WO2024210604A1 - 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024210604A1 WO2024210604A1 PCT/KR2024/004496 KR2024004496W WO2024210604A1 WO 2024210604 A1 WO2024210604 A1 WO 2024210604A1 KR 2024004496 W KR2024004496 W KR 2024004496W WO 2024210604 A1 WO2024210604 A1 WO 2024210604A1
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- secondary battery
- lithium secondary
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery.
- lithium secondary batteries have rapidly expanded to include not only power supply for electronic devices such as electric, electronic, communication, and computers, but also power storage for large-area devices such as automobiles and power storage devices, the demand for high-capacity, high-output, and high-stability secondary batteries is increasing.
- the above lithium secondary battery is generally composed of a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including a cathode active material, an electrolyte that serves as a medium for transferring lithium ions, and a separator.
- a cathode active material carbon-based active materials, silicon-based active materials, etc. can be used as the cathode active material.
- lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), and lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese composite transition metal oxide can be used as the cathode active material.
- One object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery having improved life performance and storage performance when operated at high voltage, using a lithium transition metal oxide as a cathode active material in which the content of nickel is reduced to a specific level.
- the present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising: a cathode; an anode; a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material, wherein the cathode active material comprises a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the following chemical formula X, and wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a first additive and a second additive, wherein the first additive comprises a phosphate-based additive including a silyl group, and the second additive comprises a compound represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- M 1 is at least one selected from W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B, and Mo.
- n 1 or 2
- L 1 and L 2 are each independently a direct bond or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a substituent represented by the following chemical formula 2
- m is 1 or 2
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently -O- or -C(R 31 )(R 32 )-, wherein at least one of X 1 and X 2 is -O-
- R 4 and R 6 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms
- R 5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 6 The substituents of 5 and R 6 are
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention uses a lithium transition metal oxide in which nickel, cobalt, and manganese are controlled within specific ranges as a cathode active material, and is characterized by including a first additive (for example, containing tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate) and a second additive (containing a cyclic sulfur oxide represented by a specific chemical formula) as additives of a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a first additive for example, containing tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate
- a second additive containing a cyclic sulfur oxide represented by a specific chemical formula
- a film having reduced resistance and excellent durability can be formed on the cathode through the organic action of the first additive and the second additive, and in particular, the life performance and storage performance of a lithium secondary battery requiring high voltage use can be improved while the resistance can be reduced, which is preferable.
- an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms means an alkyl group including 1 to 5 carbon atoms, that is, CH 3 -, CH 3 CH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -, (CH 3 ) 2 CH-, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 -, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 2 -, etc.
- both the alkyl group and the aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
- substitution means, unless otherwise defined, that at least one hydrogen bonded to carbon is replaced with an element other than hydrogen, for example, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkenyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkynyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkenyl group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, a
- the terms “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially” are used to mean a range of or approximation to a numerical value or degree, taking into account inherent manufacturing and material tolerances, and are used to prevent infringers from unfairly utilizing the disclosure, which mentions exact or absolute numbers provided to aid in the understanding of the present invention.
- lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese composite transition metal oxides having a nickel content of 80 mol% or more relative to the transition metal are being studied.
- thermal stability of the cathode deteriorates when the nickel content of the lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese composite transition metal oxide is increased.
- a lithium secondary battery in which an electrolyte side reaction at the cathode can be reduced even when driven at such a high voltage by using a lithium transition metal oxide in which nickel, cobalt, and manganese are adjusted to specific ranges as a cathode active material and including a specific additive in a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery comprises: a cathode; an anode; a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte; wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material, wherein the cathode active material comprises a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the following chemical formula X; and the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive, wherein the additive comprises a first additive and a second additive, wherein the first additive is a phosphate-based additive comprising a silyl group, for example, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate, and the second additive comprises a compound represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- M 1 is at least one selected from W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B, and Mo.
- n is 1 or 2
- L 1 and L 2 are each independently a direct bond or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a substituent represented by the following chemical formula 2
- m is 1 or 2
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently -O- or -C(R 31 )(R 32 )-, wherein at least one of X 1 and X 2 is -O-
- R 4 and R 6 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms
- R 5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R The substituents of 5 and R 6 are each independently
- the lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; an anode; a separator; and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; an anode opposite the positive electrode; a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery can be manufactured by housing an electrode assembly including the positive electrode; an anode opposite the positive electrode; and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode in a battery case, and then injecting a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the above positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material includes a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the following chemical formula X.
- M 1 is at least one selected from W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B, and Mo.
- the lithium transition metal oxide represented by the above chemical formula X is distinguished from, for example, a high-nickel lithium transition metal oxide having a Ni content exceeding 70 mol% relative to metals other than lithium.
- the high-nickel lithium transition metal oxide has undesirable aspects in that it contains a large amount of nickel, which causes a decrease in thermal stability, and in particular, it degenerates into a rock salt form due to a change in the lattice structure at high voltage, which causes a decrease in lithium mobility and a decrease in performance.
- the compound represented by the chemical formula X since the compound represented by the chemical formula X has a relatively low nickel content compared to high-nickel lithium transition metal oxides, it needs to be driven at a high voltage (e.g., 4.35 V or higher) to increase the energy density of the positive electrode.
- a high voltage e.g., 4.35 V or higher
- the life performance and storage performance deteriorate because the electrolyte side reaction is intensified as oxygen is desorbed according to the change in the oxidation number of nickel and cobalt.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention uses a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X as a cathode active material, and uses a first additive (containing tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate) and a second additive (containing cyclic sulfur oxide represented by the chemical formula 1) in combination as additives of a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention can form a film having reduced resistance and excellent durability on the cathode through the organic action of the first and second additives added to the non-aqueous electrolyte, and in particular, it is possible to improve the life performance and storage performance of a lithium secondary battery requiring high voltage use.
