WO2024128821A1 - 다공성 탄소재, 이의 제조방법, 상기 탄소재를 양극 활물질로 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
다공성 탄소재, 이의 제조방법, 상기 탄소재를 양극 활물질로 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/14—Pore volume
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous carbon material, a method for manufacturing the same, a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery containing the carbon material as a positive electrode active material, and a lithium secondary battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a porous carbon material with increased pore volume and specific surface area through an activation process.
- a porous carbon material that can improve the performance of a SSE-based (sparingly solvating electrolyte based) lithium secondary battery by applying a carbon material to the positive electrode, a method for manufacturing the same, a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery containing the carbon material as a positive electrode active material, and lithium It is about secondary batteries.
- Electrochemical devices are the field that is receiving the most attention in this regard, and among them, the development of lithium-based secondary batteries such as lithium-sulfur batteries that can be charged and discharged has become the focus of attention. Recently, capacity has been considered in the development of these batteries. To improve density and specific energy, research and development is being conducted on new electrode and battery designs.
- lithium-based secondary batteries among them lithium-sulfur batteries, have high energy density (or theoretical capacity) and are attracting attention as next-generation secondary batteries that can replace lithium ion batteries.
- a reduction reaction of sulfur and an oxidation reaction of lithium metal occur during discharge, and at this time, sulfur forms a linear structure of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) from the ring structure of S 8 .
- Lithium-sulfur batteries are characterized by a gradual discharge voltage until polysulfide is completely reduced to Li 2 S.
- lithium-sulfur batteries have lifespan.
- the causes of the deterioration of the lifespan of such lithium-sulfur batteries include side reactions of the electrolyte (deposition of by-products due to decomposition of the electrolyte), instability of lithium metal (short circuit caused by dendrites growing on the lithium cathode), and anode by-products. It varies from deposition (lithium polysulfide dissolution from the anode), etc.
- lithium polysulfide elution and shuttle phenomenon occur during charging and discharging, and the lithium polysulfide is transferred to the negative electrode, producing lithium.
- the capacity of the sulfur battery is reduced, which has a major problem in that the lifespan of the battery is reduced and its reactivity is reduced.
- a lithium-sulfur battery in order for a lithium-sulfur battery to build a high energy density of about 400 Wh/kg or more or 600 Wh/L, it must be operated even under high loading (about 4.0 mAh/cm 2 or more) and low porosity (about 60% or less) conditions.
- a viable electrolyte and anode active material system is needed. In other words, the behavior of such a lithium-sulfur battery can greatly change depending on the electrolyte.
- LiPS lithium polysulfide
- SSE synthetic electrolyte that rarely elutes in the form of polysulfide
- Lithium-sulfur batteries using the existing catholyte system rely on a liquid phase reaction through the creation of an intermediate polysulfide in the form of Li 2 S g) is not fully utilized, and rather, there is a problem in that the lifespan of the battery is rapidly reduced due to battery deterioration due to the elution of polysulfide.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a porous carbon material that can improve the performance of SSE-based (sparingly solvating electrolyte based) lithium secondary batteries by applying a porous carbon material with increased pore volume and specific surface area through an activation process to the positive electrode.
- a porous carbon material with increased pore volume and specific surface area through an activation process to the positive electrode.
- a method for manufacturing the same a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery containing the carbon material as a positive electrode active material, and a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention provides a porous carbon material having a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more.
- the present invention is a method of producing the porous carbon material, which includes the step of physically activating the carbon material with a gas activator or chemically activating the carbon material with a chemical activator. Provides a method.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising a sulfur-carbon composite in which sulfur is supported on the porous carbon material as a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode for the lithium secondary battery cathode; A separator interposed between them; and a first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound, a second solvent containing a glyme-based compound, and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
- the manufacturing method thereof, the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery containing the carbon material as a positive electrode active material, and the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention a porous carbon material with increased pore volume and specific surface area through an activation process is used as the positive electrode.
- a porous carbon material with increased pore volume and specific surface area through an activation process is used as the positive electrode.
