WO2024128541A1 - 음극 활물질의 제조방법, 음극 활물질, 음극 및 이차전지 - Google Patents
음극 활물질의 제조방법, 음극 활물질, 음극 및 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/18—Preparation of finely divided silica neither in sol nor in gel form; After-treatment thereof
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/26—Deposition of carbon only
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/4417—Methods specially adapted for coating powder
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a manufacturing method of a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a secondary battery.
- lithium secondary batteries are lightweight and have high energy density, so they are attracting attention as a driving power source for portable devices. Accordingly, research and development efforts to improve the performance of lithium secondary batteries are actively underway.
- a lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, an electrolyte solution, an organic solvent, etc. Additionally, an active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material, respectively, may be formed on the current collector of the positive and negative electrodes.
- lithium-containing metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 are used as positive electrode active materials for the positive electrode, and carbon-based active materials and silicon-based active materials that do not contain lithium are used as negative electrode active materials.
- silicon-based active materials are attracting attention for having higher capacity and excellent fast charging characteristics compared to carbon-based active materials.
- silicon-based active materials have the disadvantage of low initial efficiency due to the large degree of volume expansion/contraction due to charging and discharging and high irreversible capacity.
- silicon-based active materials silicon-based oxide, specifically silicon-based oxide expressed as SiO There is an advantage in
- a technology for forming a carbon layer is being used to improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 1 Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2019-0068476
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode containing the same, and a secondary battery containing the same.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of vaporizing a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound by heat treatment; forming silicon-based particles by depositing a mixed gas of the silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound together in a gas phase; and heat treating the silicon-based particles and the carbon source.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a negative electrode active material manufactured by the method for producing the negative electrode active material.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes silicon-based particles including SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and pores; and a carbon layer provided on the surface and in pores of the silicon-based particles, wherein the negative electrode active material includes one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, F, Cl, Provided is a negative electrode active material comprising at least one halogen element selected from the group consisting of Br and I, and having an average pore diameter of 20 nm to 60 nm when cross-sectional analysis of the negative electrode active material.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a secondary battery including the negative electrode.
- the method of manufacturing a negative electrode active material deposits a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound together to form silicon-based particles, so that pores are evenly formed and the carbon layer is evenly disposed, thereby improving the conductivity of the negative electrode active material and improving the battery capacity. Discharge capacity, initial efficiency, resistance performance and/or life characteristics are improved. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material is further improved by the remaining ionic compound that has not been removed.
- the negative electrode active material includes one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and one or more halogen elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I, ,
- the average diameter of the pores is 20 nm to 60 nm.
- the negative electrode active material having the above characteristics has pores formed evenly, and the carbon layer is formed over a large area on the surface of the negative electrode active material and inside the pores. It has the advantage of being evenly distributed and improving conductivity by including the alkali metal element and halogen element.
- the negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material and the secondary battery containing the negative electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention have the effect of improving the discharge capacity, initial efficiency, resistance performance, and/or life characteristics of the battery.
- the crystallinity of the structure contained in the negative electrode active material can be confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis, and the X-ray diffraction analysis is performed using an It can be performed using, and in addition to the above devices, devices used in the industry can be appropriately employed.
- the presence or absence of elements and the content of elements in the negative electrode active material can be confirmed through ICP analysis, and the ICP analysis can be performed using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICPAES, Perkin-Elmer 7300).
- ICPAES inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) can be defined as the particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation in the particle size distribution curve (graph curve of the particle size distribution diagram).
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) can be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction method.
- the laser diffraction method is generally capable of measuring particle sizes ranging from the submicron region to several millimeters, and can obtain results with high reproducibility and high resolution.
- the specific surface area of the silicon-based composite can be measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- it can be measured using the BET 6-point method by nitrogen gas adsorption and distribution using a porosimetry analyzer (Bell Japan Inc, Belsorp-II mini).
- the average pore diameter (pore size) can be measured by a calculation formula according to the BJH (Barrett-Joyer-Halenda) method through nitrogen adsorption. Specifically, the pore area according to pore size was derived using BEL Japan's BELSORP-mini II model, and the pore size with the largest pore area was used as the representative. The BJH method can be used, and the plot of the measured values shows the pore diameter (Dp/nm) on the X-axis and dVp/dDp (cm 3 g -1 nm -1 ) on the Y-axis.
- BJH Barrett-Joyer-Halenda
- One embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of vaporizing a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound by heat treatment; forming silicon-based particles by depositing a mixed gas of the silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound together in a gas phase; and heat treating the silicon-based particles and the carbon source.
- the ionic compounds are distributed within the silicon-based particles, and as the ionic compounds are removed during the subsequent heat treatment, pores are evenly formed within the silicon-based particles and at the same time, the silicon-based particles Since the carbon layer is evenly disposed over a large area on the surface and/or inside the pores, the conductivity of the negative electrode active material is improved, which has the effect of improving the discharge capacity, initial efficiency, resistance performance, and/or lifespan characteristics of the battery. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material is further improved by the remaining ionic compound that has not been removed.
- the silicon-based precursor may be one or more selected from the group consisting of Si powder, SiO powder, and SiO 2 powder, and preferably may be a mixed powder of Si powder, SiO powder, and SiO 2 powder.
