WO2024140976A1 - 电镀金镀液及其应用 - Google Patents
电镀金镀液及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024140976A1 WO2024140976A1 PCT/CN2023/143014 CN2023143014W WO2024140976A1 WO 2024140976 A1 WO2024140976 A1 WO 2024140976A1 CN 2023143014 W CN2023143014 W CN 2023143014W WO 2024140976 A1 WO2024140976 A1 WO 2024140976A1
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- gold
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/48—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of gold
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
Definitions
- the present application relates to the technical field of electroplating, and in particular to a gold electroplating solution and its application.
- the gold electroplating solution used to form gold bumps can be divided into cyanide electroplating solution and cyanide-free electroplating solution according to whether the gold source is cyanide.
- the cost of cyanide-free electroplating solution is high, and the plating solution stability cannot compete with the cyanide electroplating solution.
- the hardness of gold bumps formed by conventional cyanide electroplating solution is not high, especially after heat treatment at a higher temperature (such as above 260°C), it is difficult to ensure that the hardness is above 90HV. At the same time, the appearance uniformity and flatness of the surface of the gold bump are poor.
- the embodiments of the present application provide a gold electroplating solution that can produce high-hardness gold bumps to solve the problem that the gold bumps obtained using the existing cyanide-based gold electroplating solution are difficult to achieve both high surface flatness and high hardness after heat treatment.
- a first aspect of an embodiment of the present application provides a gold electroplating solution, comprising: gold cyanide salt, oxalate, lead-containing compounds, water-soluble polysaccharides and an organic acid conductive medium as a gold source; wherein the organic acid conductive medium comprises an organic phosphonic acid or a salt thereof.
- the synergistic combination of the above-mentioned specific organic acid conductive medium and components such as water-soluble polysaccharides, oxalates, and lead-containing compounds can ensure that the electroplating solution has a high electrical conductivity rate, a high precipitation efficiency, and a uniform and flat surface and high hardness of the gold plating layer obtained by electroplating. Therefore, the use of this plating solution can form gold bumps with high surface flatness and high hardness after heat treatment, which are particularly suitable for reliable electrical interconnection between semiconductor substrates and base plates with small pitches.
- the conductivity of the plating solution at room temperature is 40-90 mS/cm.
- the conductivity of the plating solution can still meet the requirements of electroplating gold, and the appearance of the resulting gold plating layer is uniform and the surface flatness is high.
- the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium in the plating solution, is 10g/L-100g/L as calculated by organic phosphonic acid. In some embodiments, in the plating solution, the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium is 55g/L-95g/L as calculated by organic phosphonic acid. This is more conducive to the viscosity and conductivity of the above-mentioned plating solution being appropriate, and the hardness and surface smoothness of the gold plating layer obtained by using the plating solution are higher.
- the water-soluble polysaccharide substance includes at least one of dextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin or dextran.
- the concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide in the plating solution is 0.1-5 g/L.
- a suitably low concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide can synergistically increase the hardness of the gold plating after heat treatment with the lead-containing compound and the organic phosphonic acid without affecting the purity of the gold plating.
- the mass ratio of the organic acid conducting medium in terms of organic phosphonic acid to the water-soluble polysaccharide is (9-900): 1.
- the synergistic effect of the water-soluble polysaccharide and the organic acid conducting medium is better.
- the pH of the plating solution is 5-7.
- the lead-containing compound has good solubility in the weakly acidic plating solution and is not easy to precipitate; and the gold cyanide salt will not precipitate due to excessive acidity of the system and affect the effect of electroplating gold.
- the second aspect of the embodiments of the present application provides the use of the plating solution described in the first aspect of the embodiments of the present application in gold electroplating.
- the application includes application in preparing a semiconductor gold-plated part having gold bumps.
- the plating solution of the present application can form an electroplated gold layer with regular shape, uniform appearance, low roughness, high flatness, and high hardness after heat treatment, which can better meet the high requirements for electroplated gold in the semiconductor field.