- Figure 1 is a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm used to confirm the specific surface area of a porous carbon material according to an example and comparative example of the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a pore size distribution chart (BJH plot, mesopore/macropore analysis) used to confirm the pore size of the porous carbon material according to an example and comparative example of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a pore size distribution chart (HK plot, micropore analysis) used to confirm the pore size of the porous carbon material according to an example and comparative example of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph of a sulfur-carbon composite according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.
- Figure 5 is a graph showing the discharge capacity of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment and comparative example of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a graph showing the discharge capacity and life characteristics of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment and comparative example of the present invention.
- the porous carbon material according to the present invention is characterized by a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more.
- the specific surface area of the carbon material used as a sulfur carrier is large, it does not necessarily mean that it can exhibit high discharge capacity.
- the pore volume of the carbon material in addition to the specific surface area of the carbon material, the pore volume of the carbon material also has a great influence on the utilization of sulfur. Therefore, even if the specific surface area of the carbon material is large, if the pore volume is small, there are not enough pores to support sulfur, which lowers the sulfur carrying efficiency. This lowers the electron acceptance of non-conductive sulfur and increases the proportion of sulfur participating in the reaction. , As a result, the problem occurs that the discharge capacity and life characteristics of the battery are greatly reduced.
- the present applicant invented a carbon material for positive electrode active material with increased specific surface area and pore volume than before, and improved battery performance by incorporating an SSE electrolyte system.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention having a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more is a porous carbon material activated with an activator and an SSE (sparingly solvating electrolyte) electrolyte system applied. It is characterized by being used as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries.
- porous carbon materials that have been carbonized are used.
- carbonized carbon materials are removed, only organic substances other than carbon (C) are removed, so there is no need to additionally form micropores in the porous carbon materials.
- the present invention physically activates the porous carbon material with a gas activator or chemically activates it with a chemical activator, and the carbon reacts with the gas or chemical to gasify the solid carbon into fine particles. This was done to form pores.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention must be activated with an activator, but no additional carbonization process (or treatment) is performed during the activation process (or treatment).
- the porous carbon material of the present invention can show the greatest effect when used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery to which an SSE (sparingly solvating electrolyte) electrolyte system is applied, and more than 80% of the theoretical discharge capacity of sulfur can be utilized. Therefore, the porous carbon material of the present invention can maximize battery performance when used as a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery to which an SSE electrolyte system is applied, rather than as a cathode active material to a lithium secondary battery to which a conventional electrolyte (catholyte) is applied.
- the porous carbon material is characterized as being used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery containing a first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound, a second solvent containing a glyme-based compound, and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt. .
- the porous carbon material of the present invention has a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more. If the porous carbon material has a specific surface area of less than 1,700 m 2 /g, the sulfur carrying efficiency is low, which increases the electrode side reaction and causes a charging overvoltage phenomenon, causing a problem that the discharge capacity and life characteristics of the battery are greatly reduced. .
- the porous carbon material of the present invention has a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more, preferably 7 cm 3 /g or more, and more preferably 7 to 10 cm 3 /g. If the porous carbon material has a pore volume of less than 5 cm 3 /g, the sulfur carrying efficiency is lowered (i.e., the amount of sulfur supported is reduced), and as a result, the electron acceptance of non-conductive sulfur is lowered, reducing the proportion of sulfur participating in the reaction. As the discharge capacity increases, the discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics of the battery are significantly reduced.
- the porous carbon material has a pore volume of 7 cm 3 /g or more
- the performance of the battery can be further improved compared to the porous carbon material with a pore volume of less than 7 cm 3 /g.
- the present invention primarily deals with the application of porous carbon materials to batteries, it is obvious that it can be used in other fields that require porous carbon materials other than the battery field.
- the porous carbon material of the present invention having a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more includes, for example, carbon nanotubes; Graphene (particularly multilayer graphene flake, MGF); graphite; Carbon black, such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, Denka black, thermal black, channel black, furnace black, and lamp black; carbon fiber; Or it may be a mixture containing two or more of these. And, among these, Ketjen Black, which has a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more, may be the most advantageous in terms of improving battery performance.
- the method of manufacturing the porous carbon material includes the step of physically activating the carbon material with a gas activator or chemically activating the carbon material with a chemical activator. Additionally, no additional carbonization process is performed during the physical or chemical activation.