- the vaporized mixed gas can be deposited together to form silicon-based particles containing the ionic compound.
- the silicon-based precursor and ionic compound can be vaporized by heat treatment at a temperature of 1800°C or more and 2500°C or less in an inert gas atmosphere. Specifically, it can be vaporized by heat treatment at a temperature of 2200°C or higher and 2400°C or lower.
- the silicon-based precursor and the ionic compound may be vaporized from different sources and then mixed, or may be vaporized from the same source to form a mixed gas of the silicon-based precursor and the ionic compound.
- the deposition may be performed in an inert gas atmosphere and at a temperature of 500°C or more and 1000°C or less. Specifically, it may be performed by heat treatment (cooling) under conditions of 600°C or more and 800°C or less.
- silicon-based particles are manufactured by depositing a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound together. At this time, pores within the silicon-based particles can be formed evenly due to the ionic compound.
- the ionic compound includes one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and one or more halogen elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the ionic compound may exist by ionic bonding of the alkali metal element in the form of a cation and the halogen element in the form of an anion.
- the halogen element is Cl, Br or I, more preferably Cl.
- the ionic compound may be one or more selected from the group consisting of LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl.
- the ionic compound may have a melting point of 600°C to 800°C and a boiling point of 1300°C to 1700°C.
- the ionic compound is removed during the heat treatment of the silicon-based particles to form pores, and some of the ionic compound that has not been removed remains in the negative electrode active material.
- the weight ratio of the silicon-based precursor and the ionic compound may be 90:10 to 99.9:0.1, or 95:5 to 99:1.
- an appropriate amount of the ionic compound is added into the silicon-based particles, so that pores can be formed evenly later.
- additional heat treatment may be performed on the silicon-based particles containing the ionic compound formed in the deposition step at a temperature of 800 °C to 1100 °C.
- ionic compounds contained in the silicon-based particles are appropriately removed, so that multiple pores can be evenly formed within the silicon-based particles.
- some ionic compounds that have not been removed are included in the silicon-based particles, which has the effect of further improving the electrical conductivity of the material.
- the silicon-based particles formed as described above may include SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), an alkali metal element, and a halogen metal element.
- the alkali metal elements and halogen metal elements are derived from ionic compounds that remain without being removed and may be distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles.
- the step of heat-treating and vaporizing the silicon-based precursor and the ionic compound includes heat-treating the metal precursor to vaporize it.
- the metal precursor and the silicon-based precursor and the ionic compound may be vaporized in a different source and then mixed, or may be vaporized in the same source to form a mixed gas.
- the metal precursor can be vaporized by heat treatment under conditions of 1000°C or more and 1400°C or less.
- the metal precursor may be a Li precursor or an Mg precursor.
- the Li precursor may be, for example, Li powder, LiOH, Li 2 O, etc., but is not limited thereto.
- the Mg precursor may be, for example, Mg powder, but is not limited thereto.
- Silicon-based particles formed by heat treatment by additionally including a Li precursor or an Mg precursor and then vapor-depositing the mixed gas may further include one or more of a Li compound and an Mg compound, and the Li or Mg is doped into the silicon-based particles. It may be distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles in a form.
- the silicon-based particles in order to dope the silicon-based particles with a metal (e.g., Li or Mg), after heat-treating the silicon-based particles and the carbon source, mixing the silicon-based particles and a metal precursor and then heat-treating them. can be performed. If necessary, the steps may be performed under heat treatment or may be performed using electrochemical methods.
- a metal e.g., Li or Mg
- the heat treatment step of mixing the silicon-based particles and the metal precursor may be performed in an inert atmosphere.
- the heat treatment step of mixing the formed silicon-based oxide and the metal precursor may be performed in an inert atmosphere at 400°C to 1400°C, 500°C to 1000°C, or 700°C to 900°C. Additionally, after the heat treatment, additional heat treatment may be performed, and the additional heat treatment may be performed at 700°C to 1100°C or 800°C to 1000°C.
- heat treatment of the silicon-based particles and the carbon source may be performed.
- the carbon source may be hydrocarbon gas, but is not limited thereto, and materials known in the art may be appropriately employed.
- a carbon layer can be formed on the silicon-based particles using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or a method of carbonizing a material serving as a carbon source.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the step of heat treating the silicon-based particles and the carbon source may be performed at 800°C to 1200°C.
- the formed silicon-based particles may be put into a reactor, and then a carbon source, such as a hydrocarbon gas, may be subjected to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 800°C to 1200°C to form a carbon layer.
- a carbon source such as a hydrocarbon gas
- the hydrocarbon gas may be at least one type of hydrocarbon gas selected from the group including methane, ethane, propane, and acetylene, and may preferably be heat treated at 800°C to 1000°C.
- the carbon layer is evenly distributed over a large area on the surface and/or inside the pores of the silicon-based particles, thereby improving the conductivity of the negative electrode active material.
- the particle size of the silicon-based particles can be adjusted through methods such as ball mill, jet mill, or air classification, but is not limited thereto.
- the average diameter of pores included in the silicon-based particles may be 20 nm or more and 60 nm or less.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a negative electrode active material manufactured by the above-described negative electrode active material manufacturing method.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes silicon-based particles including SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and pores; and a carbon layer provided on the surface and in pores of the silicon-based particles, wherein the negative electrode active material includes one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, F, Cl, Provided is a negative electrode active material comprising at least one halogen element selected from the group consisting of Br and I, and having an average pore diameter of 20 nm to 60 nm when cross-sectional analysis of the negative electrode active material.
