WO2024230263A1 - 电池单体、电池和用电装置 - Google Patents

电池单体、电池和用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024230263A1
WO2024230263A1 PCT/CN2024/076661 CN2024076661W WO2024230263A1 WO 2024230263 A1 WO2024230263 A1 WO 2024230263A1 CN 2024076661 W CN2024076661 W CN 2024076661W WO 2024230263 A1 WO2024230263 A1 WO 2024230263A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
negative electrode
monomer
battery cell
acrylate
battery
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2024/076661
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
何晓宁
薛文文
宋少康
刘成勇
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2025536877A priority Critical patent/JP2026505239A/ja
Priority to EP24802551.2A priority patent/EP4632865A4/en
Publication of WO2024230263A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024230263A1/zh
Priority to US19/255,948 priority patent/US20250329780A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the field of batteries, and in particular, to a battery cell, a battery, and an electrical device.
  • secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydropower, thermal power, wind power and solar power stations, as well as power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, military equipment, aerospace and other fields.
  • energy storage power systems such as hydropower, thermal power, wind power and solar power stations, as well as power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, military equipment, aerospace and other fields.
  • the cycle performance of secondary batteries is also severely challenged.
  • the present application proposes a battery cell, comprising: an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly comprising: a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet, the length of the negative electrode sheet in a first direction is a, the negative electrode sheet has a first end and a second end, and the direction from the first end to the second end is the same as the first direction; a gel polymer electrolyte, the gel polymer electrolyte is at least located between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet; wherein, when the capacity of the battery cell is less than or equal to 90% of the nominal capacity of the battery cell, there is an area of a on the negative electrode sheet A first region, wherein the distance between the point in the first region farthest from the first end and the first end is There is a second region on the negative electrode plate, the area of the second region is the same or substantially the same as the area of the first region, and the distance between the point in the second region farthest from the second end and the second end is In the temperature range of 25°
  • the pressure generated by the expansion of the negative electrode sheet can be effectively alleviated, and the electrolyte is not easily squeezed out from one side of the negative electrode sheet.
  • the electrolyte has high wettability to the negative electrode sheet during the entire charge and discharge cycle. The electrolyte will vaporize and detach from the negative electrode sheet in the range of 25°C-180°C, so that the heat loss of the negative electrode sheet in a specific area in the temperature range of 25°C-180°C can be directly reflected.
  • the electrolyte content in the corresponding area can be directly reflected by testing the heat loss of the negative electrode sheet in a specific area in the temperature range of 25°C-180°C.
  • the difference in heat loss between the upper area and the lower area of the negative electrode sheet is small, the overall wettability of the negative electrode sheet is better, so that the battery cell has better cycle performance.
  • the m/n is greater than or equal to 70%.
  • the difference in electrolyte content between the upper and lower ends of the negative electrode sheet is small, the electrolyte has good wettability for the negative electrode sheet, and the battery cell has excellent cycle performance.
  • the battery cells can be arranged close to or directly perpendicular to the ground, optimizing the arrangement of the battery cells and improving space utilization.
  • the first angle is 85°-90°.
  • the battery cells can be arranged closer to or directly perpendicular to the ground, optimizing the arrangement of the battery cells and improving space utilization.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a polymer matrix
  • the polymer matrix is obtained by polymerizing polymer monomers
  • the polymer monomers include a first monomer and a second monomer
  • the first monomer includes at least two cross-linking sites.
  • the first monomer can not only trigger the polymerization reaction of the second monomer, but also cross-link the polymer chains formed by the polymerization of multiple second monomers, thereby improving the elasticity of the polymer matrix.
  • the cross-linking site includes at least one of a double bond, a triple bond, and a cyclic ether.
  • the cross-linking effect of the first monomer is better, and the elasticity of the polymer matrix can be further improved.
  • the first monomer includes at least one of an acrylic acid monomer and an acrylate monomer, thereby improving the cross-linking state of the polymer matrix.
  • the first monomer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the acrylic monomer includes at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, and ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate; the acrylic ester monomer includes cyanoacrylate, caprolactone acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofuran acrylate, ethoxylated tetrahydrofuran acrylate, cyclotrimethylolpropane acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, cyclotrimethylolpropane
  • the second monomer includes at least one of carbonate monomers, sulfate monomers, sulfonate monomers, phosphate monomers, carboxylate monomers, sulfone monomers, amide monomers, nitrile monomers, and ether monomers, thereby improving the strength of the polymer matrix.
  • the second monomer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the carbonate monomer includes at least one of vinyl carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and chloroethylene carbonate; the sulfate monomer includes at least one of vinyl vinyl sulfite, vinyl sulfite, 4-methyl vinyl sulfate, and 4-ethyl vinyl sulfate; the sulfonate monomer includes at least one of 1,3-propylene sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, and methanedisulfonic acid methylene cyclopentane; the phosphate monomer includes dimethyl vinyl phosphate, diethyl vinyl phosphate, diethyl propylene phosphate, diethyl butylene phosphate, diethyl 1-butene-2-yl phosphonate,
  • the mass of the electrolyte is c
  • the mass of the polymer matrix is b
  • c/(c+b) is 60%-97%.
  • the electrolyte content of the battery cell is relatively high, which can further improve the cycle performance of the battery cell.
  • the c/(c+b) is 80%-95%, thereby further improving the cycle performance of the battery cell.
  • the battery further comprises a shell, the shell is used to encapsulate the electrode assembly and the gel polymer electrolyte, when the state of charge of the battery cell is less than 5%, the volume of the electrode assembly is V 1 , the volume of the battery shell is V 2 , and V 1 /V 2 is less than or equal to 92%.
  • the structural stability and reliability of the battery cell can be improved.
  • the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located at least on one side of the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based material, tin-based material, and lithium titanate.
  • the energy density of the negative electrode plate can be improved.
  • the negative electrode active material satisfies one or more of the following conditions: the silicon-based material includes at least one of elemental silicon, silicon oxide, silicon-carbon composite, silicon-nitrogen composite, and silicon alloy material; the tin-based material includes at least one of elemental tin, tin oxide, and tin alloy material.
  • the energy density of the negative electrode plate can be improved.
  • the present application proposes a battery, comprising the aforementioned battery monomer. Therefore, the battery has all the characteristics and advantages of the aforementioned battery monomer, which will not be described in detail here.
  • the present application proposes an electrical device, comprising the aforementioned battery cell; and/or, the aforementioned battery. Therefore, the electrical device has all the features and advantages of the aforementioned battery cell and battery, which will not be described in detail here.
  • FIG1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a battery cell according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG2 shows a schematic structural diagram of a negative electrode sheet according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG3 shows a schematic diagram of a battery cell according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG4 is an exploded view of a battery cell according to an embodiment of the present application shown in FIG3 ;
  • FIG5 shows a schematic diagram of a battery module according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG6 shows a schematic diagram of a battery pack according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG7 is an exploded view of the battery pack of one embodiment of the present application shown in FIG6 ;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing an electrical device using a battery as a power source according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Battery pack 1 Battery pack 1, upper box 2, lower box 3, battery module 4, battery cell 5, Positive electrode sheet 10, positive electrode current collector 11, positive electrode active material layer 12, negative electrode sheet 20, negative electrode current collector 21, Negative electrode active material layer 22, separator 30, gel polymer electrolyte 40, shell 51, electrode assembly 52, top cover assembly 53, First end 201 , second end 202 , first area 203 , second area 204 .
  • a and/or B may include the case of A alone, the case of B alone, or any of the cases of A and B, where A and B are only used for examples and may be any technical feature connected by “and/or" in the present application.
  • a and B are both numerical values, A and B being the same indicates that A and B are exactly the same, and A and B being substantially the same indicates that there is a difference of less than 10% between A and B or a reasonable difference considered by those skilled in the art, such as a difference of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%.
  • the metal active ions when the battery cell 5 is charged, the metal active ions will be released from the positive electrode active material, migrate to the surface of the negative electrode plate 20 after diffusion through the electrolyte, and be embedded in the negative electrode active material; when the battery cell 5 is discharged, the metal active ions will be released from the negative electrode active material, migrate to the surface of the positive electrode plate 10 after diffusion through the electrolyte, and be embedded in the positive electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode active material will expand in volume due to the embedding of the metal active ions, and shrink in volume due to the release of the metal active ions, and thus the negative electrode active material will continue to change in volume during the charge and discharge cycle of the battery cell 5.
  • the volume of the negative electrode plate 20 containing the silicon-based negative electrode material is the minimum value c 1 when the battery cell 5 is in a fully discharged state, and the volume of the negative electrode plate 20 containing the silicon-based negative electrode material reaches the maximum value when the battery cell 5 is in a fully charged state.
  • the volume change rate c 2 /c 1 of the negative electrode sheet 20 containing silicon-based negative electrode materials during the charge and discharge cycle can reach more than 300%.