- high-nickel lithium transition metal oxides such as Li[Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ]O 2 have a relatively high molar ratio of Ni/Mn, so that a large amount of rock-salt structure exists on the surface due to phase change when driven at high voltage, and this makes it difficult to easily insert and de-insert lithium ions and form a positive electrode film by the combination of the above additives.
- the proportion of Co in the transition metal is relatively high, which increases the irreversibility within the structure, so it is not easy to express the performance improvement effect by forming a positive electrode film using an additive.
- the compound represented by the chemical formula X it is easy to improve the desired life performance and storage performance by using the first additive and the second additive in combination.
- x may be about 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, for example, about 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2.
- a may be about 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.7, for example, about 0.55 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.65.
- b is about 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.15.
- b corresponds to the molar percentage of Co among the metals excluding lithium in the lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X.
- Mn the structural stability of the positive electrode active material can be improved.
- b may be about 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.1.
- b/a is about 0 ⁇ b/a ⁇ 0.2. If b/a exceeds 0.2, the ratio of Co in the transition metal is relatively high, so that the irreversibility in the structure increases, and therefore the expression of the performance improvement effect by forming a cathode film through an additive may be limited.
- b/a may be about 0.05 ⁇ b/a ⁇ 0.2.
- c 1-a-b-d
- a/c is about 1 ⁇ a/c ⁇ 3.
- c corresponds to the molar percentage of Mn among the metals excluding lithium in the lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X, and according to the present invention, the molar ratio of Ni to Mn is adjusted to about 1 ⁇ a/c ⁇ 3, thereby improving the structural stability of the positive electrode active material.
- a/c may be about 1.5 ⁇ a/c ⁇ 2.5.
- M 1 can be understood as a doping element of a lithium transition metal oxide, and may be, for example, at least one selected from W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B, and Mo.
- d may be about 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.1, for example, about 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.05.
- a/(b ⁇ c) may be about 18 to 50, for example, about 18 to 40, or about 20 to 35.
- the contents of nickel, cobalt, and manganese in the chemical formula A are harmoniously adjusted, thereby enhancing the performance improvement effect by forming a cathode film through an additive and simultaneously improving the structural stability of the cathode active material.
- the above positive electrode active material may be in the form of particles.
- the positive electrode active material may be in the form of a single particle composed of one single nodule or a quasi-single particle which is a composite of 30 or fewer nodules, or the positive electrode active material may be a quasi-single particle which is a composite of 2 to 20, for example 2 to 10, nodules, or may be in the form including these.
- particle breakage is prevented, and occurrence of internal cracks due to volume expansion/contraction of the nodules during charge/discharge is prevented, so that the high-temperature life characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics can be improved.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the above-described positive electrode active material may be about 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, for example, about 2 ⁇ m to 8 ⁇ m, or about 3 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m, or about 3 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, or about 3.5 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the processability during electrode manufacturing may be excellent, the electrolyte impregnation property may be increased, so that the electrochemical properties may be increased, and the resistance may be reduced and the output characteristics may be improved.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material may be about 0.1 m 2 /g to 3.0 m 2 /g, for example, about 0.3 m 2 /g to 2.5 m 2 /g, or about 0.4 m 2 /g to 1.8 m 2 /g, or about 0.5 m 2 /g to 1.0 m 2 /g, or about 0.7 m 2 /g to 0.9 m 2 /g.
- the rolling characteristics of the electrode can be improved, and particle breakage can be reduced, thereby suppressing side reactions with the electrolyte.
- the above positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector; and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- the positive electrode current collector may include at least one selected from the group consisting of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, and an aluminum-cadmium alloy, and according to one embodiment, may include aluminum.
- the thickness of the above positive electrode collector can typically have a thickness of about 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode current collector may form fine irregularities on the surface to strengthen the bonding strength of the positive electrode active material.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven fabric, etc.
- the above positive electrode active material layer can be disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, specifically, on one surface or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode active material may be included in the positive electrode active material layer at about 80 wt% to 99 wt%, for example, about 92 wt% to 98.5 wt%, taking into account sufficient capacity of the positive electrode active material.
- the above positive electrode active material layer may further include a binder and/or a conductive material together with the positive electrode active material.
- the above binder is a component that assists in the binding of the active material and the conductive material and the binding to the current collector, and includes at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, and fluororubber, or may include polyvinylidene fluoride according to one embodiment.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer
- sulfonated EPDM
- the above binder may be included in the positive electrode active material layer at about 1 wt% to 20 wt%, for example, about 1.2 wt% to 10 wt%, in order to sufficiently secure binding force between components such as the positive electrode active material.
- the conductive material may be used to assist and improve conductivity in a secondary battery, and is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing a chemical change.
- the positive electrode conductive material may include at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, paneth black, lamp black, thermal black, etc.; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers; conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes; fluorocarbons; metal powders such as aluminum or nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and polyphenylene derivatives, and according to one embodiment, in terms of improving conductivity, may include carbon nanotubes.
- the above-mentioned conductive agent may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of about 1 wt% to 20 wt%, for example, about 1.2 wt% to 10 wt%, in order to sufficiently secure electrical conductivity.
- the thickness of the above positive electrode active material layer may be about 30 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m, for example, about 40 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- the above positive electrode can be manufactured by coating a positive electrode slurry including a positive electrode active material and optionally a binder, a conductive material, and a solvent for forming a positive electrode slurry on the positive electrode current collector, and then drying and rolling.
- the solvent for forming the positive electrode slurry may include an organic solvent such as NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone).
- the solid content of the positive electrode slurry may be about 40 wt% to 90 wt%, for example, about 50 wt% to 80 wt%.
- the above cathode may be opposite to the above anode.
- the above negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material.