- the carbon layer is intensively coated only on the surface of the negative electrode active material, so the conductivity of the negative electrode active material is not sufficiently developed, leading to a problem in that battery characteristics are deteriorated.
- the negative electrode active material according to the present invention uses an ionic compound when manufacturing the negative electrode active material, thereby forming a large number of pores that satisfy a specific size within the silicon-based particles, thereby effectively placing the carbon layer within the pores of the silicon-based particles, thereby increasing the carbon coating area.
- the electrical conductivity of the material can be improved by elements derived from ionic compounds remaining inside the negative electrode active material.
- providing a carbon layer on the surface of a silicon-based particle means that the carbon layer is disposed on the outer surface of the particle, excluding the pores of the silicon-based particle.
- providing a carbon layer in the pores of silicon-based particles means that the carbon layer is disposed on the surface and/or internal space of the pores included in the silicon-based particles.
- the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) corresponds to a matrix within the silicon-based composite particles.
- the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) may be in a form containing Si and/or SiO 2 , and the Si may be in a phase. That is, x corresponds to the number ratio of O to Si included in the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the silicon-based composite particles include the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), the discharge capacity of the secondary battery can be improved.
- the average diameter of the pores when analyzing the cross section of the negative active material, may be 20 nm to 60 nm, specifically 22 nm to 58 nm, 24 nm to 55 nm, or 30 nm to 50 nm. You can.
- cross-sectional analysis of the negative electrode active material can be performed using an ion milling device. Specifically, an electrode sample prepared by coating a negative electrode active material on a copper foil (Cu foil) is milled using a Hitachi IM4000 device. Specifically, an ion beam can be fired at a voltage of 1.5 kV, processed for about 3 to 4 hours per sample, and then cross-sectional images can be measured with a Hitachi S-4800 SEM. Based on the measured SEM cross-sectional image, the average diameter of pores appearing in the cross-section of the anode active material can be obtained.
- an ion milling device Specifically, an electrode sample prepared by coating a negative electrode active material on a copper foil (Cu foil) is milled using a Hitachi IM4000 device. Specifically, an ion beam can be fired at a voltage of 1.5 kV, processed for about 3 to 4 hours per sample, and then cross-sectional images can be measured with a Hitachi S-4800 SEM. Based on the measured SEM
- the average diameter of the pores is less than 20 nm, it is difficult for the pores to accommodate excessive changes in the volume of the silicon-based particles, and particle breakage is observed during long-term cycle behavior, resulting in a rapid decrease in battery capacity.
- the average diameter of the pores is greater than 60 nm, cell resistance increases due to a small amount of carbon layer coating, and side reactions between the electrolyte and the silicon-based particles increase, thereby reducing the lifespan characteristics of the battery.
- the average diameter of the pore can be calculated from the diameter of the pore including the carbon layer.
- the silicon-based particles may include one or more of a Li compound and an Mg compound.
- the silicon-based particles may further include a Li compound.
- the Li compound may be distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles in a doped form.
- the Li compound is distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles, can control the volume expansion/contraction of the silicon-based particles to an appropriate level, and can play a role in preventing damage to the active material.
- the Li compound may be included to increase the efficiency of the negative electrode active material by lowering the ratio of the irreversible phase (for example, SiO 2 ) of the silicon-based particles.
- the Li silicide may include Li 7 Si 2 and the Li oxide may include Li 2 O.
- Li may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 40 parts by weight or 0.1 to 25 parts by weight based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, it may be included in an amount of 1 part by weight to 25 parts by weight, and more specifically, it may be included in an amount of 2 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight or 2 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight.
- the silicon-based particles may further include an Mg compound.
- the Mg compound may correspond to a matrix within the silicon-based particles.
- the Mg compound may exist in the form of at least one of magnesium atoms, magnesium silicate, magnesium silicide, and magnesium oxide in the silicon-based particles.
- initial efficiency is improved.
- the Mg compound may be distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles in a doped form.
- the Mg compound is distributed on the surface and/or inside the silicon-based particles, and can control the volume expansion/contraction of the silicon-based particles to an appropriate level and play a role in preventing damage to the active material.
- the Mg compound may be included to increase the efficiency of the negative electrode active material by lowering the ratio of the irreversible phase (for example, SiO 2 ) of the silicon-based particles.
- the Mg compound may exist in the form of magnesium silicate.
- the magnesium silicate can be divided into crystalline magnesium silicate and amorphous magnesium silicate.
- the magnesium silicate may include at least one of Mg 2 SiO 4 and MgSiO 3 .
- the magnesium silicide may include Mg 2 Si, and the magnesium oxide may include MgO.
- the content of the Li element and Mg element can be confirmed through inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. Specifically, a certain amount (about 0.01 g) of the negative electrode active material is taken, transferred to a platinum crucible, and nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid are added to completely decompose it on a hot plate. Afterwards, using an induced plasma luminescence spectrometer (ICPAES, Perkin-Elmer 7300), the intensity of the standard solution (5 mg/kg) prepared using the standard solution (5 mg/kg) is measured at the natural wavelength of the element to be analyzed, and a standard calibration curve is prepared. .