  • the negative electrode sheet 20 has a huge volume effect during the charge and discharge cycle.
  • the expansion force inside the battery cell 5 increases with the increase in the volume of the negative electrode sheet 20, and the electrolyte inside the negative electrode sheet 20 will gradually be squeezed out along one side of the negative electrode sheet 20.
  • the electrolyte inside the negative electrode plate 20 will gradually be squeezed out along the upper area of the negative electrode plate 20, and accumulated in the expansion space reserved inside the battery cell 5.
  • the squeezed-out electrolyte cannot flow back to the negative electrode plate 20 in time, thereby resulting in reduced wettability of the electrolyte to the upper area of the negative electrode plate 20, and ultimately leading to lithium precipitation.
  • the lithium crystal nucleus still maintains good contact with the negative electrode plate, and the precipitated metallic lithium will further grow into lithium dendrites.
  • the top of the lithium dendrite is inactivated and becomes a lithium single substance that cannot participate in the charge and discharge cycle, thereby significantly affecting the cycle life and capacity of the battery cell.
  • Full charge means the state of charge of the battery cell 5 is 100%. Of course, full charge can also mean the state of charge of the battery cell 5 is other values, for example, the state of charge is greater than 90%, which is not limited in this application.
  • Full discharge means the state of charge of the battery cell 5 is 0%. Of course, full discharge can also mean the state of charge of the battery cell 5 is other values, for example, the state of charge is less than 5%, which is not limited in this application.
  • the nominal capacity of a battery cell refers to the capacity of a fully charged battery cell at room temperature when it is discharged at a 1C rate, where the current corresponding to the 1C rate of discharge is the current required to completely discharge the battery cell in 1 hour.
  • an electrolyte containing polymer monomers is injected into the battery cell, and the inside of the battery cell 5 is infiltrated with the electrolyte containing polymer monomers.
  • the polymer monomers are induced to undergo a curing reaction by external conditions, such as heating treatment, to form a polymer matrix, thereby ensuring that the inside of the battery cell 5 is filled with a gel polymer electrolyte 40 composed of a polymer matrix and an electrolyte.
  • a polymer matrix has higher elasticity and pressure bearing capacity, and can rebound to its original state as much as possible after being pressurized.
  • a gel polymer electrolyte with high elasticity is formed by in-situ curing between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and a polymer matrix is used to partially replace the liquid electrolyte. Therefore, during the charge and discharge cycle of the battery cell 5, when the negative electrode plate 20 expands, the polymer matrix can effectively relieve the pressure generated by the expansion of the negative electrode plate 20, and the electrolyte is not easily squeezed out from the upper area of the negative electrode plate 20.
  • the electrolyte has a high wettability for the upper area of the negative electrode plate 20 during the entire charge and discharge cycle, maintaining the ion passage in the upper area of the negative electrode plate 20, effectively inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites on the surface of the negative electrode plate 20, and effectively improving the cycle performance of the battery cell 5.
  • the battery cells disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be used, but not limited to, in electrical devices such as vehicles, ships or aircraft.
  • a power supply system comprising the battery cells and batteries disclosed in the present application can be used to form the electrical device.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides an electric device using a battery cell and/or a battery as a power source
  • the electric device may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a laptop, an electric toy, an electric tool, a battery car, an electric car, a ship, a spacecraft, etc.
  • the electric toy may include a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game console, an electric car toy, an electric ship toy, and an electric airplane toy, etc.
  • the spacecraft may include an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, and a spacecraft, etc.
  • the present application proposes a battery cell 5, comprising: an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly comprising: a positive electrode sheet 10 and a negative electrode sheet 20, the length of the negative electrode sheet 20 in the first direction is a, the negative electrode sheet 20 has a first end 201 and a second end 202, and the direction from the first end 201 to the second end 202 is the same as the first direction; a gel polymer electrolyte 40, the gel polymer electrolyte 40 is located between the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20; wherein, when the capacity of the battery cell 5 is less than or equal to 90% of the nominal capacity of the battery cell 5, there is an area of a on the negative electrode sheet 20
  • the first region 203, the distance between the point farthest from the first end 201 in the first region 203 and the first end 201 is There is a second region 204 on the negative electrode sheet 20.
  • the area of the second region 204 is the same or substantially the same as the area of the first region 203.
  • the distance between the point in the second region 204 farthest from the second end 202 and the second end 202 is In the temperature range of 25°C-180°C, the heat loss of the negative electrode plate 20 in the first region 203 is m, and the heat loss of the negative electrode plate 20 in the second region 204 is n, and m/n is greater than or equal to 50%.
  • the use of the gel polymer electrolyte 40 can utilize the space-occupying effect of the polymer matrix in the gel polymer electrolyte to effectively alleviate the electrolyte inside the battery cell from being squeezed out when the inside is compressed and expanded, thereby causing poor wettability of the negative electrode plate, thereby effectively reducing the lithium deposition problem on one side of the negative electrode plate 20 caused by poor electrolyte infiltration during battery charging and discharging, and improving the cycle performance.
  • a gel polymer electrolyte with high elasticity is formed by in-situ curing between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and the polymer matrix can effectively relieve the pressure generated by the expansion of the negative electrode sheet 20, so that the electrolyte is not easily squeezed out from one side of the negative electrode sheet 20.
  • the electrolyte has high wettability for the negative electrode sheet 20 during the entire charge and discharge cycle, which is manifested in that the electrolyte content of the negative electrode sheet 20 in the first area 203 and the negative electrode sheet 20 in the second area 204 are both high.
  • the capacity of the battery cell 5 is less than or equal to 90% of the nominal capacity of the battery cell 5, that is, when the battery cell 5 has undergone several charge and discharge cycles, the area of the negative electrode sheet 20 near the first end 201 and the area near the second end 202 Specifically, the electrolyte will vaporize and separate from the negative electrode plate 20 in the range of 25°C-180°C, so the electrolyte content in the corresponding area can be directly reflected by testing the heat loss of the negative electrode plate 20 in a specific area in the temperature range of 25°C-180°C.
  • the negative electrode plate 20 when testing the heat loss of the negative electrode plate 20 in the temperature range of 25° C.-180° C., the negative electrode plate 20 can be gradually heated from 25° C. to 180° C. until the electrolyte is completely volatilized.
  • the second direction may be parallel to the plane on which the battery cell 5 is placed.
  • the second direction may be parallel to the ground.
  • the first angle may be 70°-90°, and optionally, the first angle may be 85°-90°.
  • the battery cells may be arranged close to or directly perpendicular to the ground, optimizing the arrangement of the battery cells and improving space utilization. Specifically, when the angle between the first direction and the second direction is 90°, the battery cells are arranged perpendicular to the ground.
  • the battery cell 5 may be a metal battery. In some embodiments, the battery cell 5 may be a sodium metal battery, a lithium metal battery, or the like.
  • the electrode assembly is a winding structure.
  • the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20 are wound to form a winding structure.
  • the electrode assembly is a laminate structure.
  • a plurality of positive electrode sheets 10 and a plurality of negative electrode sheets 20 may be provided respectively, and the plurality of positive electrode sheets 10 and the plurality of negative electrode sheets 20 may be alternately stacked.
  • a plurality of positive electrode sheets 10 may be provided, and the negative electrode sheet 20 may be folded to form a plurality of stacked folded segments, with one positive electrode sheet 10 being sandwiched between adjacent folded segments.
  • the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20 are both folded to form a plurality of stacked folded sections.
  • the isolation film 30 is disposed between the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20 , and mainly serves to prevent the positive and negative electrodes from short-circuiting, while allowing ions to pass through.
  • a plurality of separators 30 may be provided, each of which is provided between any adjacent positive electrode sheets 10 or negative electrode sheets 20 .
  • the separator 30 may be disposed continuously, and disposed between any adjacent positive electrode sheets 10 or negative electrode sheets 20 by folding or winding.
  • the shape of the electrode assembly can be cylindrical, flat, or polygonal.
  • the electrode assembly is provided with tabs, which can lead current out of the electrode assembly.
  • the tabs include a positive tab and a negative tab.
  • the positive electrode sheet 10 may include a positive electrode current collector 11 and a positive electrode current collector 11 disposed at least A positive electrode active material layer 12 is provided on one surface.
  • the positive electrode current collector 11 has two surfaces facing each other in its thickness direction, and the positive electrode active material layer 12 is provided on either or both of the two facing surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 11 .
  • the positive electrode current collector 11 can be made of metal foil, foam metal or composite current collector.
  • metal foil aluminum or stainless steel, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, carbon electrode, carbon, nickel or titanium with silver surface treatment can be used.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base and a metal layer.
  • the foam metal may be foam nickel, foam copper, foam aluminum, foam alloy, or foam carbon.