- the above negative active material is a material capable of reversibly inserting/deleting lithium ions, and may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbon-based active material, a (semi)metal-based active material, and lithium metal, and for example, may include at least one selected from a carbon-based active material and a (semi)metal-based active material.
- the above carbon-based active material may include at least one selected from the group consisting of artificial graphite, natural graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, carbon black, graphene, and fibrous carbon, and for example, may include at least one selected from the group consisting of artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) of the above carbon-based active material may be about 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, for example, about 15 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, in order to ensure structural stability during charge and discharge and reduce side reactions with the electrolyte.
- the (semi)metal-based active material may include at least one (semi)metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al, V, Ti, and Sn; an alloy of lithium and at least one (semi)metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al, V, Ti, and Sn; an oxide of at least one (semi)metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al, V, Ti, and Sn; lithium titanium oxide (LTO); lithium vana
- the (semi)metal-based active material may include a silicon-based active material.
- the above silicon-based active material may include a compound represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- SiO 2 since it does not react with lithium ions and thus cannot store lithium, x is selected to be within the range not including 2, and according to one embodiment, the silicon-based active material may be SiO.
- the average particle size ( D50 ) of the above silicon-based active material may be about 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, for example, about 2 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, in order to ensure structural stability during charge and discharge while reducing side reactions with the electrolyte.
- the above negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector; and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material may be included in the negative electrode active material layer.
- the above negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- the negative electrode current collector may be made of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., an aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc.
- the above negative electrode collector may typically have a thickness of about 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- the above negative electrode current collector may form fine irregularities on the surface to strengthen the bonding strength of the negative electrode active material.
- the above negative electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven fabric, etc.
- the above negative electrode active material layer may be disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, specifically, one surface or both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the above negative active material may be included in the negative active material layer at about 60 wt% to 99 wt%, for example, about 75 wt% to 95 wt%.
- the above negative electrode active material layer may further include a binder and/or a conductive material together with the negative electrode active material.
- the above binder is used to improve the performance of the battery by improving the adhesion between the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector, and may include, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylic acid, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, and materials in which hydrogens of these are substituted with Li, Na or Ca, etc., and also may include various copolymers thereof. may include
- the above binder may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to 10 wt%, for example, about 1 wt% to 5 wt%.
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive and does not cause a chemical change in the battery, and for example, graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, paneth black, lamp black, thermal black, etc.; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers; conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes; fluorocarbon; metal powder such as aluminum or nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives, etc. can be used.
- graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
- carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, paneth black, lamp black, thermal black, etc.
- conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers
- conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes
- fluorocarbon metal powder
- metal powder
- the above-mentioned conductive agent may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of about 0.5 wt% to 10 wt%, for example, about 1 wt% to 5 wt%.
- the thickness of the above negative active material layer may be about 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, for example, about 20 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
- the above negative electrode can be manufactured by coating a negative electrode slurry including a negative electrode active material, a binder, a conductive material and/or a solvent for forming a negative electrode slurry on at least one surface of a negative electrode current collector, and then drying and rolling.
- the solvent for forming the negative electrode slurry may include at least one selected from the group consisting of distilled water, NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol, for example, in terms of facilitating dispersion of the negative electrode active material, binder, and/or conductive material, or may include distilled water according to one embodiment.
- the solid content of the negative electrode slurry may be about 30 wt% to 80 wt%, for example, about 40 wt% to 70 wt%.
- the above separator may be interposed between the anode and the cathode.
- a conventional porous polymer film that has been conventionally used as a separator for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, and an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, may be used alone or in a laminated manner, or a conventional porous nonwoven fabric, for example, a nonwoven fabric made of high-melting-point glass fiber, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, etc. may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or a polymer material to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength may be used, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the above non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive.
- the lithium salt used in the present invention various lithium salts commonly used in non-aqueous electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries can be used without limitation.
- the lithium salt contains Li + as a cation and F- , Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- , N(CN) 2- , BF4- , ClO4- , AlO4- , AlCl4- , PF6- , SbF6- , AsF6-, B10Cl10-, BF2C2O4- , BC4O8- , PF4C2O4- , PF2C4O8- , ( CF3 ) 2PF4- , ( CF3 ) 3PF3- , ( CF3 ) 4PF2- , ( CF3 ) 5PF- , ( CF3 ) 6P- , CF3SO3- , C It may include at least one selected from the group consisting of 4 F 9 SO 3 - ,
- the lithium salt may include at least one selected from the group consisting of LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAlO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiPF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiBOB (LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ), LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiFSI (LiN(SO 2 F) 2 ), LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiCH 3 CO 2 and LiBETI (LiN(SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) 2 ).
- the lithium salt may include at least one selected from the group consisting of LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBOB (LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ), LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiTFSI (LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ), LiFSI ((LiN(SO 2 F) 2 ) and LiBETI (LiN(SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) 2 ).
- the lithium salt may be included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a concentration of about 0.5 M to 5 M, for example, a concentration of about 0.8 M to 4 M, or a concentration of about 0.8 M to 2.0 M.
- concentration of the lithium salt satisfies the above range, the lithium ion yield (Li + transference number) and the degree of dissociation of lithium ions may be improved, thereby improving the output characteristics of the battery.
- the above organic solvent is a non-aqueous solvent commonly used in lithium secondary batteries, and is not particularly limited as long as decomposition due to oxidation reactions, etc. during the charge/discharge process of the secondary battery can be minimized.
- the organic solvent may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate-based organic solvent, a linear carbonate-based organic solvent, a linear ester-based organic solvent, and a cyclic ester-based organic solvent.
- the organic solvent may include a cyclic carbonate-based organic solvent, a linear carbonate-based organic solvent, or a mixture thereof.