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the pretreated sample solution and blank sample are introduced into the device, each intensity is measured to calculate the actual intensity, and the concentration of each component is calculated compared to the calibration curve prepared above, and then converted so that the sum of all becomes the theoretical value.
- the element content of the manufactured negative electrode active material can be analyzed.
- the silicon-based particles may include additional metal atoms.
- the metal atom may exist in at least one form of a metal atom, metal silicate, metal silicide, or metal oxide in the silicon-based particle.
- the metal atom may include at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Li, Al, and Ca. Accordingly, the initial efficiency of the negative electrode active material can be improved.
- the carbon layer may be provided on the surface and within pores of the silicon-based particles. Accordingly, conductivity is imparted to the silicon-based particles, the volume change of the negative electrode active material containing the silicon-based particles is effectively suppressed, and the lifespan characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the carbon layer may partially cover at least part of the surface and inside the pores of the silicon-based particle, that is, the surface of the particle and the inside of the pores, or may cover the entire surface of the particle and the inside of the pores.
- the carbon layer includes amorphous carbon.
- the carbon layer may additionally include crystalline carbon.
- the crystalline carbon can further improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material.
- the crystalline carbon may include at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
- the amorphous carbon can appropriately maintain the strength of the carbon layer and suppress expansion of the silicon-based particles.
- the amorphous carbon may be at least one carbide selected from the group consisting of tar, pitch, and other organic substances, or a carbon-based material formed by using hydrocarbon as a source of chemical vapor deposition.
- the carbide of other organic substances may be a carbide of an organic substance selected from sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, mannose, ribose, aldohexose, or cedohexose, and combinations thereof.
- the hydrocarbon may be a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon may be methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, butane, butene, pentane, isobutane, or hexane.
- the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, diphenylmethane, naphthalene, phenol, cresol, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, indene, coumarone, pyridine, Anthracene, phenanthrene, etc. can be mentioned.
- the carbon layer may be an amorphous carbon layer.
- the carbon layer may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, or 0.1 to 20 parts by weight based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. More specifically, it may be included in 0.5 parts by weight to 15 parts by weight, 1 part by weight to 10 parts by weight, or 1 part by weight to 5 parts by weight. If the above range is satisfied, a decrease in capacity and efficiency of the anode active material can be prevented.
- the thickness of the carbon layer may be 1 nm to 500 nm, specifically 5 nm to 300 nm.
- the conductivity of the negative electrode active material is improved, the volume change of the negative electrode active material is easily suppressed, and side reactions between the electrolyte and the negative electrode active material are suppressed, thereby improving the initial efficiency and/or lifespan of the battery.
- the carbon layer may be formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using at least one hydrocarbon gas selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, and acetylene.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the negative electrode active material contains one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and one or more halogen elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs
- halogen elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- silicon-based particles are manufactured by depositing a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound containing the alkali metal element and the halogen element. At this time, pores within the silicon-based particle are evenly formed due to the ionic compound. And the silicon-based particles may contain the alkali metal element and the halogen element.
- the alkali metal element and the halogen element may be located inside the pores of the negative electrode active material.
- the content of the alkali metal element may be 0.01 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, the content of the alkali metal element is more than 0.01 parts by weight and less than 10 parts by weight, more than 0.01 parts by weight and less than 5 parts by weight, more than 0.05 parts by weight and less than 5 parts by weight, and more than 0.05 parts by weight and less than 2.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. It may be less than or equal to 0.05 parts by weight and less than or equal to 2 parts by weight, or greater than or equal to 0.1 parts by weight and less than or equal to 1.5 parts by weight. At this time, the content of the alkali metal element may mean the content of the alkali metal element derived from an ionic compound.
- the content of the halogen element may be 0.01 parts by weight or more and less than 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, the content of the halogen element is more than 0.01 parts by weight and less than 10 parts by weight, 0.01 parts by weight and less than 5 parts by weight, 0.05 parts by weight and less than 5 parts by weight, and more than 0.05 parts by weight and 2.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. It may be less than or equal to 0.05 parts by weight and less than or equal to 2 parts by weight, or greater than or equal to 0.1 parts by weight and less than or equal to 1.5 parts by weight. At this time, the content of the halogen element may mean the content of the halogen element derived from an ionic compound.
- the alkali metal element and the halogen element are present in the negative electrode active material at the above content, a large number of pores are formed in the silicon-based particles, and the carbon layer is effectively disposed within the pores of the silicon-based particles, thereby increasing the carbon coating area.
- the alkali metal element and the halogen element are not present in the negative electrode active material, that is, when the ionic compound is not added when manufacturing the silicon-based particles, pores are not formed in the silicon-based particle, so the carbon coating area is reduced, and the carbon coating area is reduced.
- the conductivity of the anode active material is reduced because the coating is concentrated only on the surface of the silicon-based particles, thereby deteriorating the battery characteristics.
- the alkali metal element and the halogen element are present in an amount exceeding the above content range, so the number of pores is small and the average particle diameter is formed to be small, so the carbon layer is not properly disposed, so the energy density of the battery decreases and the battery There is a problem that the discharge capacity, efficiency and/or life characteristics of the device are deteriorated.
- the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material can be further improved.