  • the composite current collector may be formed by forming a metal material (aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer material substrate (such as a substrate of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyethylene, etc.).
  • the negative electrode plate 20 may include a negative electrode current collector 21, and the negative electrode current collector 21 may be a metal foil, a foam metal or a composite current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector 21 may be a metal foil, a foam metal or a composite current collector.
  • a metal foil aluminum or stainless steel treated with silver surface, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, carbon electrode, carbon, nickel or titanium, etc. may be used.
  • the foam metal may be foam nickel, foam copper, foam aluminum, foam alloy, or foam carbon, etc.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base and a metal layer.
  • the composite current collector may be formed by forming a metal material (copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer material substrate (such as a substrate of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyethylene, etc.).
  • a metal material copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy, etc.
  • a polymer material substrate such as a substrate of polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyethylene, etc.
  • the negative electrode plate 20 may be a rolled metal foil or a surface-coated inert layer of metal powder coated on a current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector 21 may be a composite current collector, for example, the composite current collector may include at least one of carbon cloth, carbon film, carbonaceous material, porous current collector, alloyed modified current collector, lithium-philic modified current collector and sodium-philic modified current collector.
  • the negative electrode plate 20 may include a negative electrode current collector 21 and a negative electrode active material layer 22 arranged on at least one side surface of the negative electrode current collector 21, and the negative electrode active material layer 22 may include a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material may be a material with a high gram capacity.
  • the negative electrode active material may include at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based material, tin-based material, and lithium titanate.
  • the silicon-based material may include at least one of elemental silicon, silicon oxide, silicon-carbon composite, silicon-nitrogen composite, and silicon alloy material;
  • the tin-based material may include at least one of elemental tin, tin oxide, and tin alloy material.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the type of the isolation membrane 30 , and any porous isolation membrane with good chemical stability and mechanical stability may be selected.
  • the main material of the isolation film 30 may include glass fiber, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene, ceramic and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the separator 30 may be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film, without particular limitation. When the separator 30 is a multi-layer composite film, the materials of each layer may be the same or different, without particular limitation.
  • the separator 30 may be a separate component located between the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20, or may be attached to the surface of the positive and negative electrodes.
  • the battery cell when the capacity of the battery cell 5 is less than or equal to 90% of the nominal capacity of the battery cell 5 , the battery cell has undergone multiple charge and discharge cycles, and the negative electrode plate 20 has correspondingly undergone multiple reciprocating volume expansion and volume contraction, and the electrolyte inside the battery cell 5 has undergone multiple pressure extrusion and reflux.
  • the first direction may be parallel to a predetermined surface of the battery cell, for example, the first direction may be parallel to a large surface of the battery cell, at which point there is a first angle of 70°-90° between the first direction and the second direction, that is, there is an angle of 70°-90° between the large surface of the battery cell 5 and the ground.
  • the two surfaces with larger side areas are called large surfaces, and the other two sides are called narrow surfaces.
  • the shape of the first region 203 is not particularly limited, as long as the distance between the point in the first region farthest from the first end 201 and the first end 201 is That is, for example, the first area 203 may be in a circular, rectangular or triangular shape.
  • the first area 203 is circular, there is only one point on the boundary of the first area 203 at a distance from the first end 201 of
  • the first area 203 is a rectangle or a triangle, there may be one or more points on the boundary of the first area 203 whose distance from the first end 201 is
  • the shape of the second region 204 is not particularly limited, as long as the distance between the point in the second region 204 farthest from the second end 202 and the second segment 202 is That is, for example, the second area 204 may be in a circular, rectangular or triangular shape.
  • the second area 204 is circular, there is only one point on the boundary of the second area 204 at a distance of
  • the second area 204 is a rectangle or a triangle, there may be one or more points on the boundary of the second area 204 whose distance from the second end 202 is
  • the first region 203 and the second region 204 have the same shape.
  • the areas of the first region 203 and the second region 204 are the same or substantially the same.
  • the areas of the first region 203 and the second region 204 are It may be 19.625 mm 2 , so that a disc with a predetermined diameter, such as a disc with a diameter of 5 mm, can be obtained at a corresponding position of the negative electrode plate 20 through a relatively simple stamping process, ie, corresponding to the first region 203 and the second region 204 with circular shapes.
  • a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) sample preparation device may be used. Specifically, a disc with a diameter of 5 mm may be obtained by a mechanical die punching method.
  • thermogravimetric analyzer may be used.
  • the first region 203 may be measured by a differential thermal-thermogravimetric analyzer.
  • the heat loss of the negative electrode sheet 20 and the negative electrode sheet 20 in the second area 204 in the range of 25°C-180°C.
  • m/n may be greater than or equal to 70%.
  • the value of m/n is larger, it indicates that the difference in electrolyte content between the area near the first end 201 and the area near the second end 202 of the negative electrode plate 20 is smaller, and when the battery cell is arranged vertically to the ground, the wettability of the upper area and the lower area of the negative electrode plate 20 are close to the same.
  • m/n may be 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%. It is understandable that, limited by the injection coefficient of the battery cell, the electrolyte content of the negative electrode plate 20 in the first region 203 will be less than the electrolyte content of the negative electrode plate 20 in the second region 204, that is, m/n may be a value greater than or equal to 50% and less than 100%.
  • the gel polymer electrolyte includes a polymer matrix obtained by polymerizing polymer monomers.
  • the polymer monomers include a first monomer and a second monomer.
  • the first monomer includes at least two cross-linking sites.
  • the first monomer can act as a cross-linking agent, and the second monomer can be polymerized to form a polymer chain. Since the first monomer includes at least two cross-linking sites, the first monomer can not only initiate the polymerization reaction of the second monomer, but also cross-link the polymer chains formed by the polymerization of multiple second monomers. That is, the first monomer can be a component of the polymer chain, and can also be used as a connecting structure to connect multiple polymer chains.
  • the first monomer may include two cross-linking sites.
  • the first monomer with double cross-linking sites can effectively improve the cross-linking state of the polymer matrix, effectively improve the elasticity of the polymer matrix, and thereby make the gel polymer electrolyte more elastic when under pressure, further reducing the electrolyte in the negative electrode plate 20 from being squeezed out due to pressure.
  • the cross-linking site may include at least one of a double bond, a triple bond, and a cyclic ether.
  • the first monomer may include at least one of an acrylic monomer and an acrylate monomer.
  • the acrylic monomer may include at least one of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, and ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate.
  • the acrylate monomer may include cyanoacrylate, caprolactone acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofuran acrylate, ethoxylated tetrahydrofuran acrylate, cyclotrimethylolpropane acrylate, 2-carboxyethyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, propylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6
  • an oligomer refers to a polymer having a number average molecular weight of less than 10,000, and the oligomer can be obtained by oligomerization.
  • the second monomer may include at least one of carbonate monomers, sulfate monomers, sulfonate monomers, phosphate monomers, carboxylate monomers, sulfone monomers, amide monomers, nitrile monomers, and ether monomers.
  • the carbonate monomer may include at least one of vinyl carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, fluorocarbonate, and chlorocarbonate;
  • the sulfate monomer may include at least one of vinyl sulfite, vinyl sulfite, 4-methyl vinyl sulfate, and 4-ethyl vinyl sulfate;
  • the sulfonate monomer may include at least one of 1,3-propylene sultone, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, and methanedisulfonic acid methylene cycloester;
  • the phosphate monomer may include dimethyl vinyl phosphate, diethyl vinyl phosphate, diethyl propylene phosphate, diethyl butylene phosphate, diethyl 1-butene-2-yl phosphonate, diethyl ethynyl phosphate, ethy
  • the mass of the electrolyte is c
  • the mass of the polymer matrix is b
  • c/(c+b) may be 60%-97%.
  • c/(c+b) may be 80%-95%.
  • gel polymer electrolyte can effectively reduce the problem of uneven distribution of electrolyte on the negative electrode in the later stage of battery monomer use. Using less electrolyte can achieve better cycle performance, improve the volume energy density of battery monomer, and reduce the occurrence of lithium precipitation. Using more electrolyte can achieve better cycle performance and reduce the occurrence of lithium precipitation.
  • c/(c+b) can be 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96% or 97%.
  • the electrolyte in the gel polymer electrolyte may include a solvent and an inorganic salt.
  • the solvent in the electrolyte may include at least one of ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, 1,4-butyrolactone, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone, and diethyl sulfone;
  • the inorganic salt in the electrolyte may include at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium difluorooxalatoborate, lithium dioxalatoborate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorobis(oxalatophosphate) and lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate.
  • the battery further comprises a shell for encapsulating the electrode assembly and the gel polymer electrolyte.
  • the state of charge of the battery cell is less than 5%
  • the volume of the electrode assembly is V 1
  • the volume of the battery shell is V 2
  • V 1 /V 2 is less than or equal to 92%.
