WO2024136307A1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024136307A1 WO2024136307A1 PCT/KR2023/020670 KR2023020670W WO2024136307A1 WO 2024136307 A1 WO2024136307 A1 WO 2024136307A1 KR 2023020670 W KR2023020670 W KR 2023020670W WO 2024136307 A1 WO2024136307 A1 WO 2024136307A1
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- C01G53/502—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2 containing lithium and cobalt
- C01G53/504—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2 containing lithium and cobalt with the molar ratio of nickel with respect to all the metals other than alkali metals higher than or equal to 0.5, e.g. Li(MzNixCoyMn1-x-y-z)O2 with x ≥ 0.5
- C01G53/506—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2 containing lithium and cobalt with the molar ratio of nickel with respect to all the metals other than alkali metals higher than or equal to 0.5, e.g. Li(MzNixCoyMn1-x-y-z)O2 with x ≥ 0.5 with the molar ratio of nickel with respect to all the metals other than alkali metals higher than or equal to 0.8, e.g. Li(MzNixCoyMn1-x-y-z)O2 with x ≥ 0.8
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries, a manufacturing method thereof, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same. More specifically, it relates to a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries composed of single particles, a manufacturing method thereof, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same. .
- Ni 3+ nickel-based NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) cathode material with a high nickel content
- NCM nickel-cobalt-manganese
- the cation mixing phenomenon increases, making it difficult to use it as a positive electrode active material for actual electric vehicles or lithium-ion batteries for energy storage.
- single particles have a problem in that a resistance layer of nickel oxide is present on the surface during the manufacturing process, which increases initial resistance and reduces lifespan characteristics.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a single particle positive electrode active material that can improve the capacity and output characteristics of a battery by reducing the initial resistance and improve the lifespan characteristics, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same. will be.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a core including a layered lithium transition metal oxide containing 60 mol% or more of nickel (Ni) based on the total number of moles of transition metal; and a coating layer disposed on the core and containing cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), or a combination thereof, and composed of single particles, wherein the coating layer is an island type cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery. to provide.
- the content of nickel may be 85 mol% or more based on the total number of moles of transition metal.
- the coating layer further contains lithium and may be an oxide.
- the coating layer may be a protruding or hemispherical coating material discontinuously disposed on the core.
- the coating layer may have a layered crystal structure.
- the coating layer may be connected to the core in a layered crystal structure.
- the coating layer includes cobalt and aluminum, and the molar ratio of cobalt to aluminum (Co/Al) may be 3 to 18.
- the content of the coating layer may be 1 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material for the lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may further include zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), or a combination thereof.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may be represented by the following formula (1).
- M1 is Zr, Al or a combination thereof and M2 is Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr, or a combination thereof.
- Another embodiment of the present invention includes preparing a transition metal hydroxide containing nickel; Forming a mixture containing the transition metal hydroxide and lithium raw material and then calcining it at a temperature of 710 to 930° C. to form lithium transition metal oxide; And mixing the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material and then heat-treating the coating material at a temperature of 670 to 740° C. to form a coating layer, wherein the coating raw material includes a cobalt raw material, an aluminum raw material, or a combination thereof.
- a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is provided.
- the mixture further includes a doping raw material, and the doping raw material may include a zirconium raw material, an aluminum raw material, or a combination thereof.
- the content of the coating raw material may be 1 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material.
- the coating raw material may be fine particles with an average particle diameter (D50) of 200 to 500 nm.
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a positive electrode containing the above-described positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between them, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery described above.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is a single particle and includes a coating layer containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof.
- the coating layer is an island type, the initial resistance is reduced to reduce the battery The capacity and output characteristics can be improved, and the lifespan characteristics can be improved.
- the method for manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery facilitates the production of a cathode active material having an island-type coating layer as a single particle by appropriately controlling the sintering temperature when forming a lithium transition metal oxide and the heat treatment temperature when forming a coating layer. It can be manufactured easily.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- Figure 3 is an SEM image of the surface of a single particle of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Example 1-1.
- Figure 4 is an SEM image of the surface of a single particle of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Comparative Example 1.
- Figure 5 is an image of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Example 1-1 after FIB (Focused Ion Milling).
- Figure 6 is an image of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Comparative Example 1 after FIB (Focused Ion Milling).
- Figure 7 is an elements mapping image of the cathode active material prepared according to Example 1-1 after FIB (Focused Ion Milling).
- Figure 8 is a graph of the EDS line scan measurement results from the inside of the active material to the outside for area 1 of the image after FIB (Focused Ion Milling) of the positive electrode active material manufactured according to Example 1-1.
- Figure 9 is a graph showing the results of an EDS line scan from the inside of the active material to the outside of area 2 of the image after FIB (Focused Ion Milling) of the positive electrode active material manufactured according to Example 1-1.
- Figure 10 is a graph showing the results of an EDS line scan from the inside of the active material to the outside of area 1 of the image after FIB (Focused Ion Milling) of the positive electrode active material manufactured according to Comparative Example 1.
- Figure 11 is a graph of EELS measurement results on the coating layer of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Example 1-1.
- Figure 12 is a TEM image of a cross section of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Example 1-1.
- Figure 13 is an SAED pattern analysis image of the core and coating layer regions of the positive electrode active material prepared according to Example 1-1.