- the negative electrode active material may include Li, Na, or K.
- the negative electrode active material may include at least one alkali metal element selected from Li and Na.
- the negative electrode active material may include F or Cl.
- the negative electrode active material may include at least one halogen element selected from F and Cl. More specifically, the negative electrode active material may include Cl.
- the negative electrode active material includes an ionic compound.
- silicon-based particles are manufactured by depositing a silicon-based precursor and an ionic compound together. At this time, pores within the silicon-based particles can be formed evenly due to the ionic compound.
- the ionic compound may be located inside the pores of the negative electrode active material.
- the ionic compound includes one or more alkali metal elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, and one or more halogen elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the ionic compound may exist by ionic bonding of the alkali metal element in the form of a cation and the halogen element in the form of an anion.
- the ionic compound may be one or more selected from the group consisting of LiF, LiCl, NaF, and NaCl.
- the ionic compound may have a melting point of 600°C to 800°C and a boiling point of 1300°C to 1700°C.
- the ionic compound is removed during the heat treatment of the silicon-based particles to form pores, and some of the ionic compound that has not been removed remains in the negative electrode active material.
- the content of the ionic compound may be more than 0 parts by weight and less than 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, it may be more than 0 parts by weight and less than 5 parts by weight, more than 0.1 parts by weight and less than 4 parts by weight, or more than 0.1 parts by weight and less than 3 parts by weight.
- the ionic compound When the ionic compound is present in the negative electrode active material at the above content, a large number of pores are formed within the silicon-based particles and the carbon layer is effectively disposed within the pores of the silicon-based particles, thereby increasing the carbon coating area.
- the ionic compound does not exist, that is, when the ionic compound is not added when manufacturing silicon-based particles, pores are not formed in the silicon-based particles, so the carbon coating area is reduced, and carbon is only applied to the surface of the silicon-based particles.
- intensive coating reduces the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, thereby deteriorating battery characteristics.
- the ionic compound is present in an amount exceeding the above range, the number of pores is small and the average particle diameter is small, so the carbon layer is not properly disposed, resulting in a decrease in the energy density of the battery.
- the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material can be further improved.
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the negative electrode active material may be 0.1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, specifically 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and more specifically 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material may be 1 m 2 /g to 100 m 2 /g, specifically 1 m 2 /g to 70 m 2 /g, more specifically 1 m 2 /g to 50 m 2 /g. m 2 /g, such as 2 m 2 /g to 30 m 2 /g.
- the negative electrode according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include the negative electrode active material described above.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may include the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may further include a binder, a thickener, and/or a conductive material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed by applying a negative electrode slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, a thickener, and/or a conductive material to at least one surface of a current collector, drying, and rolling.
- the negative electrode slurry may further include additional negative electrode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon;
- Metallic compounds that can be alloyed with lithium such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy;
- Metal oxides capable of doping and dedoping lithium such as SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2), SnO 2 , vanadium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide;
- a composite containing the above-described metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or Sn-C composite, may be used, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- High-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes is a representative example.
- the additional negative electrode active material may be a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode slurry may include a solvent for forming the negative electrode slurry.
- the solvent for forming the negative electrode slurry may include at least one selected from the group consisting of distilled water, ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol, specifically, distilled water, in order to facilitate dispersion of the components.
- the pH of the negative electrode slurry containing the negative electrode active material may be 7 to 11 at 25°C.
- the pH of the cathode slurry satisfies the above range, the slurry rheological properties are stabilized.
- carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) used as a thickener is decomposed, causing a decrease in the viscosity of the slurry, and the slurry contained in the slurry There is a problem in that the degree of dispersion of the active material is low.
- the negative electrode current collector may be any conductive material without causing chemical changes in the battery, and is not particularly limited.
- the current collector may be copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc.
- a transition metal that adsorbs carbon well such as copper or nickel, can be used as a current collector.
- the thickness of the current collector may be 6 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, but the thickness of the current collector is not limited thereto.
- the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylidenefluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, poly Vinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylic acid, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), It may include at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, poly acrylic acid, and materials in which hydrogen thereof is replaced with Li, Na, or Ca, etc. It may also include various copolymers thereof.
- PVDF-co-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- SBR styrene but
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
- Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, Paneth black, lamp black, and thermal black
- Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
- Conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes
- Metal powders such as fluorocarbon, aluminum, and nickel powder
- Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate
- Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide
- Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- the thickener may be carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), but is not limited thereto, and any thickener used in the present technical field may be appropriately employed.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- the weight ratio of the negative electrode active material and the additional negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode slurry may be 1:99 to 30:70, specifically 5:95 to 30:70 or 10:90 to 10:90. It could be 20:80.
- the total negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode slurry may be included in an amount of 60 parts by weight to 99 parts by weight, specifically 70 parts by weight to 98 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total solid content of the negative electrode slurry. .
- the binder may be included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight to 30 parts by weight, specifically 1 part by weight to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total solid content of the anode slurry.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight to 25 parts by weight, specifically 1 part by weight to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total solid content of the anode slurry.
- the thickener is used in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight to 25 parts by weight, specifically 0.5 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight, more specifically 1 part by weight to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total solid content of the anode slurry. It may be included as a part.
- the anode slurry according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may further include a solvent for forming the anode slurry.