  • expansion space for the negative electrode sheet 20 can be reserved in the shell of the battery cell, reducing the expansion and deformation of the shell caused by the expansion of the negative electrode sheet until the structure fails.
  • the phenomenon of the electrolyte of the negative electrode sheet being squeezed out under pressure and accumulated in the expansion space reserved inside the battery cell 5 can be effectively reduced.
  • V 1 /V 2 is greater than 92%
  • the reserved expansion space in the battery cell shell is too small, and the volume change of the negative electrode plate during the charge and discharge process will be directly reflected at the battery cell level, which is very likely to cause defects such as battery cell bulging.
  • the shell of the battery cell 5 is used to encapsulate the electrode assembly and electrolyte components.
  • the shell can be a steel shell, an aluminum shell, a plastic shell (such as polypropylene), a composite metal shell (such as a copper-aluminum composite shell) or an aluminum-plastic film.
  • gel polymer electrolytes have strong structural plasticity and are extremely unlikely to explode when encountering abnormal usage conditions such as overcharging, over-discharging, impact, crushing and puncture. They can be used to manufacture batteries of various shapes.
  • the battery cell may be a cylindrical battery cell, a prismatic battery cell, a soft-pack battery cell or a battery cell of other shapes, wherein the prismatic battery cell includes a square-shell battery cell, a blade-shaped battery cell, and a multi-prismatic battery.
  • the multi-prismatic battery may be a hexagonal battery, etc., and the present application has no particular limitation.
  • the present application proposes a battery, comprising the aforementioned battery cell 5. Therefore, the battery has all the features and advantages of the aforementioned battery cell 5, which will not be described in detail here.
  • the battery includes a positive electrode sheet 10, a negative electrode sheet 20, an electrolyte and a separator 30, and the electrolyte may include the aforementioned gel polymer electrolyte 40.
  • the electrolyte plays a role in conducting ions between the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20.
  • the separator 30 is arranged between the positive electrode sheet 10 and the negative electrode sheet 20, mainly to prevent the positive and negative electrodes from short-circuiting, and at the same time to allow ions to pass through.
  • FIG. 3 is a battery cell 5 of a square structure as an example.
  • the outer packaging of the battery cell 5 may include a shell 51 and a top cover assembly 53.
  • the shell 51 may include a bottom plate and a side plate connected to the bottom plate, and the bottom plate and the side plate enclose a receiving cavity.
  • the shell 51 has an opening connected to the receiving cavity, and the top cover assembly 53 can be covered on the opening to close the receiving cavity.
  • the positive electrode sheet 10, the negative electrode sheet 20 and the separator 30 can be wound or laminated to form an electrode assembly 52.
  • the electrode assembly 52 is encapsulated in the receiving cavity, and the gel polymer electrolyte fills the internal space of the electrode assembly 52.
  • the number of electrode assemblies 52 contained in the battery cell 5 can be one or more, and those skilled in the art can select according to specific actual needs.
  • batteries can be assembled into battery modules, and the number of batteries contained in the battery module can be one or more, and the specific number can be selected by those skilled in the art according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • Figure 5 is a battery module 4 as an example. Referring to Figure 5, in the battery module 4, a plurality of battery cells 5 can be arranged in sequence along the length direction of the battery module 4. Of course, they can also be arranged in any other manner. The plurality of battery cells 5 can further be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 can also include a housing having a housing space, and a plurality of battery cells 5 are accommodated in the housing space.
  • the above-mentioned battery modules can also be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be one or more, and the specific number can be selected by those skilled in the art according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • Figures 6 and 7 are battery packs 1 as an example.
  • the battery pack 1 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 arranged in the battery box.
  • the battery box includes an upper box body 2 and a lower box body 3, and the upper box body 2 can be covered on the lower box body 3 to form a closed space for accommodating the battery module 4.
  • Multiple battery modules 4 can be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • the present application proposes an electrical device, including the aforementioned battery cell 5 and/or the aforementioned battery. Therefore, the electrical device has all the features and advantages of the aforementioned battery cell and battery, which will not be described in detail here.
  • Batteries, battery modules, or battery packs can be used as power sources for electrical devices, or as energy storage units for electrical devices.
  • Electrical devices may include mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (e.g., pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc., but are not limited thereto. Electrical devices may select batteries, battery modules, or battery packs according to their usage requirements.
  • FIG8 is an example of an electric device.
  • the electric device is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.
  • a battery pack or a battery module can be used.
  • the power-consuming device may also be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.
  • a mobile phone a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.
  • Such a device is usually required to be light and thin, and a battery may be used as a power source.
  • the positive electrode active material LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 , the conductive agent carbon black (SuperP), and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were uniformly mixed in a solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at a mass ratio of 91.6:1.8:6.6 to prepare a positive electrode slurry; the prepared positive electrode slurry was coated on one surface of an aluminum foil current collector with a coating surface density of 17.66 mg/cm 2 , and after drying in an oven, the same weight of the positive electrode slurry was coated on the other side of the current collector, and then dried and cold pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • NMP solvent N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the negative electrode active material graphite, the conductive agent carbon black (SuperP), the binder styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and the thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) are fully stirred and mixed in a proper amount of solvent deionized water at a mass ratio of 95.4:1.5:2.5:0.6 to form a uniform negative electrode slurry; the negative electrode slurry is evenly coated on one surface of the copper foil current collector with a coating surface density of 11.3 mg/cm2 . After drying in an oven, the same weight of the positive electrode slurry is coated on the other side of the current collector, and then dried and cold pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet.
  • SuperP conductive agent carbon black
  • SBR binder styrene-butadiene rubber
  • CMC-Na thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the separator, positive electrode sheet, and negative electrode sheet are placed in the order of positive electrode sheet, separator, negative electrode sheet, and separator. After the winding process, they are hot pressed at 80°C and 1MPa.
  • Ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are mixed in a volume ratio of 3:7 to obtain an organic solvent, and then lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) is dissolved in the above organic solvent to obtain electrolyte A, wherein the concentration of LiPF 6 is 1 mol/L.
  • LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
  • electrolyte A first monomer (ethylene glycol diacrylate oligomer, molecular weight 400): second monomer (ethylene carbonate): initiator (azobisisobutyronitrile) are configured into a gel electrolyte in a weight ratio of 10:10:79.8:0.2, 110g of the gel electrolyte is injected into the battery cell, and then the battery cell is evacuated to -20kPa and maintained for 10min, and after standing at room temperature for 24h, the battery cell is charged to 4.0V at a current of 3A at 45°C, and the battery cell is formed, and then the battery cell is discharged to 2.8V at a current of 3A at room temperature to form a gel polymer electrolyte to obtain a battery.
  • first monomer ethylene glycol diacrylate oligomer, molecular weight 400
  • second monomer ethylene carbonate
  • initiator azobisisobutyronitrile
  • Example 2 is consistent with Example 1, except that the first monomer in Example 2 is triethylene glycol diacrylate.
  • Example 3 is consistent with Example 1, except that the first monomer in Example 3 is ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
  • Example 4 is consistent with Example 1, except that the first monomer in Example 4 is pentaerythritol tetraacrylate.
  • Example 5 is consistent with Example 1, except that the second monomer in Example 5 is diethyl propylene phosphate.
  • Example 6 is consistent with Example 1, except that the second monomer in Example 6 is triethylene glycol divinyl ether.
  • Example 7 is consistent with Example 1, except that the second monomer in Example 7 is ethyl vinyl sulfone.
  • Comparative Example 1 is consistent with Example 1, except that a liquid electrolyte is used in Comparative Example 1. Specifically, ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) are mixed in a volume ratio of 3:7 to obtain an organic solvent, and then lithium hexafluorophosphate (LIPF 6 ) is dissolved in the organic solvent to obtain an electrolyte, wherein the concentration of LiPF 6 is 1 mol/L.
  • the electrolyte injection volume is 110 g.
  • Comparative Example 2 is consistent with Comparative Example 1, except that the injection amount in Comparative Example 2 is 120 g.
  • Negative electrode plate heat loss test When the battery is cycled to 90% capacity retention rate, under the condition of 0% SOC state, disassemble the battery, take out the outermost negative electrode plate of the electrode assembly, punch out small discs with a diameter of 5mm in the first and second areas of the same plate, load the sample into the test sample table, use two identical devices (NETZSCH synchronous thermal analyzer STA-STA449F3) to test the first and second areas respectively, the test process is: 5°C/min to 70°C, keep warm at 70°C for 30min, and record the mass loss m in the first area and the mass loss n in the second area during the whole process.