- first, second, and third are used to describe, but are not limited to, various parts, components, regions, layers, and/or sections. These terms are used only to distinguish one portion, component, region, layer or section from another portion, component, region, layer or section. Accordingly, the first part, component, region, layer or section described below may be referred to as the second part, component, region, layer or section without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- % means weight%, and 1ppm is 0.0001% by weight.
- the term "combination(s) thereof" described in the Markushi format expression refers to a mixture or combination of one or more selected from the group consisting of the components described in the Markushi format expression, It means containing one or more selected from the group consisting of constituent elements.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a core including a layered lithium transition metal oxide containing 60 mol% or more of nickel (Ni) based on the total number of moles of transition metal; and a coating layer disposed on the core and containing cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), or a combination thereof, and is composed of single particles, wherein the coating layer is an island type cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery. to provide.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material 100 for a lithium secondary battery has a core 10 and a coating layer 20 disposed on the core.
- the positive electrode active material 100 for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention is composed of single particles.
- the positive electrode active material can be divided into unassembled primary particles or secondary particles formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles, depending on whether the primary particles, which are unit particles, are aggregated.
- These primary particles refer to the smallest particle unit that can be distinguished as one lump when observing the cross section of the positive electrode active material through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and may consist of a single crystal grain or a plurality of crystal grains.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is composed of single particles, the problem of secondary particles is that the specific surface area is large, so there is a high risk of side reactions with the electrolyte, and as charging and discharging are repeated, fine cracks are formed between the primary particles. ) can solve the problem of low structural stability and deterioration of life characteristics.
- the rolling density can be increased during electrode manufacturing, thereby improving the energy density of the electrode.
- single-particle positive electrode active materials have a problem in that a nickel oxide resistance layer is created on the surface by unstable Ni 3+ and Ni 4+ ions, which increases initial resistance and slightly reduces lifespan characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a coating layer 20 containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof on a lithium transition metal oxide core.
- the active material includes a coating layer containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof
- the formation of the nickel oxide resistance layer can be suppressed, thereby reducing the initial resistance, improving the capacity and output characteristics of the battery, and improving the lifespan characteristics.
- the residual lithium of lithium transition metal oxide can be reduced during the coating layer formation process, thereby suppressing the degradation of battery performance due to residual lithium.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an island coating type positive electrode active material according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a conformal coating type positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material coating layer according to the present invention is an island type.
- the form of the positive electrode active material coating layer can be divided into a conformal coating that uniformly and continuously covers the entire surface of the positive electrode material, and an island coating that covers the entire surface of the positive electrode material in a discontinuous dot shape.
- the optimal form of this coating layer to improve battery performance may vary depending on the coating material.
- the present inventors have found that the island coating method is more effective in improving battery performance when using a coating material containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof.
- the coating material containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof forms a complex oxide-based material containing lithium and oxygen when forming a coating layer by heat treatment.
- this oxide-based material is a full-face coating type that surrounds the entire cathode material. In this case, this appears to be because the resistance characteristics increase as lithium is inserted or desorbed into the core. Accordingly, by reducing the initial resistance of the battery, the capacity and output characteristics of the battery can be improved, and the lifespan characteristics can be improved.
- the coating layer may further include lithium and may be an oxide. More specifically, the coating layer may be a complex oxide containing lithium, cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof. This is the result of a reaction between the residual lithium remaining on the surface and the coating raw material when lithium transition metal oxide is formed during the manufacturing process.
- the coating layer may be in the form of a plurality of coating materials in the form of protrusions or hemispheres discontinuously disposed on the core.
- the size of each of the protrusions or hemispherical coating materials may be 50 to 400 nm. As the size of each protruding or hemispherical coating material satisfies the above range, there is an advantage of island-type random coating.
- the arrangement form and size of these coating materials can be confirmed by observing a SEM (scanning electron microscope) or TEM (transmission electron microscope) image of the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the coating layer may have a layered crystal structure. That is, both the core and the coating layer of the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have a layered crystal structure. Accordingly, unlike conventional coating layers that block the path through which lithium ions are transmitted to the core by a general inorganic coating layer, the layered coating layer of the present invention has the advantage of being able to serve as a passage through which lithium ions can pass. The layered structure of the coating layer can be confirmed by analyzing the SAED (Selected Area Electron Diffraction) pattern of the active material.
- SAED Select Area Electron Diffraction
- the coating layer may be connected to the core in a layered crystal structure. Accordingly, the effect of improving lithium ion conductivity can be maximized. This can be confirmed by EDS line scanning the boundary area between the core and coating layer.
- the coating layer may contain only cobalt, only aluminum, or both cobalt and aluminum. More specifically, the battery performance improvement effect can be preferably implemented when the coating layer contains both cobalt and aluminum.
- the coating layer includes both cobalt and aluminum
- the molar ratio of cobalt to aluminum (Co/Al) may be 3 to 18, and more specifically, 4 to 17. Accordingly, the battery performance improvement effect can be more preferably implemented.
- the content of the coating layer may be 1 to 3% by weight, more specifically, 1.2 to 2.8% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery. If the content of the coating layer is too small, the effect of reducing initial resistance and improving capacity, output, and lifespan characteristics by the coating mentioned above may be minimal, and if the content of the coating layer is too high, the content of the core may be too low, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity. there is.