- a third aspect of the embodiments of the present application provides a method for electroplating gold, comprising:
- the electroplating after the electroplating, it further comprises: performing heat treatment at a temperature of 260-300°C, and the hardness of the gold plating layer after the heat treatment is 90-120HV.
- the gold plating layer formed by the above-mentioned plating solution provided in the embodiment of the present application has a high hardness after heat treatment at a higher temperature, and can be better used in the semiconductor field. In some embodiments, the hardness of the gold plating layer after the heat treatment is 95-120HV.
- the fourth aspect of the embodiment of the present application provides a gold-plated part, comprising a substrate and a gold-plated layer disposed on the substrate, the gold-plated layer can be formed by electroplating with the plating solution described in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application, or by the gold-plating method described in the third aspect of the embodiment of the present application.
- the gold-plated layer on the gold-plated part has a uniform appearance, high surface flatness, and high hardness after heat treatment, and has a broader application prospect.
- the surface roughness Ra of the gold plating layer when the thickness is 7-11 ⁇ m is in the range of 60-100 nm.
- a suitably high Ra is conducive to the alignment and bonding between the gold plating layer and the substrate.
- the gold-plated layer is a gold bump
- the substrate is a semiconductor substrate.
- the gold-plated part can be called a semiconductor gold-plated part with a gold bump.
- the hardness of the gold bump is within the range of 90-120 HV; the height difference between the highest point and the lowest point of the gold bump on the surface away from the substrate is less than 1.2 ⁇ m. This reflects that the surface flatness of the gold bump away from the substrate is high and the hardness after heat treatment is high. With the help of the gold bump, a convenient and stable interconnection between the gold-plated part and the substrate can be achieved.
- An embodiment of the present application also provides a gold-plated part, including a substrate and a gold-plated layer arranged on the substrate, wherein the gold-plated layer is formed by electroplating with a plating solution containing gold cyanide salt, and the surface roughness Ra of the gold-plated layer is in the range of 60-100nm when the thickness is 7-11 ⁇ m.
- the hardness of the gold plating layer is in the range of 90-120 HV, and further in the range of 95-120 HV.
- the gold plating layer is a gold bump; the height difference between the highest point and the lowest point of the gold bump on the surface facing away from the substrate is less than 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the gold-plated layer has high surface flatness, high hardness and good toughness, and is easy to align and combine with the substrate, and has broad application prospects.
- the plating solution further comprises oxalate, lead-containing compounds, water-soluble polysaccharides and an organic acid conductive medium; wherein the organic acid conductive medium comprises an organic phosphonic acid or a salt thereof. That is, the gold plating layer is formed by electroplating using the plating solution described in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process of forming a gold bump using a gold electroplating solution.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the electroplating device provided in an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a gold-plated part provided in an embodiment of the present application.
- FIG4 summarizes the contour microscope photographs of the gold-plated layers obtained by electroplating on the silicon wafer using the plating solutions of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, respectively; wherein FIG4 (a) is a photograph of the gold-plated layer obtained using the plating solution of Example 1, and FIG4 (b) is a photograph of the gold-plated layer obtained using the plating solution of Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a physical cross-sectional view of a patterned silicon wafer with gold bumps formed by electroplating using the plating solution of Example 1 of the present application.
- Figure 6 summarizes the top-view microscope image of the patterned silicon wafer with gold bumps obtained using the plating solution of Example 1 (a in Figure 6) and the top-view contour image of the gold bumps (b in Figure 6), as well as the top-view microscope image of the patterned silicon wafer with gold bumps obtained using the plating solution of Comparative Example 1 (c in Figure 6) and the top-view contour image of the gold bumps (d in Figure 6).
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a process of forming a gold bump 6 using a gold electroplating solution provided by the present application.
- Figure 1 (A) is a schematic diagram of the structure of a workpiece to be plated with gold.