- the above cyclic carbonate-based organic solvent is a high-viscosity organic solvent having a high dielectric constant and capable of dissociating a lithium salt in the electrolyte well, and may include at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-pentylene carbonate, 2,3-pentylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, or may include at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and may include ethylene carbonate (EC) according to one embodiment.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- 1,2-butylene carbonate 2,3-butylene carbonate
- 1,2-pentylene carbonate 2,3-pentylene carbonate
- vinylene carbonate or may include at least one organic
- the linear carbonate-based organic solvent is an organic solvent having low viscosity and low dielectric constant, and may include at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), methylpropyl carbonate, and ethylpropyl carbonate, or may include at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), and according to one embodiment, may include ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC).
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
- EMC e
- the above organic solvent may be a mixture of a cyclic carbonate-based organic solvent and a linear carbonate-based organic solvent.
- the cyclic carbonate-based organic solvent and the linear carbonate-based organic solvent may be mixed in a volume ratio of about 5:95 to 40:60, for example, a volume ratio of 8:92 to 35:65, or 10:90 to 25:75.
- the organic solvent may further include at least one carbonate organic solvent selected from the group consisting of the cyclic carbonate organic solvent and the linear carbonate organic solvent, and at least one ester organic solvent selected from the group consisting of the linear ester organic solvent and the cyclic ester organic solvent, in order to produce an electrolyte having high ionic conductivity.
- the above linear ester organic solvent may include at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and butyl propionate.
- the cyclic ester organic solvent may include at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone.
- the organic solvent may be used without limitation by adding an organic solvent commonly used in a non-aqueous electrolyte as needed.
- an organic solvent commonly used in a non-aqueous electrolyte
- at least one organic solvent from among an ether-based organic solvent, a glyme-based solvent, and a nitrile-based organic solvent may be additionally included.
- any one selected from the group consisting of dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl propyl ether, ethyl propyl ether, 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane (TFDOL) or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used, but is not limited thereto.
- the above-mentioned glyme solvent has a high dielectric constant and low surface tension compared to linear carbonate-based organic solvents, and is a solvent with low reactivity with metals, and may include at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethoxyethane (glyme, DME), diethoxyethane, diglyme, tri-glyme, and tetra-glyme (TEGDME), but is not limited thereto.
- the above nitrile solvent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, caprylonitrile, heptanenitrile, cyclopentane carbonitrile, cyclohexane carbonitrile, 2-fluorobenzonitrile, 4-fluorobenzonitrile, difluorobenzonitrile, trifluorobenzonitrile, phenylacetonitrile, 2-fluorophenylacetonitrile, and 4-fluorophenylacetonitrile, but is not limited thereto.
- the above non-aqueous electrolyte contains an additive.
- the above additives include a first additive and a second additive.
- the above first additive is a phosphate-based additive containing a silyl group, for example, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSPa).
- TMSPa tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate
- the above tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate can be decomposed to form PO radicals, thereby forming a PO-based film on the positive electrode.
- the above tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate can also function as an HF scavenger that removes decomposition products (PF 5 , HF, etc.) of lithium salts generated during the charge/discharge process of a lithium secondary battery.
- tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate was applied as the first additive, it is not limited thereto, and any other substance may be applied, for example, as long as it is a substance that can be decomposed to form PO radicals, thereby forming a PO-based film on the positive electrode, or as a HF Scavenger that removes decomposition products (PF 5 , HF, etc.) of lithium salts generated during the charge and discharge process of a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention can form a film having excellent lithium mobility characteristics, excellent coverage, and improved durability on the positive electrode by using the first additive and the second additive in combination, and can improve the life performance and high-temperature storage performance of a lithium secondary battery.
- the first additive may be included in the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of about 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%, for example, about 0.05 wt% to 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 4 wt%.
- the first additive is used in the above-described content range, the aforementioned effects of improving life performance and high-temperature storage performance can be achieved, while preventing concerns about increased resistance when added in excessive amounts.
- the second additive includes, for example, a compound represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- n is 1 or 2
- L 1 and L 2 are each independently a direct bond or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a substituent represented by the following chemical formula 2
- m is 1 or 2
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently -O- or -C(R 31 )(R 32 )-, wherein at least one of X 1 and X 2 is -O-
- R 4 and R 6 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms
- R 5 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 6 The substituents of 5 and R 6 are
- the compound represented by the above chemical formula 1 is characterized by having a sulfur oxide structure at the center while also having a cyclic sulfur oxide structure at both ends.
- this chemical structure when applied as a non-aqueous electrolyte additive, it can induce stable formation of anions, and further, it can enable the formation of a stable SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) layer.
- the compound represented by the chemical formula 1 forms a film on the positive electrode by the ring-opening reaction of cyclic sulfur oxide, there is a problem in that the reaction participation rate is low due to its steric hinderance. Therefore, when the compound represented by the chemical formula 1 is used alone, it is difficult to form the desired positive electrode film due to the low reaction participation rate.
- a P-O radical is formed from the first additive, and the P-O radical can promote the ring-opening reaction of the compound represented by the chemical formula 1, thereby forming an oxygen (O)-rich positive electrode film based on sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P), thereby enabling the implementation of a lithium secondary battery having excellent lithium mobility characteristics as well as excellent cycle performance and storage performance.
- S sulfur
- P phosphorus
- a film having excellent coverage and improved durability can be formed on the anode due to the formation of P-O radicals by the first additive and the promotion of the ring-opening reaction of the second additive by the radicals.
- any other additive may be applied as the second additive, for example, as long as it is an additive that is easy to undergo a ring-opening reaction by radicals, in combination with the first additive.
- the effect of improving the life performance and storage performance due to the organic action of the first and second additives is more prominent in high-voltage use, and is particularly exhibited when the lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X described above is used as the cathode active material.
- R 1 and R 2 may each be independently selected from the group consisting of CS-1 to CS-15 below:
- R 1 and R 2 of Chemical Formula 1 are preferable examples of R 1 and R 2 of Chemical Formula 1, and when the substituents of CS-1 to CS-15 are applied as R 1 and R 2 of Chemical Formula 1, the overall compound has excellent structural stability while also smoothly performing its function as a non-aqueous electrolyte additive.