- the core includes layered lithium transition metal oxide.
- the nickel content may be 60 mol% or more, and more specifically, 85 mol% or more based on the total number of moles of transition metal. The higher the nickel content, the more high capacity can be realized, but there is a problem of reduced structural stability due to the cation mixing phenomenon.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is composed of single particles as described above, and includes a coating layer containing cobalt, aluminum, or a combination thereof, so that battery stability can be secured at the same time as implementing a high content of nickel as described above.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may further include zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), or a combination thereof as a doping element.
- zirconium, aluminum, or a combination thereof as a doping element, the structural stability of the active material can be improved to maximize battery life characteristics.
- Zr acts as a kind of pillar because Zr ions occupy the Li site and stabilizes the layered structure by alleviating the contraction of the lithium ion path during the charging and discharging process. do. This phenomenon can increase cycle life by reducing cation mixing and increasing lithium diffusion coefficient.
- Al ions move to the tetragonal lattice site, preventing the layered structure from deteriorating into a spinel structure in which lithium ions do not move smoothly.
- the doping element may contain only Zr, only Al, or both Zr and Al.
- the effect of improving battery life characteristics can be maximized when both Zr and Al are included as doping elements.
- the content of Zr may be 0.1 to 1 mol%, more specifically 0.16 to 0.64 mol%, based on the total number of moles of transition metal.
- the content of Al may be 0.1 to 4 mol%, more specifically 0.4 to 2.8 mol%, based on the total number of moles of transition metal.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may be more specifically represented by the following formula (1).
- M1 is Zr, Al or a combination thereof and M2 is Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr, or a combination thereof.
- lithium may be included in an amount corresponding to a, that is, 0.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2. If a is too small, capacity may decrease, and if a is too large, the strength of the fired positive electrode active material may increase, making grinding difficult, and the amount of gas generated may increase due to an increase in lithium by-products. Considering the effect of improving the capacity characteristics of the positive electrode active material by controlling the lithium content and the sinterability balance when manufacturing the active material, the lithium may be more preferably included in an amount of 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.1.
- nickel may be included in an amount corresponding to x, that is, 0.6 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.97 or 0.85 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.97. If the nickel content is too low, it may be difficult to achieve high capacity of the battery, and if the nickel content is too high, battery life and safety may decrease due to a decrease in the structural stability of the active material.
- cobalt may be included in an amount corresponding to y, that is, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2. If the cobalt content is too low, it may be difficult to simultaneously achieve sufficient rate characteristics and high powder density of the active material. If the cobalt content is too high, the overall cost of the raw material may increase and the reversible capacity may decrease.
- manganese may be included in a content corresponding to z, that is, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2. If the manganese content is too low, production costs may increase and active material stability may decrease. If the manganese content is too high, the capacity and output characteristics of the battery may decrease.
- M1 may be included in a content corresponding to w1, that is, 0 ⁇ w1 ⁇ 0.1.
- M1 is a doping element, Zr, Al, or a combination thereof.
- M2 may be included in a content corresponding to w2, that is, 0 ⁇ w2 ⁇ 0.1.
- M2 is another doping element and is Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr, or a combination thereof.
- the present inventors realized that it is important to control the heat treatment temperature for forming the coating layer and used it to manufacture the active material. The method was completed.
- Another embodiment of the present invention includes preparing a transition metal hydroxide containing nickel; Forming a mixture containing the transition metal hydroxide and lithium raw material and then calcining it at a temperature of 710 to 930° C. to form lithium transition metal oxide; And mixing the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material and then heat-treating the coating material at a temperature of 670 to 740° C. to form a coating layer, wherein the coating raw material includes a cobalt raw material, an aluminum raw material, or a combination thereof.
- a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is provided.
- the transition metal hydroxide is a positive electrode active material precursor.
- a doping element may be doped in the preparation step of the positive electrode active material precursor.
- the precursor may include nickel raw material, manganese raw material and optionally Zr, Al, Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr.
- it may be manufactured by adding an ammonia solution and a caustic soda solution to a transition metal-containing solution containing a doping raw material containing a combination thereof and performing a coprecipitation reaction.
- the nickel raw material is not particularly limited as long as it is used in the manufacture of a positive electrode active material precursor in the art.
- the nickel raw material may be nickel-containing sulfate, acetate, nitrate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide, or oxyhydroxide, and specifically, NiSO 4 , NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, Ni(OH) 2 , NiO, NiOOH, NiCO 3 ⁇ 2Ni(OH) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O, NiC 2 O 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, fatty acid nickel salt, nickel halide, or a combination thereof.
- NiSO 4 NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O
- fatty acid nickel salt nickel
- the manganese raw material is not particularly limited as long as it is used in the manufacture of a positive electrode active material precursor in the art.
- the manganese raw material may be manganese-containing sulfate, acetate, nitrate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide, oxyhydroxide, or a combination thereof, specifically MnSO 4 , MnCO 3 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 , manganese salts such as manganese acetate, dicarboxylic acid manganese salt, manganese citrate, and fatty acid manganese salt, manganese oxide such as Mn 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , and Mn 3 O 4 , oxyhydroxide, manganese chloride, or a combination thereof. It may be, but is not limited to this.