- the carbon material includes carbon nanotubes; Graphene (particularly multilayer graphene flake, MGF); graphite; Carbon black, such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, Denka black, thermal black, channel black, furnace black, and lamp black; carbon fiber; and mixtures containing two or more of these; It can be any one of them.
- the activated carbon material may be a carbon material in which no carbonization treatment has been performed except for activation treatment. That is, not only is an additional carbonization process not performed during the physical or chemical activation, but the carbonization process may not be performed either before or after activation.
- carbon materials that have only been carbonized are used.
- carbon materials are carbonized in this way, only organic substances other than carbon (C) are removed, making it difficult to form additional micropores in the carbon materials.
- the carbon material is physically activated with a gas activator or chemically activated with a chemical activator, additional micropores can be formed in the carbon material through the process of gasification of solid carbon as the carbon material reacts with the gas or chemical. .
- the method for producing a porous carbon material of the present invention includes the step of activating the carbon material using an activator, but characterized in that no additional carbonization process is performed during the physical activation or chemical activation.
- the carbonization process may not be performed before or after the activation treatment (physical activation or chemical activation).
- the physical activation method uses a gas activator (or activation gas) to activate under high temperature.
- gas activator include steam, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and oxygen (O 2 ).
- the activation temperature may be 500 to 1,000 °C, preferably 800 to 1,000 °C.
- the activation time at this time may be 1 to 10 hours, preferably 3 to 10 hours. If the activation temperature and time are outside the range, micropores may not be formed normally in the carbon material.
- the chemical activation method is a method of activating under high temperature using a chemical activator.
- the chemical activator When the chemical activator is deposited on a carbon material and heated, dehydration and oxidation reactions of the chemical occur, forming micropores in the porous carbon material. It can be formed.
- the chemical activator include KOH, K 2 CO 3 , NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , AlCl 3 , MgCl 3 and H 3 PO 4 , which are highly dehydrating and oxidizing compounds.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen (N 2 ) or argon
- a closed container may be used for the chemical activation, and an example of such a closed container may be a typical container that is sealed and can be purged even if an inert gas is injected, such as a glass jar.
- the deposition ratio of the carbon material and the chemical activator before activation may be 1:8 to 1:1 in weight ratio.
- the activation temperature may be 400 to 1,000°C, preferably 500 to 900°C.
- the activation time at this time may be 1 to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 5 hours. If the activation temperature and time are outside the range, micropores may not be formed normally in the porous carbon material.
- the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes the sulfur-carbon composite ((C 2 S).
- the positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery further includes a binder and a conductive material in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- the sulfur may be elemental sulfur (S 8 ), a sulfur-based compound, or a mixture thereof, and the sulfur-based compound may specifically be Li 2 S n (n ⁇ 1) or an organic sulfur compound.
- the sulfur-carbon composite may have a particle size of 1 to 100 ⁇ m. If the particle size of the sulfur-carbon composite is less than 1 ⁇ m, inter-particle resistance increases, which may cause overvoltage in the electrode of the lithium-sulfur battery. If it exceeds 100 ⁇ m, the surface area per unit weight decreases, causing electrolyte and electrolyte in the electrode. The wetting area and reaction site with lithium ions decreases, and the amount of electron transfer decreases compared to the size of the composite, which slows down the reaction and reduces the discharge capacity of the battery.
- Sulfur (S) contained in the positive electrode may be contained in an amount of 60 to 90% by weight, preferably 65 to 85% by weight, and more preferably 70 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode. If the sulfur is used in an amount of less than 60% by weight relative to the total weight of the positive electrode, the energy density of the battery may decrease, and if it is used in an amount exceeding 90% by weight, the conductivity within the electrode decreases and the stability of the electrode is reduced. This problem may occur.
- the positive electrode active material containing the above sulfur and carbon material may be included in an amount of 80 to 99 parts by weight, preferably 90 to 95 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode. If the content of the positive electrode active material is less than 80 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode, a problem may occur in which the energy density of the battery decreases, and if it exceeds 99 parts by weight, the conductivity within the electrode decreases and the stability of the electrode decreases. Problems may arise.