  • NETZSCH synchronous thermal analyzer STA-STA449F3 NETZSCH synchronous thermal analyzer STA-STA449F3

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Abstract

一种电池单体、电池和用电装置，电池单体包括：负极极片在第一方向上的长度为a，负极极片具有第一端和第二端；凝胶聚合物电解质至少位于正极极片与负极极片之间；其中，电池单体的容量小于或等于电池单体的标称容量的90％时，负极极片上存在第一区域，第一区域内距离第一端最远的点与第一端之间的间距为(I)，负极极片上存在第二区域，第二区域的面积与第一区域的面积相同或基本相同，第二区域内距离第二端最远的点与第二端之间的间距为(I)，在25℃-180℃温度区间内，位于第一区域内的负极极片的热损失量为m，位于第二区域内的负极极片的热损失量为n，m/n大于或等于50％。

Description

电池单体、电池和用电装置 技术领域
本公开涉及电池领域，具体地，涉及电池单体、电池和用电装置。
背景技术
近年来，随着二次电池的应用范围越来越广泛，二次电池广泛应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，以及电动工具、电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车、军事装备、航空航天等多个领域。然而，随着二次电池的应用范围越来越广泛，对二次电池的循环性能也提出了严峻挑战。目前锂离子电池在工业化生产及应用层面仍然有较多问题有待解决。
申请内容
在本申请的第一方面，本申请提出了一种电池单体，包括：电极组件，所述电极组件包括：正极极片和负极极片，所述负极极片在第一方向上的长度为a，所述负极极片具有第一端和第二端，自所述第一端至所述第二端的方向与所述第一方向相同；凝胶聚合物电解质，所述凝胶聚合物电解质至少位于所述正极极片与所述负极极片之间；其中，所述电池单体的容量小于或等于所述电池单体的标称容量的90％时，所述负极极片上存在面积为的第一区域，所述第一区域内距离所述第一端最远的点与所述第一端之间的间距为所述负极极片上存在第二区域，所述第二区域的面积与所述第一区域的面积相同或基本相同，所述第二区域内距离所述第二端最远的点与所述第二端之间的间距为在25℃-180℃温度区间内，位于所述第一区域内的所述负极极片的热损失量为m，位于所述第二区域内的所述负极极片的热损失量为n，m/n大于或等于50％。由此，通过在正极极片与负极极片间原位固化形成具有较高弹性的凝胶聚合物电解质可以有效缓解负极极片膨胀所产生的压力，进而电解液不易从负极极片的一侧挤出，电解液在整个充放电循环过程中对于负极极片的浸润性均较高，电解液在25℃-180℃区间内会发生气化脱离负极极片，从而通过测试特定区域的负极极片在25℃-180℃温度区间内的热损失量即可以直接体现对应区域的电解液含量，当负极极片上部区域和下部区域的热损失量相差较小时，负极极片的整体浸润性较优，进而使得电池单体具有较优的循环性能。
根据本申请的实施例，所述m/n大于或等于70％。由此，负极极片上、下两端的电解液含量差较小，电解液对于负极极片的浸润性较好，该电池单体具有较优的循环性能。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第一方向与第二方向之间存在第一夹角，所述第一夹角为70°-90°。由此，电池单体可以接近或直接垂直于地面设置，优化电池单体的排布方式，提高空间利用率。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第一夹角为85°-90°。由此，电池单体可以进一步接近或直接垂直于地面设置，优化电池单体的排布方式，提高空间利用率。
根据本申请的实施例，所述凝胶聚合物电解质包括聚合物基体，所述聚合物基体由聚合物单体聚合得到，所述聚合物单体包括第一单体和第二单体，所述第一单体包括至少两个交联位点。由此，第一单体既可以引发第二单体的聚合反应，还可以将多条第二单体聚合形成的高分子链交联在一起，进而可以提高聚合物基体的弹性。
根据本申请的实施例，所述交联位点包括双键、三键、环状醚中的至少一种。由此，第一单体的交联效果较好，可以进一步改善聚合物基体的弹性。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第一单体包括丙烯酸类单体、丙烯酸酯类单体中的至少一种。由此，可以改善聚合物基体的交联状态。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第一单体满足以下条件的一个或多个：所述丙烯酸类单体包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异癸酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸乙氧基乙氧基乙酯中的至少一种；所述丙烯酸酯类单体包括氰基丙烯酸酯、己内酯丙烯酸酯、2-苯氧基乙基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸四氢呋喃酯、乙氧化四氢呋喃丙烯酸酯、环三羟甲基丙烷丙烯酸酯、2-羧乙基丙烯酸酯、环己基丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、2(丙氧化)新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯低聚物、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、环己基丙烯酸酯低聚物、甲氧基聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、甲氧 基乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油三丙烯酸酯、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸三丙烯酸酯、二(三羟甲基丙烷)四丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、4(乙氧基)季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、双季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯中的至少一种。由此，可以进一步改善聚合物基体的交联状态，提高聚合物基体的弹性。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第二单体包括碳酸酯类单体、硫酸酯类单体、磺酸酯类单体、磷酸酯类单体、羧酸酯类单体、砜类单体、酰胺类单体、腈类单体、醚类单体中的至少一种。由此，可以提高聚合物基体的强度。
根据本申请的实施例，所述第二单体满足以下条件的一个或多个：所述碳酸酯类单体包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯、氯代碳酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；所述硫酸酯类单体包括乙烯基亚硫酸乙烯酯、亚硫酸乙烯酯、4-甲基硫酸乙烯酯、4-乙基硫酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；所述磺酸酯类单体包括1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲环酯中的至少一种；所述磷酸酯类单体包括二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丁烯基磷酸酯、二乙基1-丁烯-2-基膦酸酯、二乙基乙炔基磷酸酯、乙烯基三氟代甲基磷酸酯、乙烯基-1-三氟代乙基磷酸酯、二乙基氟代乙烯基磷酸酯、1-三氟代丙烯基乙基磷酸酯中的至少一种；所述羧酸酯类单体包括醋酸乙烯酯；所述砜类单体包括甲基乙烯基砜、乙基乙烯基砜、环丁烯砜、环丁砜、环乙亚砜中的至少一种；所述酰胺类单体包括丙烯酰胺；所述腈类单体包括丙烯腈、丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈中的至少一种；所述醚类单体包括1,3-二氧五环、环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、4-甲基-1,3-二氧五环、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、三乙二醇二乙烯基醚中的至少一种。由此，可以进一步提高聚合物基体的强度。
根据本申请的实施例，所述电解液的质量为c，所述聚合物基体的质量为b，c/(c+b)为60％-97％。由此，电池单体的电解液含量较高，可以进一步提高电池单体的循环性能。
根据本申请的实施例，所述c/(c+b)为80％-95％。由此，可以进一步提高电池单体的循环性能。
根据本申请的实施例，进一步包括，壳体，所述壳体用于封装所述电极组件和所述凝胶聚合物电解质，所述电池单体的荷电状态小于5％时，所述电极组件的体积为V1，所述电池壳体的体积为V2，V1/V2小于或等于92％。由此，可以提高电池单体的结构稳定性和使用可靠性。
根据本申请的实施例，所述负极极片包括负极集流体和至少位于所述负极集流体一侧表面的负极活性材料层，所述负极活性材料层包括负极活性材料，所述负极活性材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料、钛酸锂中的至少一种。由此，可以提高负极极片的能量密度。
根据本申请的实施例，所述负极活性材料满足以下条件的一个或多个：所述硅基材料包括单质硅、硅氧化物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物、硅合金材料中的至少一种；所述锡基材料包括单质锡、锡氧化物、锡合金材料中的至少一种。由此，可以提高负极极片的能量密度。
在本申请的第二方面，本申请提出了一种电池，包括前述的电池单体。由此，该电池具有前述电池单体的全部特征及优点，在此不再赘述。
在本申请的第三方面，本申请提出了一种用电装置，包括前述的电池单体；和/或，前述的电池。由此，该用电装置具有前述电池单体和电池的全部特征及优点，在此不再赘述。
附图说明
本申请的上述和/或附加的方面和优点从结合下面附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解，其中：
图1显示了根据本申请一个实施例的电池单体的结构示意图；