- the ammonia solution is a complex forming agent, for example, NH 3 , NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl, CH 3 COONH 4 , NH 4 CO 3 or a combination thereof. It may include, but is not limited to this. Meanwhile, the ammonia solution may be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and in this case, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol, etc.) that is uniformly miscible with water may be used as the solvent.
- an organic solvent specifically, alcohol, etc.
- the caustic soda solution may contain, as a precipitant or pH adjuster, an alkaline compound such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, hydrate thereof, or a combination thereof, such as NaOH, KOH, or Ca(OH) 2 .
- the caustic soda solution can also be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and in this case, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol, etc.) that is uniformly miscible with water can be used as the solvent.
- the coprecipitation reaction may be performed under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
- the coprecipitation reaction may be performed at a temperature within the reactor of 30 to 70°C, specifically 40 to 60°C, and more specifically 45 to 55°C.
- the precipitated precursor particles can be separated and dried according to a conventional method to obtain a precursor.
- the precursor may be a secondary particle formed by agglomerating primary particles.
- the concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material and the manganese-containing raw material by controlling the concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material and the manganese-containing raw material, a precursor having a nickel (Ni) content of 60 mol% or more or 85 mol% or more of the total metal content can be manufactured.
- the nickel content of the transition metal hydroxide may be 60 mol% or 85 mol% or more based on the total number of moles of transition metal, thereby achieving high capacity of the battery.
- a mixture containing the transition metal hydroxide and lithium raw material is formed and then fired at a temperature of 730 to 900° C. to form lithium transition metal oxide.
- the mixture may further include a doping raw material, and the doping raw material may include a zirconium raw material, an aluminum raw material, or a combination thereof.
- the doping raw material may further include other doping raw materials including Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr, or a combination thereof. It may also be included.
- the firing temperature is 710 to 930°C, and more specifically, 720 to 920°C. If the sintering temperature is too low, it is not easy to form the positive electrode active material in the form of single particles, and particle size growth may not occur sufficiently. If the sintering temperature is too high, the structural stability of the positive electrode active material may decrease, resulting in a decrease in reversible capacity, etc.
- the firing time may be performed for 2 to 36 hours, and more specifically, may be performed for 20 to 30 hours. If the firing time is too short, the synthesis reaction may not be completed completely or the crystal structure may not be sufficiently developed, and if the firing time is too long, productivity may be inferior.
- the firing may be performed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- a high-concentration nickel (Ni-rich) cathode active material with a high Ni content is fired at a high temperature for a long time, cation mixing occurs in which Ni 2+ is located in the lithium layer in the layered crystal structure during the firing process. To prevent this, cation mixing occurs. It is preferable to synthesize the positive electrode active material under an oxygen atmosphere.
- the firing may be divided into primary firing and secondary firing.
- the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material are mixed and then heat treated at a temperature of 670 to 740° C. to form a coating layer.
- the coating raw material includes cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, or a combination thereof.
- the coating raw material may further include lithium raw material.
- the cobalt raw material is not particularly limited as long as it is a cobalt-containing material, but is preferably Co(OH) 2 .
- the aluminum raw material is not particularly limited as long as it is an aluminum-containing material, but is preferably Al(OH) 3 .
- the lithium raw material is not particularly limited as long as it is a lithium-containing material, but is preferably LiOH ⁇ H 2 O.
- the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer may be 670 to 740°C, and more specifically, 680 to 730°C. If the heat treatment temperature is too low, the coating layer may not be formed easily. If the heat treatment temperature is too high, a conformal coating layer is formed instead of an island-type coating layer, or Co or Al, which is a coating raw material, diffuses too much inside rather than on the surface of the cathode material, causing battery damage due to coating. The performance improvement effect may be minimal.
- the content of the coating raw material may be 1 to 3% by weight, more specifically, 1.2 to 2.8% by weight, based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material. If the content of the coating raw material is too low, the coating content will be too low, and the effect of reducing initial resistance and improving life characteristics by coating may be minimal. If the content of the coating raw material is too high, the coating content will be too high, causing the core content to be too high. As a result, battery capacity may decrease.
- the content of the cobalt raw material may be 1 to 2% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material.
- the content of the aluminum raw material may be 0.2 to 0.8% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw material.
- the coating raw material may be fine particles with an average particle diameter (D50) of 200 to 500 nm. If the size of the fine particles is too small, there may be a problem of non-uniform coating due to agglomeration during dry mixing of the coating raw materials, and if the size of the fine particles is too large, the coating particles may become too large and there may be a problem of increased resistance. .
- D50 average particle diameter
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a positive electrode containing the above-described positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on the positive electrode current collector and including the above-described positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive without causing chemical changes in the battery, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or carbon, nickel, titanium on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , surface treated with silver, etc. may be used. Additionally, the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material. For example, it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include a binder and/or a conductive material along with the positive electrode active material described above.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector.
- specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular restrictions in the battery being constructed as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Alternatively, conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- the conductive material may typically be included in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the positive electrode active material described above.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured by applying a composition for forming a positive active material layer containing the above-described positive active material and optionally a binder, a conductive material, or a solvent on a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling. At this time, the types and contents of the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive material are as described above.