- the binder included in the positive electrode is a component that assists the bonding of the positive electrode active material and the conductive material and the bonding to the current collector, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene fluoride-polyhexafluoropropylene copolymer Polymer (PVdF/HFP), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, alkylated polyethylene oxide, polypropylene, polymethyl (meth)acrylate, polyethyl (meth)acrylate, polytetrafluoride Roethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, sulfonated Use one or more types selected from the group consist
- the binder is typically added in an amount of 1 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode. If the content of the binder is less than 1 part by weight, the adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the current collector may become insufficient. If it exceeds 50 parts by weight, the adhesion is improved, but the content of the positive electrode active material is reduced, which may lower battery capacity.
- the conductive material included in the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it has excellent electrical conductivity without causing side reactions in the internal environment of the battery and without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- Representative examples include graphite or conductive carbon. , for example, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon black, such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, Denka black, thermal black, channel black, furnace black, and lamp black; Carbon-based materials with a crystal structure of graphene or graphite; carbon nanotubes; Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; fluorinated carbon; Metal powders such as aluminum powder and nickel powder; Conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive oxides such as titanium oxide; and conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives; may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more types, but are not necessarily limited thereto.
- the conductive material may be added in an amount of 0.5 to 10 parts by weight, preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode, but may not be included in the positive electrode of the present invention. If the content of the conductive material is too large, exceeding 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the positive electrode, the amount of positive electrode active material may be relatively reduced, thereby reducing capacity and energy density.
- the method of including the conductive material in the positive electrode is not greatly limited, and conventional methods known in the art, such as coating the positive electrode active material, can be used. Additionally, if necessary, a conductive second coating layer may be added to the positive electrode active material to replace the addition of the above-described conductive material.
- a filler may be selectively added to the positive electrode of the present invention as a component to suppress its expansion.
- These fillers are not particularly limited as long as they can suppress the expansion of the electrode without causing chemical changes in the battery, and include, for example, olipine polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene; Fibrous materials such as glass fiber and carbon fiber; etc. can be used.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured by dispersing and mixing the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive material in a dispersion medium (solvent) to create a slurry, applying it on a positive electrode current collector, then drying and rolling.
- the dispersion medium may be NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), DMF (Dimethyl formamide), DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide), ethanol, isopropanol, water, and mixtures thereof, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
- the positive electrode current collector includes platinum (Pt), gold (Au), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), silver (Ag), ruthenium (Ru), nickel (Ni), stainless steel (STS), and aluminum (Al). ), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), carbon (C), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), ITO (In doped SnO 2 ), FTO (F doped SnO 2 ), and alloys thereof , Aluminum (Al) or stainless steel surface treated with carbon (C), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), or silver (Ag) can be used, but is not necessarily limited thereto.
- the positive electrode current collector may be in the form of foil, film, sheet, punched material, porous material, foam, etc.
- the lithium secondary battery includes the positive electrode for the lithium secondary battery described above, the negative electrode, a separator interposed between them, a first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound, a second solvent containing a glyme-based compound, and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
- the positive electrode for the lithium secondary battery contains sulfur
- the lithium secondary battery is a lithium-sulfur battery.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes SSE (sparingly solvating electrolyte) and a porous carbon material with a specific surface area of 1,700 m 2 /g or more and a pore volume of 5 cm 3 /g or more as a positive electrode active material, and the utilization rate of sulfur It can utilize more than 80%, preferably more than 85%, of the theoretical discharge capacity, and has a high energy density of about 400 Wh/kg or more or 600 Wh/L or more.
- the first solvent is an electrolyte solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound, and has the effect of suppressing the dissolution of polysulfide and solvent decomposition, thereby improving the coulombic efficiency (C.E.) of the battery, ultimately prolonging the life of the battery. It plays an improving role. More specifically, the first solvent containing the fluorine-based ether compound has excellent structural stability compared to a general organic solvent containing an alkane due to fluorine substitution, and thus has very high stability. Accordingly, if this is used in the electrolyte solution of a lithium secondary battery, the stability of the electrolyte solution can be greatly improved, thereby improving the lifespan performance of the lithium secondary battery.