图2显示了根据本申请一个实施例的负极极片的结构示意图；
图3显示了根据本申请一个实施例的电池单体的示意图；
图4是图3所示的本申请一实施例的电池单体的分解图；
图5显示了根据本申请一个实施例的电池模块的示意图；
图6显示了根据本申请一个实施例的电池包的示意图；
图7是图6所示的本申请一个实施例的电池包的分解图；
图8显示了根据本申请一个实施例的电池用作电源的用电装置的示意图。
附图标记说明：
电池包1，上箱体2，下箱体3，电池模块4，电池单体5，
正极极片10，正极集流体11，正极活性材料层12，负极极片20，负极集流体21，
负极活性材料层22，隔离膜30，凝胶聚合物电解质40，壳体51，电极组件52，顶盖组件53，
第一端201，第二端202，第一区域203，第二区域204。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本申请的实施例，所述实施例的示例在附图中示出，其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的，仅用于解释本申请，而不能理解为对本申请的限制。
在本申请的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“长度”、“宽度”、“厚度”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。
在本申请的描述中，“A和/或B”可以包括单独A的情况，单独B的情况，A和B的情况的任一种，其中A、B仅用于举例，其可以是本申请中使用“和/或”连接的任意技术特征。
在本申请的描述中，“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上。
除非另外说明，本申请所使用的所有科技术语具有与本申请所属领域技术人员的通常理解相同的含义。本申请涉及的所有专利和公开出版物通过引用方式整体并入本申请。术语“包含”或“包括”为开放式表达，即包括本申请所指明的内容，但并不排除其他方面的内容。
在本申请的描述中，无论是否使用“大约”或“约”等字眼，所有在此公开了的数字均为近似值。每一个数字的数值有可能会出现10％以下的差异或者本领域人员认为的合理的差异，如1％、2％、3％、4％或5％的差异。
在本申请的描述中，当A和B均为数值时，A与B相同表明A与B完全相同，A与B基本相同表明A与B之间存在10％以下的差异或者本领域人员认为的合理的差异，如1％、2％、3％、4％或5％的差异。
在本申请中，以采用液态电解质的金属电池为例，在电池单体5充电时，金属活性离子会从正极活性材料中脱出，经电解质扩散后迁移至负极极片20表面，并嵌入负极活性材料中；在电池单体5放电时，金属活性离子会从负极活性材料中脱出，再经由电解质扩散后迁移至正极极片10表面，并嵌入正极活性材料中，负极活性材料在充放电过程中会因金属活性离子的嵌入发生体积膨胀，因金属活性离子的脱出发生体积收缩，进而负极活性材料会在电池单体5的充放电循环过程中持续地发生体积变化。
在一些实施例中，以在充放电循环过程中具有较大体积膨胀的负极活性材料，如硅基负极活性材料为例，含有硅基负极材料的负极极片20在电池单体5处于满放状态时体积为最小值c1，含有硅基负极材料的负极极片20在电池单体5处于满充状态时体积达到最大值 c2，含有硅基负极材料的负极极片20在充放电循环过程中的体积变化率c2/c1可达300％以上。负极极片20在充放电循环过程中存在巨大的体积效应。在电池单体5充电过程中电池单体5内部的膨胀力随着负极极片20的体积增大而增大，负极极片20内部的电解液会逐渐沿负极极片20的一侧被挤出。例如，当电池单体5垂直于地面设置时，在电池单体5充电过程中，负极极片20内部的电解液会逐渐沿负极极片20的上部区域被挤出，堆积在电池单体5内部预留的膨胀空间内，在电池单体5放电过程中被挤出的电解液又无法及时回流至负极极片20，从而导致电解液对负极极片20上部区域的浸润性降低，最终导致析锂发生，析锂初期，锂晶核与负极极片仍保持较好接触，析出的金属锂会进一步生长成为锂枝晶，后续循环过程中锂枝晶顶部失活成为无法参与充放电循环的锂单质，从而显著影响电池单体的循环寿命和容量。
满充是指电池单体5的荷电状态为100％的状态，当然，满充也可以指电池单体5的荷电状态为其他数值的情况，例如，荷电状态大于90％时的状态，本申请在此不做限制。满放是指电池单体5的荷电状态为0％的状态，当然，满放也可以指电池单体5的荷电状态为其他数值的情况，例如，荷电状态小于5％时的状态，本申请在此不做限制。
电池单体的标称容量指在室温下完全充电的电池单体以1C倍率放电时所发挥的容量，其中，1C倍率放电对应的电流为1小时可将电池单体完全电量放空所需要的电流。
在本申请中，通过采用凝胶聚合物电解质取代液态电解质，利用凝胶聚合物电解质中聚合物基体的占位作用，有效缓解了电池单体内部的电解液在内部受压膨胀时被挤出，进而导致负极极片浸润性较差，进而导致电池单体循环性能显著下降的问题。
在一些实施例中，在将电极组件装入电池单体的壳体后，通过向电池单体内注入含有聚合物单体的电解液，电池单体5内部被含有聚合物单体的电解液浸润，通过外界条件，如加热处理等引发聚合物单体发生固化反应，以形成聚合物基体，以此保证电池单体5内部填充有由聚合物基体和电解液组成的凝胶聚合物电解质40。聚合物基体相较于液态电解质而言，具有更高的弹性和承压能力，可以在承压后尽可能地回弹至原有状态。
在本申请中，通过在正极极片与负极极片间原位固化形成具有较高弹性的凝胶聚合物电解质，采用聚合物基体部分替代液态电解质，进而电池单体5的充放电循环过程，负极极片20发生膨胀时，聚合物基体可以有效缓解负极极片20膨胀所产生的压力，进而电解液不易从负极极片20的上部区域挤出，电解液在整个充放电循环过程中对于负极极片20上部区域的浸润性均较高，保持负极极片20上部区域离子通路，有效抑制了负极极片20表面锂枝晶的生长，有效改善了电池单体5的循环性能。
本申请实施例公开的电池单体可以但不限用于车辆、船舶或飞行器等用电装置中。可以使用具备本申请公开的电池单体、电池等组成该用电装置的电源系统。
本申请实施例提供一种使用电池单体和/或电池作为电源的用电装置，用电装置可以为但不限于手机、平板、笔记本电脑、电动玩具、电动工具、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器等。其中，电动玩具可以包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等，航天器可以包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等。
应理解，本申请实施例描述的技术方案不仅仅局限适用于上述所描述的电池单体和用电装置，还可以适用于所有包括电池单体的电池以及使用电池的用电装置，但为描述简洁，下述实施例均以电动车辆为例进行说明。
在本申请的第一方面，参考图1和图2，本申请提出了一种电池单体5，包括：电极组件，电极组件包括：正极极片10和负极极片20，负极极片20在第一方向上的长度为a，负极极片20具有第一端201和第二端202，自第一端201至第二端202的方向与第一方向相同；凝胶聚合物电解质40，凝胶聚合物电解质40位于正极极片10与负极极片20之间；其中，电池单体5的容量小于或等于电池单体5的标称容量的90％时，负极极片20上存在面积为的第一区域203，第一区域203内距离第一端201最远的点与第一端201之间的间距为负极极片20上存在第二区域204，第二区域204的面积与第一区域203的面积相同或基本相同，第二区域204内距离第二端202最远的点与第二端202之间的间距为在25℃-180℃温度区间内，位于第一区域203内的负极极片20的热损失量为m，位于第二区域204内的负极极片20的热损失量为n，m/n大于或等于50％。采用凝胶聚合物电解质40可以利用凝胶聚合物电解质中聚合物基体的占位作用，有效缓解电池单体内部的电解液在内部受压膨胀时被挤出，进而导致负极极片浸润性较差，从而有效减少电池充放电过程中因电解液浸润不良进而引发的负极极片20一侧的析锂问题，提高循环性能。
在一些实施例中，通过在正极极片与负极极片间原位固化形成具有较高弹性的凝胶聚合物电解质，聚合物基体可以有效缓解负极极片20膨胀所产生的压力，进而电解液不易从负极极片20的一侧挤出，电解液在整个充放电循环过程中对于负极极片20的浸润性均较高，表现为第一区域203内的负极极片20与第二区域204内的负极极片20的电解液含量均较高，在电池单体5的容量小于或等于电池单体5的标称容量的90％时，即电池单体5已经过数次的充放电循环时，负极极片20靠近第一端201的区域和靠近第二端202的区域 的电解液含量差别较小。具体地，电解液在25℃-180℃区间内会发生气化脱离负极极片20，从而通过测试特定区域的负极极片20在25℃-180℃温度区间内的热损失量即可以直接体现对应区域的电解液含量。
作为示例，测试负极极片20在25℃-180℃温度区间内的热损失量时可以将负极极片20在25℃的条件下逐步升温至180℃，直至电解液挥发完全为止。
在本申请的实施例中，第二方向可以与电池单体5所放置的平面平行，例如，第二方向可以与地面平行。
在一些实施例中，第一方向与第二方向之间存在第一夹角，第一夹角可以为70°-90°，可选地，第一夹角可以为85°-90°。电池单体可以接近或直接垂直于地面设置，优化电池单体的排布方式，提高空间利用率。具体地，当第一方向与第二方向的夹角为90°时，此时电池单体垂直于地面设置。
在本申请的实施例中，电池单体5可以为金属电池。在一些实施例中，电池单体5可以为钠金属电池、锂金属电池等。
在一些实施例中，电极组件为卷绕结构。正极极片10、负极极片20卷绕形成卷绕结构。
在一些实施例中，电极组件为叠片结构。
作为示例，正极极片10、负极极片20可分别设置多个，多个正极极片10和多个负极极片20交替层叠设置。
作为示例，正极极片10可设置多个，负极极片20折叠形成多个层叠设置的折叠段，相邻的折叠段之间夹持一个正极极片10。
作为示例，正极极片10和负极极片20均折叠形成多个层叠设置的折叠段。
在一些实施例中，隔离膜30设置在正极极片10和负极极片20之间，主要起到防止正负极短路的作用，同时可以使离子通过。
作为示例，隔离膜30可设置多个，分别设置在任意相邻的正极极片10或负极极片20之间。
作为示例，隔离膜30可连续地设置，通过折叠或者卷绕方式设置在任意相邻的正极极片10或负极极片20之间。
在一些实施例中，电极组件的形状可以为圆柱状，扁平状或多棱柱状等。
在一些实施例中，电极组件设有极耳，极耳可以将电流从电极组件导出。极耳包括正极耳和负极耳。
在一些实施例中，正极极片10可以包括正极集流体11以及设置在正极集流体11至少 一侧表面的正极活性材料层12。