- the solvent may be a solvent commonly used in the art, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, or water. and the like, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the amount of solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, and binder in consideration of the application thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity when applied for subsequent positive electrode production. do.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by casting the composition for forming the positive electrode active material layer on a separate support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from the support on a positive electrode current collector.
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material described above.
- the lithium secondary battery may specifically include a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned opposite the positive electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and the positive electrode is as described above.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- it can be used on the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel. Surface treatment with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and like the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the negative electrode active material layer may optionally include a binder and a conductive material along with the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed by applying and drying a composition for forming a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material and optionally a binder and a conductive material on a negative electrode current collector, or casting the negative electrode forming composition on a separate support. It may then be manufactured by peeling from this support and laminating the obtained film onto the negative electrode current collector.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon;
- Metallic compounds that can be alloyed with lithium such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy;
- a composite containing the above-described metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or Sn-C composite, may be used, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- Representative examples include high-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes.
- the binder and conductive material may be the same as those previously described for the positive electrode.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in lithium secondary batteries, and in particular, it can be used for ion movement in the electrolyte. It is desirable to have low resistance and excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous nonwoven fabrics for example, nonwoven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or polymer material may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the electrolyte may include an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel-type polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, and a molten inorganic electrolyte that can be used when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery. It is not limited to.
- the organic liquid electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent includes ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone-based solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate Carbonate-based solvents such as PC); Alcohol-based solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (R is a C2 to C20 straight-chain, branched or
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, and cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) with high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery, and low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds ( For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.) are more preferable.
- cyclic carbonates e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.
- excellent electrolyte performance can be obtained by mixing cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9.
- the lithium salt can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is a compound that can provide lithium ions used in lithium secondary batteries.
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1 to 2.0M. When the concentration of lithium salt is within the above range, the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be achieved and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- Ethyl phosphite triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexamethyl phosphate triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imide
- One or more additives such as dazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included. At this time, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery containing the positive electrode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent discharge capacity, output characteristics, and capacity maintenance rate, and is therefore widely used in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles ( It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- another embodiment of the present invention provides a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same.
- the battery module or battery pack is a power tool; Electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV); Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems.
- Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV);
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- spherical transition metal hydroxide particles were prepared by coprecipitation.
- Synthetic raw materials were prepared by dissolving NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, CoSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O in DI water.
- NH 4 (OH) was added as a co-precipitation chelating agent, and NaOH was added to adjust pH. used.
- N 2 was purged to prevent oxidation of Ni during coprecipitation, and the reactor temperature was maintained at 50°C.
- the prepared precursor was filtered, washed with DI water, and dried in an oven at 100°C for 24 hours.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the metal hydroxide precursor prepared in this way was about 3 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the metal composition of the precursor prepared in this way was (Ni 0.88 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 )(OH) 2 .
- the prepared precursor and the lithium source LiOH ⁇ H 2 O
- LiOH ⁇ H 2 O LiOH ⁇ H 2 O
- the Li/Me ratio was slightly over 1.
- 0.003 mol of Zr and 0.01 mol of Al were added and fired at 890°C for 24 hours to obtain a product with the composition of LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2
- a single particle cathode material in the form of lithium transition metal oxide was synthesized. At this time, the amount of Zr added was very small and was not described in the composition.
- the prepared lithium transition metal oxide and Co(OH) 2 as a cobalt raw material, Al(OH) 3 as an aluminum raw material, and LiOH ⁇ H 2 O as a lithium raw material were mixed in a dry manner.
- the content of Co(OH) 2 was mixed to 1.5% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material.
- the content of Al(OH) 3 was mixed to 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material.
- the content of LiOH ⁇ H 2 O was mixed to 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material. At this time, Co(OH) 2 and Al 2 O 3 were all fine particles with a size of 200 to 500 nm.
- a positive electrode active material was manufactured by heat treatment at 710°C to form a coating layer. At this time, the Co/Al molar ratio of the formed coating layer was 4, and the content of the formed coating layer was 1.5% by weight based on the positive electrode active material.
- the slurry viscosity was adjusted to about 30%.
- the prepared slurry was coated on a 15 ⁇ m thick Al foil using a doctor blade, then dried and rolled.
- the electrode loading amount was 14.6 mg/cm 2 and the rolling density (25°C, 20kN) was 3.7 g/cm 3 .
- the same lithium transition metal oxide as in Example 1-1 was used, and the coating layer was prepared under different manufacturing conditions.
- the content of Co(OH) 2 was mixed to 1.8% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material.
- the content of Al(OH) 3 was mixed to 0.05% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material.
- the content of LiOH ⁇ H 2 O was mixed to 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, cobalt raw material, aluminum raw material, and lithium raw material.
- Co(OH) 2 and Al 2 O 3 were all fine particles with a size of 200 to 500 nm.
- a positive electrode active material was manufactured by heat treatment at 710°C to form a coating layer.
- the Co/Al molar ratio of the formed coating layer was 17, and the content of the formed coating layer was 2.0% by weight based on the positive electrode active material.
- the composition of the prepared precursor is Ni 0.92 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 (OH) 2 , and the sintering temperature during the production of lithium transition metal oxide is 770°C to obtain the composition of LiNi 0.91 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 Al 0.01 O 2 (the doping amount of Zr is very small).