- fluorine-based ether compound examples include 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3 -tetrafluoropropyl ether, TTE), bis(fluoromethyl) ether, 2-fluoromethyl ether, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether, propyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl Ether, isopropyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl isobutyl ether, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl At least one hydrofluoro ether (HFE type) selected from the group consisting of ethyl ether, 1H, 1H, 2'H, 3H-decafluorodipropyl ether, and 1H, 1H, 2
- the second solvent is an electrolyte solvent containing a glyme-based compound (but not fluorine), which not only dissolves lithium salts to give the electrolyte lithium ion conductivity, but also elutes sulfur, which is the positive electrode active material, to form lithium and It plays a role in allowing electrochemical reactions to proceed smoothly.
- a glyme-based compound but not fluorine
- glyme-based compounds include dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- Ethylene glycol diethyl ether triethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol diethyl ether and polyethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether.
- One or more types selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, dimethoxyethane may be used.
- the lithium salt is an electrolyte salt used to increase ionic conductivity, and can be used without limitation as long as it is commonly used in the art.
- Specific examples of the lithium salt include LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiC 4 BO 8 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (SO 2 F) 2 NLi, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 CLi, chloro
- One or more types selected from the group consisting of lithium borane, lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate having 4 or less carbon atoms, lithium tetraphenyl borate, and lithium imide can be exemplified.
- the concentration of the lithium salt may be determined considering ionic conductivity, etc., and may be, for example, 0.1 to 2 M, preferably 0.5 to 1 M, and more preferably 0.5 to 0.75 M. If the concentration of the lithium salt is less than the above range, it may be difficult to secure ionic conductivity suitable for battery operation, and if it exceeds the above range, the viscosity of the electrolyte increases and the mobility of lithium ions decreases, or the decomposition reaction of the lithium salt itself occurs. As this increases, battery performance may deteriorate.
- the molar ratio of the lithium salt, second solvent, and first solvent may be 1:0.5 to 3:4.1 to 15. Additionally, in one embodiment of the present invention, the molar ratio of the lithium salt, the second solvent, and the first solvent may be 1:2:4 to 13 or 1:3:3 to 10 or 1:4:5 to 10.
- the first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound may be included in a higher content ratio than the second solvent containing a glyme-based compound.
- the first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound when the first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound is contained in a higher content ratio than the second solvent containing a glyme-based compound, the production of polysulfide is suppressed, making it possible to implement a battery capacity close to the theoretical capacity of sulfur. Since there is an advantage in suppressing the decrease in battery capacity due to battery use, it is preferable that the first solvent containing a fluorine-based ether compound is contained in a higher content ratio than the second solvent containing a glyme-based compound as much as possible. do.
- the negative electrode included in the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium-based metal, and may further include a negative electrode current collector on one side of the lithium-based metal.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery, and may include copper, aluminum, stainless steel, zinc, titanium, silver, palladium, nickel, iron, chromium, alloys thereof, and these. It may be selected from the group consisting of a combination of.
- the stainless steel may be surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver, and the alloy may be an aluminum-cadmium alloy, and in addition, calcined carbon, a non-conductive polymer or a conductive polymer surface-treated with a conductive material, etc. You can also use it.
- a thin copper plate is used as the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is used in a thickness range of 3 to 50 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is less than 3 ⁇ m, the current collecting effect is reduced. On the other hand, if the thickness is more than 50 ⁇ m, there is a problem that processability is reduced when the cell is folded and assembled.
- the lithium-based metal may be lithium or a lithium alloy.
- the lithium alloy includes elements that can be alloyed with lithium, specifically lithium and Si, Sn, C, Pt, Ir, Ni, Cu, Ti, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, It may be an alloy with one or more types selected from the group consisting of Sr, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, and Al.
- the lithium-based metal may be in the form of a sheet or foil, and in some cases, lithium or lithium alloy may be deposited or coated on a current collector by a dry process, or metals and alloys on particles may be deposited or coated by a wet process, etc. It may be in a given form.
- a conventional separator may be interposed between the anode and the cathode.
- the separator is a physical separator that has the function of physically separating electrodes, and can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is used as a normal separator. In particular, it is desirable to have low resistance to ion movement in the electrolyte and excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability.
- the separator separates or insulates the positive and negative electrodes from each other and enables the transport of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
- These separators are porous and may be made of non-conductive or insulating materials.
