物質1gあたり、50mAに相当する電流値で充放電させた。放電終止電圧は1.0V、充電終止電圧は3.0Vとした。また充放電を繰り返し、1回、2回、3回および10回の電池放電容量(mAh)を観察した。
容量維持率(%)=(DC10/DC3)×100
各実施例・比較例の10回目の放電容量(DC10)(mAh/g)について、以下の式により指数化した。指数が大きい程充放電容量が大きく、好ましい。当該計測は、電池性能評価装置((株)計測器センター製、BLSシステム)を使用して行った。
充放電容量指数 = 各実施例・比較例の10回目の放電容量 / 比較例1の放電容量 ×100
各実施例・比較例の容量維持率(DC10/DC3)(%)について、以下の式により指数化した。指数が大きい程容量維持率が大きく、好ましい。
容量維持率指数 = 各実施例・比較例の容量維持率 / 比較例1の容量維持率 ×100
充放電容量指数および容量維持率指数の合計値の平均値を、総合性能指数とした。
以下に、好ましい実施形態を示す。
前記活物質は有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含み、
前記活物質における硫黄元素量をAS(質量%)、鉄元素量をAF(質量%)、前記活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)とするとき、AS、AFおよびMは下記式(1)を満たし、好ましくは下記式(1)の右辺は2000である、電極。
(1) AS×AF×M> 1600
[2]前記式(1)の右辺の値が2400、好ましくは2800、より好ましくは2900、さらに好ましくは3600、さらに好ましくは3700、さらに好ましくは3800、さらに好ましくは10000、さらに好ましくは10800である、上記[1]記載の電極。
[3]前記AS(活物質における硫黄元素量)が、65.0質量%超、好ましくは66.0質量%超、より好ましくは70.0質量%超である、上記[1]または[2]記載の電極。
[4]前記AF(活物質における鉄元素量)が、15.0質量%超、好ましくは15.4質量%以上、より好ましくは15.5質量%以上、さらに好ましくは16.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは16.1質量%超、さらに好ましくは17.0質量%超、さらに好ましくは17.3質量%超である、上記[1]~[3]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
[5]前記M(メジアン径)が、1.0μm以上、好ましくは1.0μm以上40.0μm以下、より好ましくは1.0μm以上30.0μm以下、さらに好ましくは1.5μm以上25.0μm以下、さらに好ましくは2.0μm以上20.0μm以下、さらに好ましは2.4μm以上15.0μm以下である、上記[1]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
[6]前記電極を正極として用いた際の初期放電容量をDC3(mAh/g)とするとき、DC3が400mAh/g超である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
[7]前記DC3(初期放電容量)が600mAh/g超、好ましくは634mAh/g以上、より好ましくは681mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは690mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは700mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは730mAh/g超である、上記[6]記載の電極。
[8]前記電極が集電体を備え、前記集電体は金属箔を含み、前記金属箔の厚さをT(μm)とするとき、AS、MおよびTが下記式(2)を満たし、好ましくは式(2)の右辺は7.0、より好ましくは7.9、さらに好ましくは8.1、さらに好ましくは10.0、さらに好ましくは11.0、さらに好ましくは12.0、さらに好ましくは12.4、さらに好ましくは15.0、さらに好ましくは20.0、さらに好ましくは30.0である、上記[1]~[7]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
(2) AS×M/T>6.0
[9]前記活物質の塗布密度をD(mg/cm2)とするとき、AS、AFおよびDは下記式(3)を満たし、好ましくは式(3)の右辺は7500、より好ましくは8000、さらに好ましくは8500、さらに好ましくは9000、さらに好ましくは9100、さらに好ましくは9200、さらに好ましくは9400、さらに好ましくは9500、さらに好ましくは10000である、上記[1]~[8]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
(3) AS×AF×D> 7000
[10]前記電極を正極として用いた際の10回目放電容量をDC10(mAh/g)とするとき、DC10が350mAh/g超、好ましくは400mAh/g超、より好ましくは500mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは600mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは650mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは681mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは690mAh/g超、さらに好ましくは723mAh/g以上、さらに好ましくは743mAh/g以上である、上記[1]~[9]のいずれか1項に記載の電極。
[11]上記[1]~[10]のいずれか1項に記載の電極を含んでなるリチウムイオン二次電池。
[12]さらに電解質を含んでなり、該電解質の体積をV(mL)とするとき、AS、MおよびVが下記式(4)を満たし、好ましくは式(4)の右辺は70、より好ましくは79、さらに好ましくは81、さらに好ましくは100、さらに好ましくは110、さらに好ましくは120、さらに好ましくは150、さらに好ましくは200、さらに好ましくは250、さらに好ましくは300である上記[11]記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
(4) AS×M/V>60
2 ヒーター
3 蓋
4 不活性ガス
5 トレイ(上段)
6 トレイ(下段)
7 ガス導入管
8 ガス排出管
9 水酸化ナトリウム水溶液
10 トラップ槽
Claims (12)
- 粒子状の活物質を含む活物質層を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池用電極であって、
前記活物質は有機硫黄化合物および鉄化合物を含み、
前記活物質における硫黄元素量をAS(質量%)、鉄元素量をAF(質量%)、前記活物質のメジアン径をM(μm)とするとき、AS、AFおよびMは下記式(1)を満たす、電極。
(1) AS×AF×M> 1600 - 前記式(1)の右辺の値が2400である、請求項1記載の電極。
- 前記AS(活物質における硫黄元素量)が、65.0質量%超である、請求項1記載の電極。
- 前記AF(活物質における鉄元素量)が、15.0質量%超である、請求項1または3記載の電極。
- 前記M(メジアン径)が、1.0μm以上である、請求項1または3記載の電極。
- 前記電極を正極として用いた際の初期放電容量をDC3(mAh/g)とするとき、DC3が400mAh/g超である、請求項1または3記載の電極。
- 前記DC3(初期放電容量)が600mAh/g超である、請求項6記載の電極。
- 前記電極が集電体を備え、前記集電体は金属箔を含み、前記金属箔の厚さをT(μm)とするとき、AS、MおよびTが下記式(2)を満たす、請求項1または3記載の電極。
(2) AS×M/T>6.0 - 前記活物質の塗布密度をD(mg/cm2)とするとき、AS、AFおよびDは下記式(3)を満たす、請求項1または3記載の電極。
(3) AS×AF×D> 7000 - 前記電極を正極として用いた際の10回目放電容量をDC10(mAh/g)とするとき、DC10が350mAh/g超である、請求項1または3記載の電極。
- 請求項1または3記載の電極を含んでなるリチウムイオン二次電池。
- さらに電解質を含んでなり、該電解質の体積をV(mL)とするとき、AS、MおよびVが下記式(4)を満たす、請求項10記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
(4) AS×M/V>60
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| JP2022530839A (ja) * | 2019-08-13 | 2022-07-01 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | 表面にリン酸陰イオンが吸着されたオキシ水酸化硝酸鉄、この製造方法、上記表面にリン酸陰イオンが吸着されたオキシ水酸化硝酸鉄を含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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| KR20250114045A (ko) | 2025-07-28 |
| JP7318789B1 (ja) | 2023-08-01 |
| CN120077488B (zh) | 2026-01-16 |
| EP4629309A1 (en) | 2025-10-08 |
| JP2024080178A (ja) | 2024-06-13 |
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