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that a lithium transition metal oxide having a composition (not indicated in the composition) was formed.
- the composition of the prepared precursor is Ni 0.96 Co 0.03 Mn 0.01 (OH) 2 , and the sintering temperature when producing the lithium transition metal oxide was set to 750°C to obtain the composition of LiNi 0.95 Co 0.03 Mn 0.01 Al 0.01 O 2 (the doping amount of Zr is very small).
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that a lithium transition metal oxide having a composition (not indicated in the composition) was formed.
- the composition of the prepared precursor is Ni 0.98 Co 0.01 Mn 0.01 (OH) 2 , and the sintering temperature during the production of lithium transition metal oxide is 730°C to obtain the composition of LiNi 0.97 Co 0.01 Mn 0.01 Al 0.01 O 2 (the doping amount of Zr is very small).
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that a lithium transition metal oxide having a composition (not indicated in the composition) was formed.
- the composition of the prepared precursor is Ni 0.86 Co 0.09 Mn 0.05 (OH) 2 , and the sintering temperature when producing the lithium transition metal oxide is 910°C to obtain the composition of LiNi 0.85 Co 0.09 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 (the doping amount of Zr is very small).
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that a lithium transition metal oxide having a composition (not indicated in the composition) was formed.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as Example 1-1, except that the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer was set to 760°C.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer was set to 760°C.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer was set to 760°C.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer was set to 760°C.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the heat treatment temperature when forming the coating layer was set to 760°C.
- Example 1-1 Except that when forming the coating layer, the weight ratio between the content of Co(OH) 2 , the content of Al(OH) 3 , and the content of LiOH ⁇ H 2 O was adjusted to form the coating layer so that the Co/Al molar ratio of the coating layer was 2.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1.
- Example 1-1 Except that when forming the coating layer, the weight ratio between the content of Co(OH) 2 , the content of Al(OH) 3 , and the content of LiOH ⁇ H 2 O was adjusted to form the coating layer so that the Co/Al molar ratio of the coating layer was 1.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1.
- the weight ratio between the content of Co(OH) 2 , Al(OH) 3 , and LiOH ⁇ H 2 O is kept the same, but each coating raw material is used so that the content of the formed coating layer is 0.8% by weight compared to the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as Example 1-1, except that the content of the material was reduced.
- the weight ratio between the content of Co(OH) 2 , Al(OH) 3 , and LiOH ⁇ H 2 O is kept the same, but each coating raw material is used so that the content of the formed coating layer is 3.2% by weight compared to the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as Example 1-1, except that the content of the material was increased.
- Table 1 below is a table summarizing the positive electrode active materials and process conditions of Examples 1-1 to 5, Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and Reference Examples 1 to 6.
- Transition metal oxide composition coating layer elements Coating layer type Coating layer content (wt%) Coating layer Co/Al molar ratio firing temperature (°C) Coating heat treatment temperature (°C)
- Example 1-1 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Co, Al Island 1.5 4 890 710
- Example 1-2 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Co, Al Island 2.0 17 890 710 Comparative Example 1 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Co, Al Conformal 1.5 4 890 760
- Reference example 2 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Al Island 1.5 0 890 710
- Reference example 3 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Co, Al Island 1.5 2 890 710
- Reference example 4 LiNi 0.87 Co 0.07 Mn 0.05 Al 0.01 O 2 Co
- Example 1-1 it was confirmed that a coating material in the form of a protrusion or a hemisphere with a size of 100 to 300 nm was discontinuously present on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. Accordingly, it was found that an island-type coating layer was formed.
- EDS line scan was measured from the inside of the active material to the outside for area 1 of the image, and the results are shown in Figure 8, and the active material for area 2 EDS line scan was measured from the inside to the outside, and the results are shown in Figure 9.
- EDS line scan was measured from the inside of the active material to the outside for area 1 of the image, and the results are shown in FIG. 10.
- Example 1-1 in the case of Example 1-1, it was confirmed that cobalt and aluminum coexisted in both region 1 and region 2, which was consistent with the elements mapping analysis image of FIG. 7. In addition, it was confirmed that the concentration gradient of cobalt and aluminum continued continuously, confirming that the layered crystal structure of the coating layer and the core were connected without distortion of the crystal structure.
- the coating layer had a lithium-cobalt-aluminum complex oxide composition by reacting with the residual lithium remaining when forming lithium transition metal oxide and the coating raw materials, cobalt and aluminum.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 1-1 had a lithium transition metal oxide core and an island-shaped coating layer.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 1-1 had a well-formed layered structure in both the core and the coating layer.
- the coating layer had a layered structure with a composition consisting of lithium, cobalt, and aluminum complex oxide.
- DC-iR Room temperature resistance
- High-temperature lifespan characteristics were measured 50 times at 45°C under 0.3C charge/0.3C discharge conditions.
- Room temperature lifespan characteristics were measured 50 times at 25°C under 0.3C charge/0.3C discharge conditions.
- the rate of increase in high-temperature resistance was evaluated by measuring resistance in the same manner as the initial resistance measurement method after 50 cycle lifes compared to the resistance initially measured at 45°C, and converting the increase rate into a percentage (%).