- the separator may be an independent member such as a film, or may be a coating layer added to the anode and/or cathode.
- polyolefin-based porous membranes that can be used as the separation membrane include polyolefin-based polymers such as high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, and polypentene, respectively, individually or together.
- polyolefin-based polymers such as high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, and polypentene, respectively, individually or together.
- examples include membranes formed from mixed polymers.
- nonwoven fabrics that can be used as the separator include polyphenyleneoxide, polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethyleneterephthalate, and polyethylenenaphthalate.
- Nonwoven fabrics made of polymers mixed with these are possible, and such nonwoven fabrics are in the form of fibers that form a porous web, and include spunbond or meltblown forms made of long fibers.
- the thickness of the separator is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 50 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the separator is less than 1 ⁇ m, the mechanical properties cannot be maintained, and if it exceeds 100 ⁇ m, the separator acts as a resistance layer and battery performance deteriorates.
- the pore size and porosity of the separator are not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the pore size is 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m and the porosity is 10 to 95%.
- the separator acts as a resistance layer, and if the pore size is greater than 50 ⁇ m or the porosity is greater than 95%, the mechanical properties cannot be maintained. .
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention which includes the positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte as described above, can be manufactured through a process of placing the positive electrode against the negative electrode, interposing a separator between them, and then injecting an electrolyte solution.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is not only applied to battery cells used as a power source for small devices, but can also be particularly suitably used as a unit cell of a battery module that is a power source for medium to large devices.
- the present invention also provides a battery module containing two or more lithium secondary batteries electrically connected (series or parallel).
- the quantity of lithium secondary batteries included in the battery module can be adjusted in various ways considering the use and capacity of the battery module.
- the present invention provides a battery pack in which the battery modules are electrically connected according to common techniques in the art.
- the battery module and battery pack include Power Tool; Electric vehicles, including Electric Vehicle (EV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV); electric truck; electric commercial vehicles; Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for any one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems, but is not necessarily limited to this.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is an aircraft battery used for urban air mobility (UAM).
- Ketjen Black 20 g was placed in a quartz tube using a fluidized bed reactor, purged with nitrogen gas for 1 minute, and then activated with CO 2 gas at a temperature of 900°C for 5 hours.
- Figure 1 is a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm used to confirm the specific surface area of a porous carbon material according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of a porous carbon material according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.
- It is a pore size distribution chart (BJH plot, mesopore/macropore analysis) used to confirm the pore size of the material
- Figure 3 shows the pore size of the porous carbon material according to an example and comparative example of the present invention. This is the pore size distribution diagram (HK plot, micropore analysis) used.
- Tap density was measured for each of the porous carbon materials of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
- a tap density meter (model name: KYT-5000K, manufacturer: SEISHIN) was used for the measurement, and the results of tapping a 100 ml sample 1,000 times using this are shown below.
- the activated porous carbon material of Example 1 was compared to the non-activated porous carbon material of Comparative Example 1. It showed a low tap density compared to the porous carbon material. Therefore, through this, the advantages of activating carbon materials can be confirmed.
- sulfur and the porous carbon material were mixed at a weight ratio of 60:40 and then heated to prepare a sulfur-carbon composite.
- thermogravimetric analysis (10 °C/min temperature increase condition (20 °C ⁇ 900 °C), air atmosphere) was performed on each of the sulfur-carbon composites prepared in Example 2, Comparative Example 2, and Comparative Example 3, and the mass of each The results of observing the changes are shown in Figure 4. Meanwhile, a thermogravimetric analyzer (manufacturer: Mettler Toledo) was used for thermogravimetric analysis.
- FIG 4 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph of a sulfur-carbon composite according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.
- TGA thermogravimetric analysis
- LiTFSI concentration: 0.65 M
- dimethoxyethane second solvent
- 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether TTE, first solvent
- SSE electrolyte
- the prepared positive electrode was positioned to face the 150 ⁇ m thick lithium metal negative electrode, a polyethylene (PE) separator was placed between them, and the prepared electrolyte (SSE) was injected to produce a coin cell type lithium secondary battery. did. Meanwhile, in manufacturing the battery, the positive electrode was punched into a 14phi circular electrode, the polyethylene separator was punched into a 19phi, and the lithium metal was punched into a 16phi.