- the solvent for forming the negative electrode slurry may include at least one selected from the group consisting of distilled water, ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol, specifically, distilled water, in order to facilitate dispersion of the components.
- the solid content weight of the negative electrode slurry may be 20 parts by weight to 75 parts by weight, specifically 30 parts by weight to 70 parts by weight, based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode slurry.
- a secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include a negative electrode according to the above-described exemplary embodiment.
- the secondary battery may include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution, and the negative electrode is the same as the negative electrode described above. Since the cathode has been described above, detailed description will be omitted.
- the positive electrode is formed on the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode current collector, and may include a positive electrode active material layer containing the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing chemical changes in the battery, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, or carbon on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , surface treated with nickel, titanium, silver, etc. can be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material may be a commonly used positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is a layered compound such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), or a compound substituted with one or more transition metals; Lithium iron oxide such as LiFe 3 O 4 ; Lithium manganese oxide with the formula Li 1+c1 Mn 2-c1 O 4 (0 ⁇ c1 ⁇ 0.33), LiMnO 3 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiMnO 2 , etc.; lithium copper oxide (Li 2 CuO 2 ); Vanadium oxides such as LiV 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , and Cu 2 V 2 O 7 ; Expressed by the formula LiNi 1-c2 M c2 O 2 (where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B and Ga, and satisfies 0.01 ⁇ c2 ⁇ 0.3) Ni site type lithium nickel oxide; Chemical formula Li
- the positive electrode active material layer may include the positive electrode active material described above, a positive conductive material, and a positive electrode binder.
- the anode conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular restrictions in the battery being constructed as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Alternatively, conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the positive electrode binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector.
- specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose ( CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene.
- examples include butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the separator separates the cathode from the anode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in secondary batteries. In particular, it has low resistance to ion movement in the electrolyte and has excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability. It is desirable.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous non-woven fabrics for example, non-woven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymer materials may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the electrolyte solution includes, but is not limited to, an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel-type polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, and a molten inorganic electrolyte that can be used when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrolyte solution may include a non-aqueous organic solvent and a metal salt.
- non-aqueous organic solvent examples include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma-butylo lactone, and 1,2-dimethyl.
- Triesters trimethoxy methane, dioxoran derivatives, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, ether, methyl pyropionate, propionic acid.
- Aprotic organic solvents such as ethyl may be used.
- ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate which are cyclic carbonates
- cyclic carbonates are high-viscosity organic solvents and have a high dielectric constant, so they can be preferably used because they easily dissociate lithium salts.
- cyclic carbonates include dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. If linear carbonates of the same low viscosity and low dielectric constant are mixed and used in an appropriate ratio, an electrolyte solution with high electrical conductivity can be prepared and used more preferably.
- the metal salt may be a lithium salt, and the lithium salt is a material that is easily soluble in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
- anions of the lithium salt include F - , Cl - , I - , NO 3 - , N(CN) ) 2 - , BF 4 - , ClO 4 - , PF 6 - , (CF 3 ) 2 PF 4 - , (CF 3 ) 3 PF 3 - , (CF 3 ) 4 PF 2 - , (CF 3 ) 5 PF - , (CF 3 ) 6 P - , CF 3 SO 3 - , CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - , (FSO 2 ) 2 N - , CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 CO - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 CH - , (SF 5 ) 3 C - , (CF 3 SO 2 )
- the electrolyte solution includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included.
- a battery module including the secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided. Since the battery module and battery pack include the secondary battery with high capacity, high rate characteristics, and cycle characteristics, they are medium-to-large devices selected from the group consisting of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and power storage systems. It can be used as a power source.
- a composition for forming a negative electrode active material was prepared by solid-phase mixing the silicon-based particles with the carbon layer formed thereon and lithium metal powder as a lithium precursor at a weight ratio of 90:10.
- composition for forming the negative electrode active material was heat treated at 800° C. for 3 hours.
- the heat-treated composition for forming a negative electrode active material was acid treated with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution having a pH of 1 at 23° C. for 1 hour to prepare a negative electrode active material.
- the Na content of the negative electrode active material was 1.5 wt%, and the Cl content was 1.2 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 860°C after condensing the mixed gas.
- the Na content of the negative electrode active material was 1.3 wt%, and the Cl content was 1.0 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 900° C. after condensing the mixed gas.
- the Na content of the negative electrode active material was 0.7 wt%, and the Cl content was 0.7 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 1100°C after condensing the mixed gas.
- the Na content of the negative electrode active material was 0.1 wt%, and the Cl content was 0.1 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that LiCl was used instead of NaCl.
- the Li content of the negative electrode active material was 6.2 wt%, and the Cl content was 1.5 wt%. At this time, the content of Li derived from the ionic compound was 1.2 wt%, and the content of Li derived from the lithium precursor was 5 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that Mg metal powder was used instead of lithium metal powder.
- the Na content of the negative electrode active material was 1.4 wt%, and the Cl content was 1.3 wt%.
- a negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Example 1, except that the ionic compound was not mixed.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 700° C. after condensing the mixed gas.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 600° C. after condensing the mixed gas.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 650° C. after condensing the mixed gas.
- a negative electrode active material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was 500° C. after condensing the mixed gas.