作为示例，正极集流体11具有在其自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，正极活性材料层12设置在正极集流体11相对的两个表面的任意一者或两者上。
作为示例，正极集流体11可采用金属箔片、泡沫金属或复合集流体。例如，作为金属箔片，可采用银表面处理的铝或不锈钢、不锈钢、铜、铝、镍、炭精电极、碳、镍或钛等。复合集流体可以包括高分子材料基层和金属层。泡沫金属可以为泡沫镍、泡沫铜、泡沫铝、泡沫合金、或泡沫碳等。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铝、铝合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施例中，负极极片20可以包括负极集流体21，负极集流体21可采用金属箔片、泡沫金属或复合集流体。例如，作为金属箔片，可以采用银表面处理的铝或不锈钢、不锈钢、铜、铝、镍、炭精电极、用碳、镍或钛等。泡沫金属可以为泡沫镍、泡沫铜、泡沫铝、泡沫合金、或泡沫碳等。复合集流体可以包括高分子材料基层和金属层。复合集流体可通过将金属材料(铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银及银合金等)形成在高分子材料基材(如聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯等的基材)上而形成。
在一些实施例中，负极极片20可以为金属箔压延或表面包覆惰性层金属粉末涂敷在集流体上。
在一些实施例中，负极集流体21可以为复合集流体，例如，复合集流体可以包括碳布、碳膜、碳质、多孔集流体、合金化改性集流体、亲锂改性集流体和亲钠改性集流体中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，负极极片20可以包括负极集流体21以及设置在负极集流体21至少一侧表面的负极活性材料层22，负极活性材料层22可以包括负极活性材料，负极活性材料可以为高克容量的材料，例如，负极活性材料可以包括天然石墨、人造石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料、钛酸锂中至少一种。
作为示例，硅基材料可以包括单质硅、硅氧化物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物、硅合金材料中的至少一种；锡基材料可以包括单质锡、锡氧化物、锡合金材料中的至少一种。
本申请对隔离膜30的种类没有特别的限制，可以选用任意具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构隔离膜。
作为示例，隔离膜30的主要材质可以包括玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、陶瓷 及聚偏二氟乙烯中的至少一种。隔离膜30可以是单层薄膜，也可以是多层复合薄膜，没有特别限制。在隔离膜30为多层复合薄膜时，各层的材料可以相同或不同，没有特别限制。隔离膜30可以是单独的一个部件位于正极极片10、负极极片20之间，也可以附着在正负极的表面。
在一些实施例中，电池单体5的容量小于或等于电池单体5的标称容量的90％时，此时电池单体已经过多次的充放电循环，负极极片20相应地发生多次往复的体积膨胀和体积收缩，电池单体5内部的电解液发生多次受压挤出以及回流。
在一些实施例中，第一方向可以与电池单体的预定表面平行，例如，第一方向可以与电池单体的大面平行，此时，第一方向与第二方向之间存在角度为70°-90°的第一夹角，即电池单体5的大面可以与地面之间存在角度为70°-90°的夹角。其中，以卷绕式电池单体为例，侧面面积较大的两个面称为大面，另外两个侧面称为窄面。
在一些实施例中，第一区域203的形状不受特别限制，只要第一区域内距离的第一端201最远的点与第一端201之间的距离为即可，例如，第一区域203可以为圆形、矩形或三角形等形状。当第一区域203为圆形时，第一区域203的边界上有且仅有一个点距离第一端201的距离为当第一区域203为矩形或三角形时，第一区域203的边界上可以存在一个点或多个点距离第一端201的距离为
在一些实施例中，第二区域204的形状不受特别限制，只要第二区域204内距离第二端202最远的点与第二段202之间的距离为即可，例如，第二区域204可以为圆形、矩形或三角形等形状。当第二区域204为圆形时，第二区域204的边界上有且仅有一个点距离第二端202的距离为当第二区域204为矩形或三角形时，第二区域204的边界上可以存在一个点或多个点距离第二端202的距离为在一些具体实施例中，第一区域203与第二区域204具有相同的形状。
在一些实施例中，第一区域203与第二区域204的面积相同或基本相同，例如，当a大于50mm时，第一区域203与第二区域204的面积可以为19.625mm2，从而可以通过较为简单的冲压工艺在负极极片20对应位置处获得预定直径的圆片，如直径为5mm的圆片，即对应形状为圆形的第一区域203和第二区域204。
作为示例，可以采用差式扫描量热仪(DSC)制样设备，具体地，通过机械模具冲切的方法获得直径为5mm的圆片。
作为示例，可以采用热失重分析仪，具体地，通过差热-热重分析仪测得第一区域203 的负极极片20和第二区域204的负极极片20在25℃-180℃区间内的热损失量。
在一些实施例中，m/n可以大于或等于70％。当m/n的数值越大时，表明负极极片20靠近第一端201的区域和靠近第二端202的区域的电解液含量差越小，当电池单体垂直于地面设置时，负极极片20上部区域与下部区域的浸润性趋近于一致。
作为实施例，m/n可以为50％、55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、85％、90％、95％、96％、97％。可以理解的是，受限于电池单体的注液系数，第一区域203内负极极片20的电解液含量会小于第二区域204内的负极极片20的电解液含量，即m/n可以为大于或等于50％，且小于100％的数值。
在一些实施例中，凝胶聚合物电解质包括聚合物基体，聚合物基体由聚合物单体聚合得到，聚合物单体包括第一单体和第二单体，第一单体包括至少两个交联位点。
作为示例，第一单体可以起到交联剂的作用，第二单体可以聚合形成高分子链。由于第一单体包括至少两个交联位点，故第一单体既可以引发第二单体的聚合反应，还可以将多条第二单体聚合形成的高分子链交联在一起。即第一单体既可以是高分子链的组成部分，还可以作为连接结构连接多条高分子链。
作为示例，第一单体可以包括两个交联位点，具有双交联位点第一单体可以有效改善聚合物基体的交联状态，有效提高聚合物基体的弹性，进而使得凝胶聚合物电解质受压时弹性更好，进一步减少负极极片20中的电解液因受压而被挤出。
在一些实施例中，交联位点可以包括双键、三键、环状醚中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，第一单体可以包括丙烯酸类单体、丙烯酸酯类单体中的至少一种。
作为示例，丙烯酸类单体可以包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异癸酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸乙氧基乙氧基乙酯中的至少一种。
作为示例，丙烯酸酯类单体可以包括氰基丙烯酸酯、己内酯丙烯酸酯、2-苯氧基乙基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸四氢呋喃酯、乙氧化四氢呋喃丙烯酸酯、环三羟甲基丙烷丙烯酸酯、2-羧乙基丙烯酸酯、环己基丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二甲 基丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、2(丙氧化)新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯低聚物、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、环己基丙烯酸酯低聚物、甲氧基聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、甲氧基乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油三丙烯酸酯、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸三丙烯酸酯、二(三羟甲基丙烷)四丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、4(乙氧基)季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、双季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯中的至少一种。
作为示例，低聚物指数均分子量小于10000的聚合物，低聚物可以通过低聚反应得到。
在一些实施例中，第二单体可以包括碳酸酯类单体、硫酸酯类单体、磺酸酯类单体、磷酸酯类单体、羧酸酯类单体、砜类单体、酰胺类单体、腈类单体、醚类单体中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，碳酸酯类单体可以包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯、氯代碳酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；硫酸酯类单体可以包括乙烯基亚硫酸乙烯酯、亚硫酸乙烯酯、4-甲基硫酸乙烯酯、4-乙基硫酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；磺酸酯类单体可以包括1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲环酯中的至少一种；磷酸酯类单体可以包括二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丁烯基磷酸酯、二乙基1-丁烯-2-基膦酸酯、二乙基乙炔基磷酸酯、乙烯基三氟代甲基磷酸酯、乙烯基-1-三氟代乙基磷酸酯、二乙基氟代乙烯基磷酸酯、1-三氟代丙烯基乙基磷酸酯中的至少一种；羧酸酯类单体可以包括醋酸乙烯酯；砜类单体可以包括甲基乙烯基砜、乙基乙烯基砜、环丁烯砜、环丁砜、环乙亚砜中的至少一种；酰胺类单体可以包括丙烯酰胺；腈类单体可以包括丙烯腈、丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈中的至少一种；醚类单体可以包括1,3-二氧五环、环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、4-甲基-1,3-二氧五环、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、三乙二醇二乙烯基醚中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，电解液的质量为c，聚合物基体的质量为b，c/(c+b)可以为60％-97％。可选地，c/(c+b)可以为80％-95％。