- PE polyethylene
- a coin cell type lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the sulfur-carbon composite prepared in Example 2 was changed to the sulfur-carbon composite prepared in Comparative Example 2. (Sulfur content alone is 63% by weight based on the total weight of the anode).
- a coin cell type lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the sulfur-carbon composite prepared in Example 2 was changed to the sulfur-carbon composite prepared in Comparative Example 3. (Sulfur content alone is 54% by weight based on the total weight of the anode).
- Example 3 The lithium secondary batteries manufactured in Example 3, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5 were subjected to 0.1C charge/0.1C discharge three times and then 0.2C charge/0.3C discharge to evaluate the discharge capacity and life characteristics of the battery.
- the discharge capacity evaluation results are shown in Table 3 below. At this time, the voltage range used was 1.2 to 3.6 V, and the evaluation temperature was room temperature.
- Figure 5 is a graph showing the discharge capacity of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment and a comparative example of the present invention
- Figure 6 shows the discharge capacity and life characteristics of a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment and a comparative example of the present invention. It's a graph.
- Example 3 As a result of measuring the discharge capacity and lifespan of the lithium secondary batteries manufactured in Example 3, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5, the specific surface area was more than 1,700 m 2 /g and the pore volume was 5 cm 3 while applying the SSE electrolyte. As shown in Table 3 above and in FIGS. 5 and 6, the battery of Example 3, which included carbon materials of more than /g in the sulfur-carbon composite, had a high sulfur content of 63% based on the total weight of the positive electrode. It was confirmed that the discharge capacity was more than 80% of the theoretical capacity, and the lifespan characteristics were also high.
- the batteries of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 which applied the SSE electrolyte but included a carbon material with a specific surface area of less than 1,700 m 2 /g and a pore volume of less than 5 cm 3 /g in the sulfur-carbon composite, are shown in Table 3 above. As shown in and as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, it was confirmed that both the discharge capacity and life characteristics were inferior to those of Example 3. In particular, in the case of Comparative Example 4, the sulfur content was high at 63% based on the total weight of the positive electrode, as in Example 3, but the high sulfur content had a negative effect, resulting in a large overvoltage of the cell, which caused the discharge capacity and nominal It was confirmed that the nominal voltage decreased and the lifespan characteristics also decreased.
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Abstract
Description
| BET 비표면적(m2/g) | 기공부피(cm3/g) | |
| 실시예 1 | 1,771 | 7.0864 |
| 비교예 1 | 1,350 | 3.7219 |
| Tap density (g/cc) | |
| 실시예 1 | 0.044 |
| 비교예 1 | 0.062 |
| 양극 총 중량 기준 황의 함량(wt%) | 0.1C 3번째 방전용량(mAh/gsulfur) | |
| 실시예 3 | 63 | 1,439 |
| 비교예 4 | 63 | 1,220 |
| 비교예 5 | 54 | 1,272 |
Claims (17)
- 비표면적이 1,700 m2/g 이상이고, 기공부피가 5 cm3/g 이상인 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 다공성 탄소재의 기공부피가 7 cm3/g 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 다공성 탄소재는 탄소나노튜브; 그래핀(multilayer graphene flake, MGF); 그래파이트; 카본 블랙, 아세틸렌 블랙, 케첸 블랙, 덴카 블랙, 써멀 블랙, 채널 블랙, 퍼네이스 블랙 및 램프 블랙으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 카본 블랙; 탄소 섬유; 및 이들 중 2종 이상이 포함된 혼합물;로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 3에 있어서, 상기 다공성 탄소재는 케첸 블랙인 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 다공성 탄소재는 활성화(activation) 처리된 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 다공성 탄소재는, 불소계 에테르 화합물을 포함하는 제1 용매, 글라임계 화합물을 포함하는 제2 용매 및 리튬염을 포함하는 전해질을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지의 양극 활물질용인 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재.