- the R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CS-1, CS-2, CS-5, CS-8, CS-10, and CS-11.
- the structural stability of the compound itself is low and can be easily decomposed, and thus the synthesis of the compound itself can be difficult.
- compounds satisfying the above conditions have the disadvantage that the R 1 and R 2 structures having a ring form are easily decomposed during the synthesis process, and even if the compound is finally synthesized, it can be easily decomposed during the storage process, and the synthesis yield is also significantly low. Therefore, the present invention excludes compounds where both L 1 and L 2 are direct bonds and R 1 and R 2 are CS-7, and where n is 2 and R 1 and R 2 are both CS-2.
- L 1 and L 2 can each independently be a direct bond, a methylene group or an ethylene group, and in particular, can be a methylene group according to one embodiment.
- L 1 and L 2 are methylene groups, the synthesis of the compound is easy, and the decomposition of the compound after synthesis can be suppressed.
- the compound represented by the chemical formula 1 may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds A to R below:
- the compound represented by the above chemical formula 1 may be included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at about 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%, for example, about 0.05 wt% to 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 1 wt% to 4 wt%.
- any other type of compound that can implement similar functions and effects may be applied as the second additive.
- the weight ratio of the first additive and the second additive may be about 1:99 to 99:1, for example, about 30:70 to 70:30, or about 40:60 to 60:40, and when the weight ratio is as described above, the effects of combined use of the first additive and the second additive are harmoniously achieved, and as a result, the effects of improving the high-temperature life performance and high-temperature storage performance of the lithium secondary battery can be more preferably expressed.
- the above additive may further include an additional additive together with the first additive; or the first additive and the second additive.
- the additional additive may be included in the non-aqueous electrolyte to prevent the non-aqueous electrolyte from being decomposed in a high-power environment and causing cathode collapse, or to provide low-temperature high-rate discharge characteristics, high-temperature stability, overcharge prevention, and suppression of battery expansion at high temperatures.
- the additional additive may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Vinylene Carbonate, Vinylethylene Carbonate, Fluoroethylene Carbonate, Propane Sultone, Propene Sultone, 1,4-butane Sultone, Ethane Sultone, Succinonitrile, Adiponitrile, Ethylene Sultone, LiDFP (Lithium difluoro phosphate), LiBF 4 (Lithium tetrafluoroborate), LiODFB (Lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate), LiBOB (Lithium bis-(oxalato)borate), and TMSPi (Tris(trimethylsilyl) Phosphite).
- LiDFP Lithium difluoro phosphate
- LiBF 4 Lithium tetrafluoroborate
- LiODFB Lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate
- LiBOB Lithium bis-(oxalato)borate
- the above additional additive may be included in the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to 15 wt%.
- the operating voltage of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention may be about 4.35 V or higher, for example, about 4.4 V or higher.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention can achieve excellent energy density and improved life performance and storage performance at a high operating voltage by combining the above-described positive electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the external shape of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention may be in the shape of a cylinder, a square, a pouch, or a coin using a can.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding LiPF 6 as a lithium salt, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSPa) as a first additive, and the compound A as a second additive to the organic solvent.
- LiPF 6 as a lithium salt
- TMSPa tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate
- the above LiPF 6 was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a molar concentration of 1.2 M.
- the first additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 0.1 wt%, and the second additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 0.1 wt%.
- a cathode slurry (solid content 75.5 wt%) was prepared by adding cathode active material (Li[Ni 0.60 Co 0.05 Mn 0.35 ]O 2 ): conductive material (carbon nanotube): binder (polyvinylidene fluoride) in a weight ratio of 97.74:0.70:1.56 to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
- the cathode slurry was applied to one surface of a cathode current collector (Al thin film) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, and drying and roll pressing were performed to form a cathode active material layer (thickness: 136.6 ⁇ m), which was used as a cathode.
- the cathode active material was in the form of single particles or quasi-single particles.
- a negative electrode slurry (solid content 26 wt%) was prepared by adding negative electrode active material (natural graphite): conductive material (carbon black): binder (styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose) to distilled water as a solvent in a weight ratio of 96.15:1.55:2.30.
- the negative electrode slurry was applied to one surface of a 15 ⁇ m thick negative electrode current collector (Cu thin film), dried, and roll pressed to form a negative electrode active material layer (thickness: 179.8 ⁇ m), which was used as a negative electrode.
- a polyethylene porous film separator was interposed between the positive and negative electrodes manufactured above in a dry room, and then the non-aqueous electrolyte manufactured above was injected to manufacture a secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the second additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 3 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1, and that the second additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 3 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1, and that the second additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that compound F was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 3 wt% instead of compound A of Example 1 as a second additive.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that compound J was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 3 wt% instead of compound A of Example 1 as a second additive.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the second additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt% in Example 1, and the second additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the first additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte and the second additive was added to the non-aqueous electrolyte in an amount of 5 wt% instead of 0.1 wt%.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the following comparative compound was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at an amount of 3 wt% instead of Compound A of Example 1 as a second additive.
- the lithium secondary batteries manufactured in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 above were charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C at 45° C. under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions using an electrochemical charger/discharger, and then discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions, which constituted one cycle, to perform 300 charge/discharge cycles.
- the capacity retention rate is calculated using the formula below, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
- Capacity retention rate (%) ⁇ (discharge capacity after 300 cycles/discharge capacity after 1 cycle) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- the discharge capacity after one cycle was measured using an electrochemical charger and discharger, the SOC (State of Charge) was adjusted to 50%, and then a 2.5C pulse was applied for 10 seconds, and the initial resistance was calculated through the difference between the voltage before and after pulse application.