- the structure shown in Figure 1 (A) includes a substrate 1 and an electrode 2 arranged on a surface of one side of the substrate 1, and a passivation layer 3 covering the substrate 1 and the electrode 2.
- the passivation layer 3 has a certain opening to expose a portion of the electrode 2.
- a lower metal layer 4 is formed on the passivation layer 3, and the lower metal layer 4 covers the passivation layer 3 and the electrode 2 exposed from the opening 3a of the passivation layer 3.
- the conductive lower metal layer 4 is the basis for the formation of gold electroplating.
- the lower metal layer 4 includes a stacked TiW layer and a gold seed layer, and the TiW layer is close to the electrode 2, which can increase the bonding force between the electrode 2 and the gold seed layer.
- a photoresist layer 5 is formed on the surface of the lower metal layer 4, and the photoresist layer 5 has a structure that can make the lower metal
- the photoresist layer 4 is partially exposed in an opening 5a, and the opening 5a is located above the electrode 2.
- gold is electroplated in the opening 5a to form a gold bump 6, as shown in (B) of FIG. 1.
- the structure shown in (B) of FIG. 1 can be bonded to a printed wiring substrate, etc., specifically by bonding the gold bump 6 to the base electrode on the printed wiring substrate.
- the hardness of the gold bump 6 formed by conventional cyanide electroplating gold plating solution is usually not high, especially after heat treatment at a relatively high temperature (such as above 260°C), it is difficult to ensure that the hardness is above 90HV; at the same time, the surface flatness of the gold bump 6 is poor, and the surface 601 on the side away from the electrode 2 has large surface undulations, that is, the distance between the lowest point on the surface 601 from the substrate 1 (point a in the figure) and the highest point on the surface 601 from the substrate 1 (point b in the figure) is large, which greatly reduces the effective contact area during bonding. Therefore, the present application provides a cyanide electroplating gold plating solution that can produce gold bumps that can take into account both high surface flatness and high hardness after heat treatment.
- the gold electroplating solution provided in the embodiment of the present application includes: gold cyanide salt, oxalate, lead-containing compound, water-soluble polysaccharide substance and organic acid conductive medium as gold source; wherein the organic acid conductive medium includes organic phosphonic acid or its salt.
- the specific organic acid conductive medium used can reduce the resistance of the plating solution, improve its conductivity rate, and ensure that the surface of the gold plating layer formed by electroplating with the plating solution is more uniform (for example, almost no protruding gold nodules are generated) and has a higher flatness, and the filling property of the step-shaped opening is better, and the organic acid conductive medium also has a certain effect of increasing the hardness of the gold plating layer.
- Oxalate as an organic acid conductive salt, can also help to improve the conductivity rate of the plating solution.
- the plating solution can prevent the plating solution from penetrating into the photoresist layer and prevent the formation of a gold plating film under the photoresist layer, ensuring that the gold is electroplated in a limited area.
- Water-soluble polysaccharides can play a role in improving the hardness of the gold plating layer.
- Lead-containing compounds can adjust the crystallinity, crystal plane orientation, etc. of the resulting gold plating layer, increase the depolarization effect of the plating solution, reduce the electroplating voltage, and improve the precipitation efficiency of the plating solution, which can also help to improve the hardness of the gold plating layer.
- the conductivity of the plating solution at room temperature is 40-90 mS/cm. At this time, the conductivity of the plating solution is more appropriate, the thickness of the gold plating layer formed by electroplating is more uniform, and the surface flatness is high.
- the term "normal temperature” can refer to any temperature between 20°C and 30°C, such as 22°C, 25°C or 28°C, and 25°C is more common.
- the plating solution does not contain inorganic acid conductive salt.
- the inorganic acid conductive salt may be an inorganic phosphate (such as potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium phosphate).
- the conductivity of the plating solution is more appropriate, which is conducive to forming a gold plating layer with uniform thickness and appearance and high surface flatness, and the hardness of the gold plating layer after heat treatment is also relatively high.