- DSC analysis was prepared by charging the manufactured coin cell to 4.25V under initial 0.1C charging conditions, then disassembling the cell, taking only the positive electrode separately, and washing it with DMC 5 times.
- the DSC crucible was impregnated with an electrolyte along with the electrode plate and then measured while raising the temperature.
- the DSC device measured was Mettler Toledo's DSC1 star system.
- the output characteristics were evaluated by dividing the capacity at 2C by the 0.1C capacity and converting it into a percentage (%).
- Example 1-1 201.2 89.1 30.5 93.3 92.1 76.2 230.4 90.2
- Example 1-2 201.9 89.0 30.3 93.1 91.9 76.3 229.0 90.4
- Comparative Example 1 195.3 87.3 45.3 88.5 85.1 100.3 227.2 84.3
- Reference example 1 203.5 90.1 30.0 92.0 88.9 79.0 227.3 91.0
- Reference example 2 195.2 87.2 43.5 91.5 88.0 88.9 228.5 85.5
- Reference example 3 198.0 87.5 45.6 93.0 91.5 77.5 231.5 86.5
- Reference example 4 196.6 87.5 45.5 92.8 91.7 79.9 232.0 85.5
- Reference example 5 204.5 89.6 30.3 89.0 86.3 91.5 227.9 89.5
- Reference example 6 196.0 86.9 44.0 94.0 92.9 78.5 229.7 85.0
- Example 2 196.0 86.9 44.0 94.0 92.9 78.5 229.7 85.0
- Example 2 196.0 86.9 44.0 94.0 92.9 78.5 22
- Example 1-2 compared to Example 1-1, the amount of Co added was increased and the Al content was reduced, but due to the excellent electrical conductivity of the Co element and the effect of improving lifespan characteristics, deterioration of properties due to insufficient Al content, especially deterioration of lifespan characteristics, was observed. It was confirmed that it could be supplemented.
- Example 1 it was confirmed that high temperature and room temperature lifespan characteristics, high temperature resistance increase rate, and DSC peak temperature characteristics were inferior compared to Example 1-1.
- Reference Example 2 it was confirmed that the battery capacity, initial efficiency, initial resistance, high temperature and room temperature lifespan characteristics, high temperature resistance increase rate, DSC peak temperature characteristics, and output characteristics were all lower compared to Example 1-1.
- the coating layer element preferably contains both Co and Al heterogeneous elements rather than a single element of Co or Al.
- Example 5 it was confirmed that the high temperature and room temperature life characteristics, high temperature resistance increase rate, DSC peak temperature characteristics, and output characteristics were inferior compared to Example 1-1, and in the case of Reference Example 6, compared to Example 1-1. It was confirmed that the battery's capacity, initial efficiency, initial resistance, high temperature resistance increase rate, DSC peak temperature characteristics, and output characteristics were deteriorated. Through this, it was confirmed that battery performance deteriorates when the content of the coating layer is too small or too large.
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Abstract
Description
| 전이금속 산화물 조성 | 코팅층 원소 | 코팅층 타입 | 코팅층 함량 (wt%) |
코팅층 Co/Al 몰비 | 소성온도 (℃) |
코팅 열처리 온도(℃) | |
| 실시예 1-1 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 4 | 890 | 710 |
| 실시예 1-2 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 2.0 | 17 | 890 | 710 |
| 비교예 1 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Conformal | 1.5 | 4 | 890 | 760 |
| 참고예 1 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co | Island | 1.5 | - | 890 | 710 |
| 참고예 2 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Al | Island | 1.5 | 0 | 890 | 710 |
| 참고예 3 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 2 | 890 | 710 |
| 참고예 4 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 1 | 890 | 710 |
| 참고예 5 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 0.8 | 4 | 890 | 710 |
| 참고예 6 | LiNi0.87Co0.07Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 3.2 | 4 | 890 | 710 |
| 실시예 2 | LiNi0.91Co0.05Mn0.03Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 4 | 770 | 710 |
| 비교예 2 | LiNi0.91Co0.05Mn0.03Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Conformal | 1.5 | 4 | 770 | 760 |
| 실시예 3 | LiNi0.95Co0.03Mn0.01Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 4 | 750 | 710 |