- SOC State of Charge
- Resistance Increase Rate (%) (Resistance after 300 cycles - Initial resistance) / Initial resistance ⁇ 100
- the lithium secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 7 in which a positive electrode including a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X and a non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention including a first additive and a second additive as additives are combined, have a higher capacity retention rate and a lower resistance increase rate during high-voltage, high-temperature cycle charge and discharge than the cases of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 to which the present invention is not applied.
- the lithium secondary batteries manufactured in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 above were charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C using an electrochemical charger/discharger and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions to perform initial charge/discharge, and then charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and then stored at 60°C for 12 weeks.
- the lithium secondary battery was charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C using an electrochemical charger/discharger under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C, and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C to measure the capacity during discharge.
- Capacity retention rate (%) (discharge capacity after 12 weeks of storage/initial discharge capacity) ⁇ 100
- the capacity was checked at room temperature, then charged to 50% of SOC based on the discharge capacity, discharged for 10 seconds with a current of 2.5 C, and the resistance was measured from the voltage drop difference at this time, which was used as the initial resistance.
- the resistance was measured using the same method, which was used as the final resistance, and the resistance increase rate was calculated using the following formula. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
- the lithium secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 7 in which a positive electrode including a lithium transition metal oxide represented by the chemical formula X and a non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention including a first additive and a second additive as additives are combined, have a higher capacity retention rate and a lower resistance increase rate when stored at high temperatures than the cases of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 to which the contents of the present invention are not applied.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding LiPF 6 as a lithium salt, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSPa) as a first additive, and the compound A as a second additive to the organic solvent.
- LiPF 6 as a lithium salt
- TMSPa tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate
- the above LiPF 6 was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a molar concentration of 1.2 M.
- the first additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 5 wt%, and the second additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 5 wt%.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry (solid content 75.5 wt%) was prepared by adding positive electrode active material (Li[Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ]O 2 )(high-nickel lithium transition metal oxide): conductive material (carbon nanotube): binder (PVDF) to a solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), in a weight ratio of 96.78:1.20:2.02.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to one surface of a positive electrode current collector (Al thin film) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, and drying and roll pressing were performed to prepare a positive electrode.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry (solid content 26 wt%) was prepared by adding negative active material (natural graphite): conductive agent (carbon black): binder (styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose) to distilled water as a solvent in a weight ratio of 96.15:0.50:3.35.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to one surface of a 15 ⁇ m thick negative electrode current collector (Cu thin film), and drying and roll pressing were performed to prepare a negative electrode.
- a polyethylene porous film separator was interposed between the positive and negative electrodes manufactured above in a dry room, and then the non-aqueous electrolyte manufactured above was injected to manufacture a secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Reference Example 1A, except that the second additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Reference Example 1A, except that the first additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary batteries of Reference Examples 1A to 3A manufactured above were charged to 4.2 V, 1/40 C using an electrochemical charger/discharger under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 45° C., and then discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions, which was considered one cycle, to perform 300 charge/discharge cycles.
- the capacity retention rate is calculated using the formula below, and the results are shown in Table 4 below.
- Capacity retention rate (%) ⁇ (discharge capacity after 300 cycles/discharge capacity after 1 cycle) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- the discharge capacity after one cycle was measured using an electrochemical charger/discharger, the SOC was adjusted to 50%, and then a 2.5C pulse was applied for 10 seconds, and the initial resistance was calculated through the difference between the voltage before and after pulse application.
- Resistance Increase Rate (%) (Resistance after 300 cycles - Initial resistance) / Initial resistance ⁇ 100
- the lithium secondary batteries of Reference Examples 1A to 3A manufactured above were charged to 4.2 V, 1/40 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions to perform initial charge/discharge, and then charged to 4.2 V, 1/40 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and then stored at 60°C for 12 weeks.
- the lithium secondary battery was charged to 4.2 V, 1/40 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C to measure the capacity during discharge.
- Capacity retention rate (%) (discharge capacity after 12 weeks of storage/initial discharge capacity) ⁇ 100
- the capacity was checked at room temperature, then charged to 50% of SOC based on the discharge capacity, discharged for 10 seconds with a current of 2.5 C, and the resistance was measured from the voltage drop difference at this time, which was used as the initial resistance.
- the resistance was measured using the same method, which was used as the final resistance, and the resistance increase rate was calculated using the following formula. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
- the lithium secondary battery of Reference Example 1A has a relatively small improvement in effect compared to Reference Examples 2A and 3A even though the first and second additives were used as non-aqueous electrolyte additives.
- the effect is not improved at all even when the first and second additives are used in combination. Rather, Reference Example 1A has a capacity retention rate equivalent or lower during cycle charge/discharge or high-temperature storage compared to Reference Examples 2A and 3A.
- Reference Example B When Li[Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ]O 2 was used as the positive electrode active material.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding LiPF 6 as a lithium salt, tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSPa) as a first additive, and the compound A as a second additive to the organic solvent.
- LiPF 6 as a lithium salt
- TMSPa tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate
- the above LiPF 6 was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at a molar concentration of 1.2 M.
- the first additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 5 wt%, and the second additive was included in the non-aqueous electrolyte at 5 wt%.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry (solid content 75.5 wt%) was prepared by adding positive electrode active material (Li[Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ]O 2 ): conductive material (carbon nanotube): binder (PVDF) in a weight ratio of 97.74:0.70:1.56 to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to one surface of a positive electrode current collector (Al thin film) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, and drying and roll pressing were performed to prepare a positive electrode.
- a negative electrode composite slurry (solid content 26 wt%) was prepared by adding negative active material (natural graphite): conductive agent (carbon black): binder (styrene-butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose) to distilled water as a solvent in a weight ratio of 96.15:1.55:2.30.