- the plating solution does not contain inorganic acid conductive salt is not limited to the content of inorganic acid conductive salt being 0. When the content of inorganic acid conductive salt in the plating solution is ⁇ 100 mg/L, it can also be regarded as containing no inorganic acid conductive salt.
- the organic phosphonic acid is selected from at least one of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP), aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), and ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP).
- HEDP hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid
- ATMP aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid
- ETMP ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid
- the organic phosphonic acid is hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid and/or aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid.
- the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium in terms of organic phosphonic acid is 10g/L-100g/L. That is, when the organic acid conductive medium is organic phosphonic acid, the concentration of the organic phosphonic acid is 10g/L-100g/L; when the organic acid conductive medium is organic phosphonate, the concentration of the organic phosphonic acid corresponding to the organic phosphonate is 10g/L-100g/L.
- the organic acid conductive medium of appropriate concentration can ensure that the surface flatness of the gold plating layer formed by the plating solution is significantly higher, and will not increase the viscosity of the plating solution too much and reduce the electrical conductivity rate.
- the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium in terms of organic phosphonic acid can be 15g/L, 20g/L, 25g/L, 30g/L, 40g/L, 50g/L, 52g/L, 55g/L, 60g/L, 70g/L, 80g/L, 90g/L or 95g/L, etc.
- the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium in the above-mentioned plating solution, is 10g/L-50g/L as calculated by organic phosphonic acid.
- the concentration of the organic acid conductive medium is 55-95g/L as calculated by organic phosphonic acid, and can further be 55-90g/L, 55-85g/L, etc.
- the above-mentioned cyanide electroplating gold plating solution contains the above-mentioned organic acid conductive medium, which can make the content of the water-soluble polysaccharide substance in a suitably small range, which can ensure that the water-soluble polysaccharide substance can synergistically increase the hardness of the gold plating layer after heat treatment with the lead-containing compound and the organic acid conductive medium, and can also avoid excessive addition of water-soluble polysaccharides causing the inclusion of polysaccharides in the gold plating layer and significantly reducing the purity of the gold plating layer.
- the concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide in the plating solution may be 0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L, 0.5 g/L, 0.8 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 1.5 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 3.0 g/L, 3.5 g/L, 4.0 g/L, 4.5 g/L, 4.8 g/L or 5.0 g/L, etc.
- the concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide in the plating solution may be 0.1-4.5 g/L, further 0.2-4.5 g/L.
- the mass of the organic acid conducting medium calculated as organic phosphonic acid and the mass of the water-soluble polysaccharide substance are The ratio is (9-900):1. At this time, the synergistic effect of the water-soluble polysaccharide substance and the organic acid conductive medium is better.
- the mass ratio can be 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 50, 60, 65, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, etc.
- the mass ratio is (11-900):1, and can further be (11-850):1. In other embodiments, the mass ratio is (13-850):1, and can further be (13-650):1.
- the synergistic effect of the water-soluble polysaccharide substance and the organic acid conductive medium is better, which can not only significantly improve the hardness and surface smoothness of the gold coating after heat treatment, but also ensure that the purity of the gold coating is high.
- the plating solution further includes a pH additive.
- the pH additive may be an acid or a base, wherein the acid may be selected from at least one of the organic phosphonic acids used as the above-mentioned organic conductive medium; the base may be selected from at least one of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonia water, etc.
- the pH of the plating solution is 5-7.
- the cyanide electroplating gold plating solution is an aqueous solution. It can be understood that the plating solution also contains water as a solvent.
- the workpiece to be plated is brought into contact with the plating solution described in the embodiment of the present application;
- a cathode 22 and an anode 23 are disposed in the electroplating tank 20, wherein the cathode 22 includes a workpiece to be plated which is at least partially immersed in the plating solution 21;
- the electroplating power source 24 has a negative electrode electrically connected to the cathode 22 and a positive electrode electrically connected to the anode 23, so as to apply current to the workpiece to be plated when the electroplating power source 24 is turned on.