- a negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example 1, except that Mg metal powder was used instead of lithium metal powder.
- the content of the carbon layer was analyzed using a CS-analyzer (CS-800, Eltra).
- the element content (wt%) of the negative electrode active material was confirmed through SEM-EDS (JEOL LTD; JSM-7610F).
- a cross section of the negative electrode active material was prepared using an ion milling device.
- an electrode sample prepared by coating a negative electrode active material on a copper foil was milled using a Hitachi IM4000 device. Specifically, an ion beam was fired at a voltage of 1.5 kV and each sample was processed for about 3 to 4 hours, and the element content inside the material was measured by EDS measurement of the entire SEM cross-sectional image.
- Cross-sectional analysis of the negative electrode active material was performed using an ion milling device.
- an electrode sample prepared by coating a negative electrode active material on a copper foil was milled using a Hitachi IM4000 device. Specifically, an ion beam was fired at a voltage of 1.5 kV, each sample was processed for about 3 to 4 hours, and then cross-sectional images were measured with a Hitachi S-4800 SEM. Next, the average diameter of pores appearing in the cross section of the anode active material was calculated based on the measured SEM cross-sectional image.
- D 50 of the negative electrode active material was analyzed by laser diffraction particle size analysis using a Microtrac S3500 equipment, and the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material was measured using a BET measurement equipment (BEL-SORP-MAX, Nippon Bell).
- the conductivity of the negative electrode active material was measured using a powder resistance measuring device (HPRM-1000, HANTECH CO.). After putting 3 g of sample (negative electrode active material) evenly into a cylindrical mold with a diameter of 20 mm, the resistance was measured every 400 kgf from 400 kgf to 2000 kgf, and the negative electrode active material was measured based on Example 1 in Table 2 below. Conductivity was comparatively evaluated.
- Anodes and batteries were manufactured using the anode active materials of Examples and Comparative Examples, respectively.
- a mixture was prepared by mixing the negative electrode active material, carbon black as a conductive material, and PAA (poly acrylic acid) as a binder at a weight ratio of 80:10:10. Afterwards, 7.8 g of distilled water was added to 5 g of the mixture and mixed evenly to prepare a negative electrode slurry. The negative electrode slurry was applied to a copper (Cu) metal thin film that was a negative electrode current collector with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m and dried. At this time, the temperature of the circulating air was 60°C. Next, a negative electrode was manufactured by rolling and drying in a vacuum oven at 130°C for 12 hours.
- Cu copper
- the manufactured electrode was used as the cathode, and a lithium (Li) metal thin film cut into a circle of 1.7671 cm2 was used as the anode.
- a separator of porous polyethylene was interposed between the anode and the cathode, and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) were used.
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- a lithium coin half-cell was manufactured by dissolving 0.5 parts by weight of vinylene carbonate in a mixed solution with a mixing volume ratio of 7:3 and injecting an electrolyte solution containing 1M LiPF 6 dissolved in it.
- the first and second cycles were charged and discharged at 0.1C, and from the third cycle to the 49th cycle, charge and discharge were performed at 0.5C.
- the last cycle ended in a charged state (lithium in the cathode).
- Discharge capacity (mAh/g) and initial efficiency (%) were derived from the results of one charge and discharge. Specifically, the initial efficiency (%) was derived by the following calculation.
- Capacity maintenance rates were each derived by the following calculations.
- Capacity maintenance rate (%) (49 discharge capacity / 1 discharge capacity) ⁇ 100
- the negative electrode active materials of Examples 1 to 6 which contain an alkali metal element and a halogen element and have a pore size of 20 nm to 60 nm, have a carbon layer effectively disposed within the pores of the silicon-based particles, so that the carbon coating area is It is high, and electrical conductivity is improved by the ions remaining inside the negative electrode active material. Accordingly, it was confirmed that discharge capacity, efficiency, and/or lifespan characteristics were improved.
- the negative electrode active material did not contain an alkali metal element and a halogen element as in Comparative Examples 1 and 6, pores were not formed and the electrical conductivity was not improved, so it was confirmed that the efficiency and/or lifespan characteristics were poor. . Even if the active material particles contain an alkali metal such as lithium or an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium as in Comparative Examples 1 and 6, an appropriate pore size of the active material particles cannot be achieved if an ionic compound is not added when manufacturing the preliminary silicon-based particles.