- the negative electrode composite slurry was applied to one surface of a 15 ⁇ m thick negative electrode current collector (Cu thin film), and drying and roll pressing were performed to prepare a negative electrode.
- a polyethylene porous film separator was interposed between the positive and negative electrodes manufactured above in a dry room, and then the non-aqueous electrolyte manufactured above was injected to manufacture a secondary battery.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Reference Example 1B, except that the second additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Reference Example 1B, except that the first additive was not added to the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary batteries of Reference Examples 1B to 3B manufactured above were charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C using an electrochemical charger/discharger under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 45°C, and then discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions, which was considered one cycle, to perform 300 charge/discharge cycles.
- the capacity retention rate is calculated using the formula below, and the results are shown in Table 5 below.
- Capacity retention rate (%) ⁇ (discharge capacity after 300 cycles/discharge capacity after 1 cycle) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- the discharge capacity after one cycle was measured using an electrochemical charger/discharger, the SOC was adjusted to 50%, and then a 2.5C pulse was applied for 10 seconds, and the initial resistance was calculated through the difference between the voltage before and after pulse application.
- Resistance Increase Rate (%) (Resistance after 300 cycles - Initial resistance) / Initial resistance ⁇ 100
- the lithium secondary batteries of Reference Examples 1B to 3B manufactured above were charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C conditions to perform initial charge/discharge, and then charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and stored at 60°C for 12 weeks.
- the lithium secondary battery was charged to 4.4 V, 0.05 C under CC/CV, 0.33 C conditions at 25°C and discharged to 2.5 V under CC, 0.33 C to measure the capacity during discharge.
- Capacity retention rate (%) (discharge capacity after 12 weeks of storage/initial discharge capacity) ⁇ 100
- the capacity was checked at room temperature, then charged to 50% of SOC based on the discharge capacity, discharged for 10 seconds with a current of 2.5 C, and the resistance was measured from the voltage drop difference at this time, which was used as the initial resistance.
- the resistance was measured using the same method, which was used as the final resistance, and the resistance increase rate was calculated using the following formula. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
- the lithium secondary battery of Reference Example 1B has a relatively small improvement in effect compared to Reference Examples 2B and 3B even though the first additive and the second additive were used as non-aqueous electrolyte additives.
- the effect is not improved even when the first and second additives are used in combination. Rather, Reference Example 1B has a capacity retention rate equivalent or lower during cycle charge/discharge or high-temperature storage compared to Reference Examples 2B and 3B.
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Abstract
Description
| 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | |
| 실시예 1 | 96 | 10 |
| 실시예 2 | 95 | 9 |
| 실시예 3 | 96 | 8 |
| 실시예 4 | 96 | 11 |
| 실시예 5 | 95 | 10 |
| 실시예 6 | 96 | 8 |
| 실시예 7 | 97 | 9 |
| 비교예 1 | 75 | 27 |
| 비교예 2 | 81 | 26 |
| 비교예 3 | 70 | 25 |
| 비교예 4 | 82 | 18 |
| 비교예 5 | 80 | 34 |
| 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | |
| 실시예 1 | 95 | 9 |
| 실시예 2 | 95 | 8 |
| 실시예 3 | 96 | 6 |
| 실시예 4 | 94 | 7 |
| 실시예 5 | 95 | 8 |
| 실시예 6 | 97 | 7 |
| 실시예 7 | 96 | 6 |
| 비교예 1 | 85 | 24 |
| 비교예 2 | 86 | 22 |
| 비교예 3 | 75 | 19 |
| 비교예 4 | 72 | 16 |
| 비교예 5 | 76 | 28 |
| 참고 실험예 A-1 | 참고 실험예 A-2 | |||
| 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | |
| 참고예 1A | 86 | 18 | 89 | 13 |
| 참고예 2A | 88 | 20 | 90 | 16 |
| 참고예 3A | 86 | 19 | 90 | 14 |
| 참고 실험예 B-1 | 참고 실험예 B-2 | |||
| 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | 용량 유지율(%) | 저항 증가율(%) | |
| 참고예 1B | 87 | 18 | 88 | 13 |
| 참고예 2B | 87 | 17 | 88 | 15 |
| 참고예 3B | 86 | 18 | 90 | 15 |
Claims (20)