- after electroplating it also includes: heat treatment at a temperature of 200-300°C for more than 5 minutes, and the hardness of the gold plating layer after the heat treatment is still in the range of 90HV-120HV.
- the heat treatment can increase the toughness of the electroplated gold plating layer and ensure the impact resistance of the connector connected thereto.
- heat treatment will cause a certain decrease in the hardness of the gold plating layer, but the gold plating layer formed by the above-mentioned plating solution of the embodiment of the present application is still relatively high after heat treatment at a higher temperature.
- a gold electroplating solution which is different from Example 1 in that "65 g of HEDP" is replaced by "65 g of monopotassium phosphate”.
- the precipitation efficiency of the plating solution of Example 1 is 97.5%, and the obtained gold plating layer is matte and uniform in color (see Figure 4 below for details).
- the hardness of the gold plating layer obtained in Example 1 before heat treatment is 124HV, and the hardness of the gold plating layer after heat treatment is 106HV. After heat treatment at a temperature of up to 280°C for up to 1 hour, the hardness of the gold plating layer should still be as high as 106HV, which can meet the technical requirements of the semiconductor field for high hardness (90-120HV) gold bumps.
- the height difference of the front end of the gold bump i.e., the height difference between the nearest point to the aluminum electrode and the farthest point from the aluminum electrode on the surface of the side of the gold bump away from the electrode, that is, the height difference between the two points a and b shown in (B) in FIG. 1
- the height difference of the front end of the gold bump obtained by using the plating solution in Comparative Example 1 is about 1.31 ⁇ m
- the height difference of the front end of the gold bump obtained by using the plating solution of Example 1 is only 0.90 ⁇ m, which shows that the leveling property of the electroplating solution using organic phosphonic acid instead of inorganic phosphate in the embodiment of the present application is better.
- the high flatness of the front end of the gold bump can greatly increase the effective contact area between the gold bump and the substrate during hot pressing bonding, ensuring a high success rate of bonding and a more reliable bonding structure.
- Table 1 above also summarizes the data such as the precipitation efficiency of electroplating on silicon wafers using the plating solutions of other embodiments of the present application, the hardness of the coating before and after heat treatment, etc.
- the comparison between Example 1 and Example 7 shows that when the concentrations of other components in the plating solution are the same and the concentrations of the added organic phosphonic acid are the same but the types are different, the plating solution also has a higher precipitation efficiency and the hardness of the coating after heat treatment is also higher.
- Example 6 and Example 8 are also different in that only the types of organic phosphonic acid added in the plating solution are different, and the results of the two are also relatively close.