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Abstract
Description
| 열처리 온도 (℃) | 음극 활물질 총 100 중량부 기준 |
기공의 평균 직경 [nm] |
음극 활물질의 D50(㎛) | 음극 활물질 비표면적 (m2/g) | |||
| 알칼리 금속 원소 함량 (중량부) |
할로겐 원소 함량 (중량부) |
탄소층 (중량부) |
|||||
| 실시예 1 | 800 | Na(1.5) | Cl(1.2) | 5 | 24 | 6 | 7.24 |
| 실시예 2 | 860 | Na(1.3) | Cl(1.0) | 5.4 | 31 | 5.9 | 7.35 |
| 실시예 3 | 900 | Na(0.7) | Cl(0.7) | 5.5 | 45 | 6 | 7.6 |
| 실시예 4 | 1100 | Na(0.1) | Cl(0.1) | 5.7 | 55 | 6 | 8.1 |
| 실시예 5 | 800 | Li(6.2) | Cl(1.5) | 5 | 25 | 6.1 | 7.21 |
| 실시예 6 | 800 | Na(1.4) | Cl(1.3) | 5 | 27 | 6 | 7.28 |
| 비교예 1 | 800 | - | - | 5 | X | 6.1 | 7.0 |
| 비교예 2 | 700 | Na(2.6) | Cl(2.4) | 5 | 15 | 6 | 7.11 |
| 비교예 3 | 600 | Na(2.7) | Cl(3.0) | 5 | 15 | 6.1 | 7.0 |
| 비교예 4 | 650 | Na(2.6) | Cl(2.7) | 5 | 10 미만 | 6.2 | 7.08 |
| 비교예 5 | 500 | Na(3.3) | Cl(3.4) | 5 | 10 미만 | 6.1 | 6.95 |
| 비교예 6 | 800 | - | - | 5 | X | 5.9 | 7.15 |
| 전지 | 음극 활물질 전도성 (%) | 방전 용량(mAh/g) | 초기 효율(%) | 용량 유지율(%) |
| 실시예 1 | 100 (기준) | 450 | 91.8 | 90 |
| 실시예 2 | 109 | 447 | 92.2 | 92 |
| 실시예 3 | 112 | 445 | 92.5 | 94 |
| 실시예 4 | 110 | 448 | 92.8 | 95 |
| 실시예 5 | 100 | 450 | 91.9 | 91 |
| 실시예 6 | 105 | 457 | 92.5 | 94 |
| 비교예 1 | 95 | 450 | 89.9 | 85 |
| 비교예 2 | 120 | 442 | 92.4 | 85 |
| 비교예 3 | 150 | 440 | 92.5 | 80 |
| 비교예 4 | 160 | 437 | 92.8 | 76 |
| 비교예 5 | 140 | 431 | 93.1 | 74 |
| 비교예 6 | 97 | 450 | 91.2 | 89 |
Claims (17)
- 실리콘계 전구체 및 이온성 화합물을 열처리하여 기화시키는 단계;상기 실리콘계 전구체와 이온성 화합물의 혼합 기체를 기상에서 함께 증착시켜 실리콘계 입자를 형성하는 단계; 및상기 실리콘계 입자와 탄소 소스를 열처리하는 단계를 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 실리콘계 전구체는 Si 분말, SiO 분말 및 SiO2 분말의 혼합 분말인 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 이온성 화합물은 Li, Na, K, Rb 및 Cs로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상의 알칼리 금속 원소 및 F, Cl, Br 및 I로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상의 할로겐 원소를 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 이온성 화합물은 LiF, LiCl, NaF 및 NaCl로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상인 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 증착은 비활성 기체 분위기 및 500℃ 이상 1000℃ 이하의 온도에서 수행되는 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 실리콘계 입자와 탄소 소스를 열처리하는 단계는 800 ℃ 내지 1200 ℃에서 수행되는 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1 내지 6 중 어느 한 항에 따른 음극 활물질의 제조방법으로 제조된 음극 활물질.
- SiOx(0<x<2) 및 기공을 포함하는 실리콘계 입자; 및상기 실리콘계 입자의 표면 상 및 기공 내에 구비된 탄소층;을 포함하는 음극 활물질로서,상기 음극 활물질은 Li, Na, K, Rb 및 Cs로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상의 알칼리 금속 원소 및 F, Cl, Br 및 I로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상의 할로겐 원소를 포함하고,상기 음극 활물질의 단면 분석 시 기공의 평균 직경은 20 nm 내지 60 nm인 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질은 Li 및 Na 중 적어도 하나의 알칼리 금속 원소를 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질은 F 및 Cl 중 적어도 하나의 할로겐 원소를 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 알칼리 금속 원소는 Na, K, Rb 및 Cs로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상일 수 있고,상기 알칼리 금속 원소는 상기 음극 활물질 100 중량부를 기준으로 0.01 중량부 초과 10 중량부 미만으로 포함되는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 할로겐 원소는 Cl, Br 및 I로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상일 수 있고,상기 할로겐 원소는 상기 음극 활물질 100 중량부를 기준으로 0.01 중량부 초과 내지 10 중량부 미만으로 포함되는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 알칼리 금속 원소 및 상기 할로겐 금속 원소는 상기 기공 내부에 위치하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 탄소층은 상기 음극 활물질 총 100 중량부를 기준으로 0.1 중량부 내지 50 중량부로 포함되는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8에 있어서,상기 실리콘계 입자는 Li 화합물 또는 Mg 화합물을 더 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 8 내지 15 중 어느 한 항에 따른 음극 활물질을 포함하는 음극.
- 청구항 16에 따른 음극을 포함하는 이차전지.
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| EP23903744.3A EP4512772A4 (en) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-11-01 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE AND SECONDARY BATTERY |
| CN202380041618.XA CN119173475A (zh) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-11-01 | 负极活性材料的制造方法、负极活性材料、负极以及二次电池 |
| JP2024569836A JP2025517007A (ja) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-11-01 | 負極活物質の製造方法、負極活物質、負極、および二次電池 |
| US18/870,385 US20250329745A1 (en) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-11-01 | Method for preparing negative electrode active material, negative electrode active material, negative electrode, and secondary battery |
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| EP4512772A4 (en) | 2025-11-26 |
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