- 청구항 1의 다공성 탄소재를 제조하는 방법으로,탄소재를 가스 활성화제로 물리적 활성화(physical activation)시키거나, 약품 활성화제로 화학적 활성화(chemical activation)시키는 단계를 포함하는 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 활성화되기 이전의 탄소재가 가스 또는 약품과 반응하여 고체상의 탄소가 가스화되면서 탄소재에 미세 기공이 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 물리적 활성화 또는 화학적 활성화 중에는 탄화 공정이 수행되지 않는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 물리적 활성화 또는 화학적 활성화 이전이나 이후에는 탄화 공정이 수행되지 않는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 가스 활성화제는 수증기, 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소 및 산소로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되고, 상기 가스 활성화제를 이용한 물리적 활성화는 500 내지 1,000 ℃의 온도에서 1 내지 10 시간 동안 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 약품 활성화제는 KOH, K2CO3, NaOH, Na2CO3, AlCl3, MgCl3 및 H3PO4로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되고, 상기 약품 활성화제를 이용한 화학적 활성화는 400 내지 1,000 ℃의 온도에서 1 내지 10 시간 동안 수행되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 7에 있어서, 상기 활성화되기 이전의 탄소재와 약품 활성화제의 침적 비율은 중량비로서 1 : 8 내지 1 : 1인 것을 특징으로 하는, 다공성 탄소재의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1의 다공성 탄소재에 황이 담지된 황-탄소 복합체를 양극 활물질로 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극.
- 청구항 14의 리튬 이차전지용 양극; 음극; 이들의 사이에 개재되는 분리막; 및 불소계 에테르 화합물을 포함하는 제1 용매, 글라임계 화합물을 포함하는 제2 용매 및 리튬염을 포함하는 전해질;을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 15에 있어서, 상기 양극에 포함된 황은 양극 총 중량에 대해 60 내지 90 중량%의 함량으로 포함되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 15에 있어서, 상기 양극에 포함된 황의 이용률이 이론 방전용량의 80 % 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는, 리튬 이차전지.
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| EP23904020.7A EP4578829A4 (en) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-12-14 | POROUS CARBONATE MATERIAL, ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS, POSITIVE ELECTRODE FOR SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPRISING SAID CARBONATE MATERIAL AS THE ACTIVE POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL, AND SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY |
| JP2025518994A JP2025533057A (ja) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-12-14 | 多孔性炭素材、その製造方法、前記炭素材を正極活物質として含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びリチウム二次電池 |
| CN202380071805.2A CN119947988A (zh) | 2022-12-16 | 2023-12-14 | 多孔碳材料、其制造方法、包含碳材料作为正极活性材料的正极以及锂二次电池 |
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| KR1020220176685A KR20240094422A (ko) | 2022-12-16 | 2022-12-16 | 다공성 탄소재, 이의 제조방법, 상기 탄소재를 양극 활물질로 포함하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 |
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| KR101730440B1 (ko) * | 2016-02-29 | 2017-04-26 | 인하대학교 산학협력단 | 수소저장용 활성 케천블랙 흡착제의 제조방법 |
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| KR102854274B1 (ko) * | 2020-09-29 | 2025-09-02 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 고 에너지 밀도를 갖는 리튬-황 전지 |
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| CN103236542A (zh) * | 2013-04-17 | 2013-08-07 | 浙江大学 | 一种以金属-有机框架材料为硫载体的锂硫电池正极材料的制备方法 |
| KR20170079718A (ko) * | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-10 | 기초과학연구원 | 탄소 구조체 및 이의 제조방법 |
| KR20190073710A (ko) * | 2017-12-19 | 2019-06-27 | 주식회사 티씨케이 | 전극소재용 활성탄의 제조방법 |
| KR20190098401A (ko) * | 2018-02-14 | 2019-08-22 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 리튬-황 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법, 이에 의해 제조되는 리튬-황 전지용 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬-황 전지 |
| KR20200060258A (ko) * | 2018-11-22 | 2020-05-29 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 리튬-황 이차전지 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2026081434A1 (zh) * | 2024-10-16 | 2026-04-23 | 安徽壹金新能源科技有限公司 | 一种硅碳复合负极材料及制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JP2025533057A (ja) | 2025-10-03 |
| CN119947988A (zh) | 2025-05-06 |
| EP4578829A4 (en) | 2026-01-21 |
| EP4578829A1 (en) | 2025-07-02 |
| KR20240094422A (ko) | 2024-06-25 |
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