- Example 3 shows that when the types of water-soluble polysaccharides in the plating solution are the same but the amounts are different, if the concentration of the water-soluble polysaccharide increases within the range of 0.1-5g/L, it is more conducive to enhancing the hardness of the coating.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (28)
- 一种电镀金镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液包括作为金源的氰化亚金盐、草酸盐、含铅化合物、水溶性多糖类物质和有机酸传导介质;其中,所述有机酸传导介质包括有机膦酸或其盐。
- 如权利要求1所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液在常温下的电导率为40-90mS/cm。
- 如权利要求1或2所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液中不含无机酸传导盐。
- 如权利要求1-3任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述有机膦酸选自羟基乙叉二磷酸、氨三亚甲基膦酸、乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸中的至少一种。
- 如权利要求1-4任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液中,所述有机酸传导介质按有机膦酸计的浓度为10g/L-100g/L。
- 如权利要求1-5任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液中,所述有机酸传导介质按有机膦酸计的浓度为55g/L-95g/L。
- 如权利要求1-6任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述水溶性多糖类物质在所述镀液中的浓度为0.1g/L-5g/L。
- 如权利要求1-7任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述水溶性多糖类物质包括糊精、α-环糊精、β-环糊精或葡聚糖的至少一种。
- 如权利要求1-8任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述有机酸传导介质按有机膦酸计的质量与所述水溶性多糖类物质的质量之比为(9-900):1。
- 如权利要求1-9任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述氰化亚金盐包括氰化亚金钾、氰化亚金钠、氰化亚金铵中的至少一种。
- 如权利要求1-10任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述氰化亚金盐的用量使得所述镀液中金离子的浓度为1g/L-15g/L。
- 如权利要求1-11任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述草酸盐选自草酸钾、草酸钠、草酸铵中的至少一种;所述草酸盐在所述镀液中的浓度为5g/L-80g/L。
- 如权利要求1-12任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述含铅化合物选自乙酸铅、硝酸铅、柠檬酸铅、硫酸铅中的至少一种;所述镀液中,所述含铅化合物按铅元素计的浓度为2-15mg/L。
- 如权利要求1-13任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液还包括pH添加剂。
- 如权利要求1-14任一项所述的镀液,其特征在于,所述镀液的pH为5-7。
- 如权利要求1-15任一项所述的镀液在电镀金中的应用。
- 如权利要求16所述的应用,其特征在于,所述应用包括在制备具有金凸块的半导体镀金件中的应用。
- 一种电镀金的方法,其特征在于,包括:将待镀件与如权利要求1-15任一项所述的镀液接触;向所述待镀件施加电流进行电镀,以使待镀件上形成金镀层。
- 如权利要求18所述的电镀金的方法,其特征在于,所述电镀的温度为30-50℃;和/或,所述电镀的电流密度为0.1-1.0A/dm2。
- 如权利要求18或19所述的电镀金的方法,其特征在于,在所述电镀之后,还包括:在260-300℃的温度下进行热处理,且所得热处理后金镀层的硬度为90-120HV。
- 一种镀金件,其特征在于,包括基底和设置在所述基底上的金镀层,所述金镀层采用如权利要求1-15任一项所述的镀液电镀形成,或者采用如权利要求18-20任一项所述的电镀金的方法形成。
- 如权利要求21所述的镀金件,其特征在于,所述金镀层在厚度为7-11μm时的表面粗糙度Ra在60-100nm的范围内。
- 如权利要求21或22所述的镀金件,其特征在于,所述金镀层为金凸块,所述基底为半导体基底。
- 如权利要求23所述的镀金件,其特征在于,所述金凸块在厚度为7-11μm下的硬度在90-120HV的范围内;所述金凸块背离所述基底的表面上距离所述基底的最高点与最低点之间的高度差小于1.2μm。
- 一种镀金件,其特征在于,包括基底和设置在所述基底上的金镀层,所述金镀层采用含氰化亚金盐的镀液电镀形成,所述金镀层在厚度为7-11μm时的表面粗糙度Ra在60-100nm的范围内。
- 如权利要求25所述的镀金件,其特征在于,所述金镀层的硬度在90-120HV的范围内。
- 如权利要求25或26所述的镀金件,其特征在于,所述镀液还包括草酸盐、含铅化合物、水溶性多糖类物质和有机酸传导介质;其中,所述有机酸传导介质包括有机膦酸或其盐。
- 一种电子设备,其特征在于,所述电子设备包括如权利要求21-24任一项所述的镀金件,或如权利要求25-27任一项所述的镀金件。
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| EP23910890.5A EP4632115A4 (en) | 2022-12-29 | 2023-12-29 | GOLD ELECTROPLATING SOLUTION AND CORRESPONDING USE |
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| CN202211706098.3A CN116240597B (zh) | 2022-12-29 | 2022-12-29 | 电镀金镀液及其应用 |
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| CN116240597B (zh) | 2024-03-26 |
| CN116240597A (zh) | 2023-06-09 |
| EP4632115A1 (en) | 2025-10-15 |
| EP4632115A4 (en) | 2026-04-22 |
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