| 비교예 3 | LiNi0.95Co0.03Mn0.01Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Conformal | 1.5 | 4 | 750 | 760 |
| 실시예 4 | LiNi0.97Co0.01Mn0.01Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 4 | 730 | 710 |
| 비교예 4 | LiNi0.97Co0.01Mn0.01Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Conformal | 1.5 | 4 | 730 | 760 |
| 실시예 5 | LiNi0.85Co0.09Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Island | 1.5 | 4 | 910 | 710 |
| 비교예 5 | LiNi0.85Co0.09Mn0.05Al0.01O2 | Co, Al | Conformal | 1.5 | 4 | 910 | 760 |
| 방전용량 (mAh/g) | 초기효율 (%) | 초기저항 (ohm) | 상온수명(50회, %) | 고온수명(50회, %) | 고온저항증가율(%) | DSC peak온도 (℃) | 2C 출력 (%) | |
| 실시예 1-1 | 201.2 | 89.1 | 30.5 | 93.3 | 92.1 | 76.2 | 230.4 | 90.2 |
| 실시예 1-2 | 201.9 | 89.0 | 30.3 | 93.1 | 91.9 | 76.3 | 229.0 | 90.4 |
| 비교예 1 | 195.3 | 87.3 | 45.3 | 88.5 | 85.1 | 100.3 | 227.2 | 84.3 |
| 참고예 1 | 203.5 | 90.1 | 30.0 | 92.0 | 88.9 | 79.0 | 227.3 | 91.0 |
| 참고예 2 | 195.2 | 87.2 | 43.5 | 91.5 | 88.0 | 88.9 | 228.5 | 85.5 |
| 참고예 3 | 198.0 | 87.5 | 45.6 | 93.0 | 91.5 | 77.5 | 231.5 | 86.5 |
| 참고예 4 | 196.6 | 87.5 | 45.5 | 92.8 | 91.7 | 79.9 | 232.0 | 85.5 |
| 참고예 5 | 204.5 | 89.6 | 30.3 | 89.0 | 86.3 | 91.5 | 227.9 | 89.5 |
| 참고예 6 | 196.0 | 86.9 | 44.0 | 94.0 | 92.9 | 78.5 | 229.7 | 85.0 |
| 실시예 2 | 209.5 | 89.0 | 33.5 | 91.2 | 88.5 | 88.2 | 227.2 | 88.2 |
| 비교예 2 | 204.2 | 86.5 | 47.2 | 86.2 | 82.1 | 110.5 | 225.3 | 82.5 |
| 실시예 3 | 220.3 | 89.3 | 35.2 | 89.3 | 86.8 | 92.1 | 220.7 | 87.3 |
| 비교예 3 | 214.2 | 86.7 | 49.2 | 82.1 | 80.1 | 130.5 | 213.5 | 81.2 |
| 실시예 4 | 223.5 | 87.3 | 42.1 | 86.2 | 82.5 | 120.1 | 210.7 | 85.5 |
| 비교예 4 | 217.2 | 85.2 | 55.2 | 82.1 | 76.7 | 145.5 | 202.5 | 78.8 |
| 실시예 5 | 201.5 | 90.4 | 25.1 | 97.5 | 95.4 | 62.4 | 236.6 | 93.5 |
| 비교예 5 | 199.2 | 89.2 | 29.3 | 95.2 | 93.8 | 77.1 | 233.3 | 92.1 |
Claims (16)
- 전이금속 전체 몰수를 기준으로 60몰% 이상의 니켈(Ni)을 함유하는 층상계(layered) 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 포함하는 코어; 및 상기 코어 상에 배치되며, 코발트(Co), 알루미늄(Al) 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하는 코팅층을 포함하고,단입자로 구성되며, 상기 코팅층은 아일랜드(island) 타입인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 니켈의 함량은 전이금속 전체 몰수를 기준으로 85몰% 이상인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층은 리튬을 더 포함하며, 산화물인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층은 돌기 또는 반구 형태의 코팅 물질이 불연속적으로 상기 코어 상에 배치된 형태인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층은 층상계(layerd) 결정 구조인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 코팅층은 상기 코어와 층상계 결정 구조로 연결된 것인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층은 코발트 및 알루미늄을 포함하며, 상기 알루미늄에 대한 상기 코발트의 몰비(Co/Al)가 3 내지 18인 인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층의 함량은 상기 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 전체 중량을 기준으로 1 내지 3 중량%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 지르코늄(Zr), 알루미늄(Al) 또는 이들의 조합을 더 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질:[화학식 1]Lia[NixCoyMnzM1w1M2w2]O2상기 화학식 1에서, 0.8≤a≤1.2, 0.6≤x≤0.97, 0≤y≤0.2, 0<z≤0.2, 0≤w1≤0.1, 0≤w2≤0.1, M1은 Zr, Al 또는 이들의 조합이고, M2는 Mg, Ti, Nb, W, Sc, Si, V, Fe, Y, Mo, Ce, Hf, Ta, La, Sr 또는 이들의 조합이다.
- 니켈을 포함하는 전이금속 수산화물을 준비하는 단계;상기 전이금속 수산화물 및 리튬 원료물질을 포함하는 혼합물을 형성 후 710 내지 930℃의 온도에서 소성하여 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 형성하는 단계; 및상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물과 코팅 원료물질을 혼합 후 670 내지 740℃의 온도에서 열처리하여 코팅층을 형성하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 코팅 원료물질은 코발트 원료물질, 알루미늄 원료물질 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 형성하는 단계에서,상기 혼합물은 도핑 원료물질을 더 포함하고, 상기 도핑 원료물질은 지르코늄 원료물질, 알루미늄 원료물질 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 코팅층을 형성하는 단계에서,상기 코팅 원료물질의 함량은 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 및 상기 코팅 원료물질 전체 중량을 기준으로 1 내지 3 중량%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 코팅 원료물질은 평균 입경(D50)이 200 내지 500nm인 미립자인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제1항 내지 제10항 중 어느 한 항의 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극.
- 양극을 포함하고, 상기 양극은 제1항 내지 제10항 중 어느 한 항의 양극 활물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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| EP4641667A1 (en) | 2025-10-29 |
| EP4641667A4 (en) | 2026-04-29 |
| CN120390989A (zh) | 2025-07-29 |
| JP2026500357A (ja) | 2026-01-06 |
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