- 양극; 음극; 상기 양극 및 음극 사이에 개재된 분리막; 및 비수 전해질;을 포함하고,상기 양극은 양극 활물질을 포함하고,상기 양극 활물질은 하기 화학식 X로 표시되는 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 포함하고,상기 비수 전해질은 리튬 염, 유기 용매 및 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 첨가제는 제1 첨가제 및 제2 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 제1 첨가제는 실릴 그룹을 포함하는 포스페이트계 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 제2 첨가제는 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지:[화학식 X]Li1+x[NiaCobMncM1 d]O2+w상기 화학식 X에서, 0≤x≤0.5, a+b+c+d = 1, 0.5≤a≤0.7, 0≤b≤0.15, c=1-a-b-d, 0≤d≤0.1, 0≤b/a≤0.2, 1≤a/c≤3, 0≤w≤1이고,M1은 W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B 및 Mo 중 선택된 1종 이상이다.[화학식 1]상기 화학식 1에서,n은 1 또는 2이고,L1 및 L2는 각각 독립적으로 직접 결합 또는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬렌기이며,R1 및 R2는 각각 독립적으로 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는 치환기이며,[화학식 2]상기 화학식 2에서,m은 1 또는 2이고,X1는 및 X2는 각각 독립적으로 -O- 또는 -C(R31)(R32)-이되, 상기 X1 및 X2 중 적어도 하나는 -O-이고,R31 내지 R36은 각각 독립적으로 수소, 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬기, -C(=O)-R4 또는 -R5-O-C(=O)-R6이고,상기 R4 및 R6은 각각 독립적으로 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬기, 탄소수 2 내지 20의 알케닐기, 탄소수 2 내지 20의 알카이닐기, 또는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 6 내지 20의 아릴기이고,상기 R5는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬렌기이고,상기 L1, L2, R4, R5 및 R6의 치환기는 각각 독립적으로 중수소, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CN, -NO2 및 -SO3로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1 이상이고,*는 L1 또는 L2에 결합하는 위치이되,L1 및 L2가 모두 직접 결합인 경우, R1 및 R2는 동시에 하기 CS-7이 아니고,L1 및 L2가 모두 메틸렌기이면서 n이 2인 경우, R1 및 R2는 동시에 하기 CS-2가 아니다.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 제1 첨가제는 트리스(트리메틸실릴) 포스페이트인 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 제1 첨가제는 상기 비수 전해질에 0.01중량% 내지 10중량%로 포함되는 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 제2 첨가제는 상기 비수 전해질에 0.01중량% 내지 10중량%로 포함되는 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 5에 있어서,상기 R1 및 R2는 각각 독립적으로 CS-1, CS-2, CS-5, CS-8, CS-10 및 CS-11로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나인 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 L1 및 L2는 메틸렌기인 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 염은 LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiAlO4, LiAlCl4, LiPF6, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiB10Cl10, LiBOB(LiB(C2O4)2), LiCF3SO3, LiFSI(LiN(SO2F)2), LiCH3SO3, LiCF3CO2, LiCH3CO2 및 LiBETI(LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 1종을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 염은 상기 비수 전해질에 0.5 M 내지 5.0 M의 몰 농도로 포함되는 것인 리튬 이차전지.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 유기 용매는 환형 카보네이트계 유기 용매, 선형 카보네이트계 유기 용매, 선형 에스터계 유기 용매 및 환형 에스터계 유기 용매로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 하나를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
- 양극 음극 및 상기 양극 및 음극 사이에 개재된 분리막을 포함하는 전극 조립체를 전지 케이스에 수납하는 단계; 및상기 전극 조립체가 수납된 전지 케이스에 비수 전해질을 주입하는 단계;을 포함하고,상기 양극은 양극 활물질을 포함하고,상기 양극 활물질은 하기 화학식 X로 표시되는 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 포함하고,상기 비수 전해질은 리튬 염, 유기 용매 및 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 첨가제는 제1 첨가제 및 제2 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 제1 첨가제는 실릴 그룹을 포함하는 포스페이트계 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 제2 첨가제는 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법:[화학식 X]Li1+x[NiaCobMncM1 d]O2+w상기 화학식 X에서, 0≤x≤0.5, a+b+c+d = 1, 0.5≤a≤0.7, 0≤b≤0.15, c=1-a-b-d, 0≤d≤0.1, 0≤b/a≤0.2, 1≤a/c≤3, 0≤w≤1이고,M1은 W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B 및 Mo 중 선택된 1종 이상이다.[화학식 1]상기 화학식 1에서,n은 1 또는 2이고,L1 및 L2는 각각 독립적으로 직접 결합 또는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬렌기이며,R1 및 R2는 각각 독립적으로 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는 치환기이며,[화학식 2]상기 화학식 2에서,m은 1 또는 2이고,X1는 및 X2는 각각 독립적으로 -O- 또는 -C(R31)(R32)-이되, 상기 X1 및 X2 중 적어도 하나는 -O-이고,R31 내지 R36은 각각 독립적으로 수소, 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬기, -C(=O)-R4 또는 -R5-O-C(=O)-R6이고,상기 R4 및 R6은 각각 독립적으로 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬기, 탄소수 2 내지 20의 알케닐기, 탄소수 2 내지 20의 알카이닐기, 또는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 6 내지 20의 아릴기이고,상기 R5는 치환 또는 비치환된 탄소수 1 내지 6의 알킬렌기이고,상기 L1, L2, R4, R5 및 R6의 치환기는 각각 독립적으로 중수소, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -CN, -NO2 및 -SO3로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 1 이상이고,*는 L1 또는 L2에 결합하는 위치이되,L1 및 L2가 모두 직접 결합인 경우, R1 및 R2는 동시에 하기 CS-7이 아니고,L1 및 L2가 모두 메틸렌기이면서 n이 2인 경우, R1 및 R2는 동시에 하기 CS-2가 아니다.
- 청구항 12에 있어서,상기 제1 첨가제는 트리스(트리메틸실릴) 포스페이트인 리튬 이차전지의 제조방법.
- 청구항 12에 있어서,상기 제1 첨가제는 상기 비수 전해질에 0.01중량% 내지 10중량%로 포함되는 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 12에 있어서,상기 제2 첨가제는 상기 비수 전해질에 0.01중량% 내지 10중량%로 포함되는 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 16에 있어서,상기 R1 및 R2는 각각 독립적으로 CS-1, CS-2, CS-5, CS-8, CS-10 및 CS-11로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나인 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 12에 있어서,상기 L1 및 L2는 메틸렌기인 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 12에 있어서,상기 리튬 염은 LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiAlO4, LiAlCl4, LiPF6, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiB10Cl10, LiBOB(LiB(C2O4)2), LiCF3SO3, LiFSI(LiN(SO2F)2), LiCH3SO3, LiCF3CO2, LiCH3CO2 및 LiBETI(LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 적어도 1종을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지의 제조 방법.
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| KR20230046337A (ko) | 2021-09-29 | 2023-04-06 | 주식회사 위드365 | 중소기업의 비용절감을 위한 비용결정 보조 시스템 |
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| CN114695869B (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2024-12-13 | 深圳新宙邦科技股份有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池 |
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| EP4601067A4 (en) | 2026-04-22 |
| JP2026504353A (ja) | 2026-02-05 |
| EP4601067A1 (en) | 2025-08-13 |
| CN120188299A (zh) | 2025-06-20 |
| US20240339660A1 (en) | 2024-10-10 |
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