通过采用凝胶聚合物电解质可以有效减少电池单体使用后期电解液在负极极片上分布不均的问题的发生，采用较少的电解液可以实现较优的循环性能，提高电池单体的体积能量密度，减少析锂现象的发生。采用较多的电解液可以实现较优的循环性能，减少析锂现象的发生。
作为示例，c/(c+b)可以为60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％、90％、91％、92％、93％、94％、95％、96％或97％。
在一些实施例中，凝胶聚合物电解质中的电解液可以包括溶剂和无机盐。
作为示例，电解液中的溶剂可以包括碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、1,4-丁内酯、二甲砜、甲乙砜和二乙砜中的至少一种；
作为示例，电解液中的无机盐可以包括六氟磷酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、高氯酸锂、六氟砷酸锂、双氟磺酰亚胺锂、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂、三氟甲磺酸锂、二氟草酸硼酸锂、二草酸硼酸锂、二氟磷酸锂、二氟二草酸磷酸锂和四氟草酸磷酸锂中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中，进一步包括，壳体，壳体用于封装电极组件和凝胶聚合物电解质，电池单体的荷电状态小于5％时，电极组件的体积为V1，电池壳体的体积为V2，V1/V2小于或等于92％。
通过令壳体的体积大于电极组件的体积，可以在电池单体的壳体中预留负极极片20的膨胀空间，减少因负极极片膨胀而导致的壳体膨胀变形，直至结构失效。通过采用凝胶聚合物电解质部分替代液态电解质可以有效减少负极极片的电解液因受压挤出后，堆积在电池单体5内部预留的膨胀空间内的现象发生。
作为示例，当V1/V2大于92％时，电池单体的壳体中的预留膨胀空间过小，在充放电过程中负极极片的体积变化会直接体现在电池单体层面，极易出现电池单体鼓包等不良。
作为示例，电池单体5的壳体用于封装电极组件及电解质等部件。壳体可以为钢壳、铝壳、塑料壳(如聚丙烯)、复合金属壳(如铜铝复合壳体)或铝塑膜等。
作为示例，凝胶聚合物电解质的结构可塑性较强，在遇到过充过放、撞击、碾压和穿刺等非正常使用情况时发生爆炸的可能性极低，可用于制造各种形状的电池。
作为示例，电池单体可以为圆柱形电池单体、棱柱电池单体、软包电池单体或其它形状的电池单体，棱柱电池单体包括方壳电池单体、刀片形电池单体、多棱柱电池。多棱柱电池可以为六棱柱电池等，本申请没有特别的限制。
在本申请的第二方面，本申请提出了一种电池，包括前述的电池单体5。由此，该电池具有前述电池单体5的全部特征及优点，在此不再赘述。
通常情况下，电池包括正极极片10、负极极片20、电解质和隔离膜30，电解质可以包括前述的凝胶聚合物电解质40。在电池充放电过程中，活性离子在正极极片10和负极极片20之间往返嵌入和脱出。电解质在正极极片10和负极极片20之间起到传导离子的作用。隔离膜30设置在正极极片10和负极极片20之间，主要起到防止正负极短路的作用，同时可以使离子通过。
作为示例，本申请对电池的形状没有特别的限制，其可以是圆柱形、方形或其他任意的形状。例如，图3是作为一个示例的方形结构的电池单体5。具体地，参照图4，电池单体5的外包装可以包括壳体51和顶盖组件53。其中，壳体51可以包括底板和连接于底板上的侧板，底板和侧板围合形成容纳腔。壳体51具有与容纳腔连通的开口，顶盖组件53能够盖设于开口，以封闭容纳腔。
作为示例，正极极片10、负极极片20和隔离膜30可经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形成电极组件52。电极组件52封装于容纳腔内，凝胶聚合物电解质填充电极组件52的内部空间。电池单体5所含电极组件52的数量可以为一个或多个，本领域技术人员可根据具体实际需求进行选择。
作为示例，电池可以组装成电池模块，电池模块所含电池的数量可以为一个或多个，具体数量本领域技术人员可根据电池模块的应用和容量进行选择。图5是作为一个示例的电池模块4。参照图5，在电池模块4中，多个电池单体5可以是沿电池模块4的长度方向依次排列设置。当然，也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件将该多个电池单体5进行固定。电池模块4还可以包括具有容纳空间的外壳，多个电池单体5容纳于该容纳空间。
作为示例，上述电池模块还可以组装成电池包，电池包所含电池模块的数量可以为一个或多个，具体数量本领域技术人员可根据电池包的应用和容量进行选择。图6和图7是作为一个示例的电池包1。参照图6和图7，在电池包1中可以包括电池箱和设置于电池箱中的多个电池模块4。电池箱包括上箱体2和下箱体3，上箱体2能够盖设于下箱体3，并形成用于容纳电池模块4的封闭空间。多个电池模块4可以按照任意的方式排布于电池箱中。
在本申请的第三方面，本申请提出了一种用电装置，包括前述的电池单体5；和/或，前述的电池。由此，该用电装置具有前述电池单体和电池的全部特征及优点，在此不再赘述。
电池、电池模块、或电池包可以用作用电装置的电源，也可以用作用电装置的能量存储单元。用电装置可以包括移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等，但不限于此。用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择电池、电池模块或电池包。
作为示例，图8是作为一个示例的用电装置。该用电装置为纯电动车、混合动力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对电池的高功率和高能量密度的需求，可以采用电池包或电池模块。
作为示例，用电装置还可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该装置通常要求轻薄化，可以采用电池作为电源。
下面通过具体的实施例对本申请的方案进行说明，需要说明的是，下面的实施例仅用于说明本申请，而不应视为限定本申请的范围。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的，按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
实施例1
正极极片的制备：
将正极活性材料LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2、导电剂炭黑(SuperP)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按照质量比91.6:1.8:6.6在溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中混合均匀，制成正极浆料；将制备好的正极浆料涂覆于铝箔集流体其中一个表面上，涂覆面密度为17.66mg/cm2，于烘箱中干燥后，在集流体另一侧涂布相同重量的正极浆料，然后干燥冷压后，得到正极极片。
负极极片的制备：
将负极活性材料石墨、导电剂炭黑(SuperP)、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)按质量比95.4:1.5:2.5:0.6在适量的溶剂去离子水中充分搅拌混合，形成均匀的负极浆料；将负极浆料均匀涂覆于铜箔集流体的其中一个表面上，涂覆面密度为11.3mg/cm2于烘箱中干燥后，在集流体另一侧涂布相同重量的正极浆料，然后干燥冷压后得到负极极片。
电池组装：
将隔离膜、正极极片、负极极片按照正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片、隔离膜的顺序摆放，通过卷绕工艺后在80℃、1MPa压力下进行热压，电极组件尺寸为143*84*25mm(即 V1＝300.3cm3)，随后通过极耳焊接、入壳、顶盖焊接工艺组装成无注液的硬壳干电芯，其中硬壳的内部尺寸为145*88*26mm(即V2＝331.76cm3)，V1/V2为90.51％；
将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按照体积比3:7混合得到有机溶剂，然后将六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)溶解在上述有机溶剂中得到电解液A，其中LiPF6的浓度为1mol/L。随后将电解液A：第一单体(乙二醇二丙烯酸酯低聚物，分子量为400)：第二单体(碳酸乙烯亚乙酯)：引发剂(偶氮二异丁腈)按照10：10：79.8：0.2的重量比配置成凝胶电解液，电芯中注入110g的凝胶电解液，随后将电芯抽真空至-20kPa保持10min，在常温下静置24h后，在45℃环境下，以3A的电流给电芯充电至4.0V，对电芯进行化成，随后在室温下以3A电流将电芯放电至2.8V，以形成凝胶聚合物电解质，以得到电池。
实施例2
实施例2与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例2中的第一单体为三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯。
实施例3
实施例3与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例3中的第一单体为乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯。
实施例4
实施例4与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例4中的第一单体为季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯。
实施例5
实施例5与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例5中的第二单体为二乙基丙烯基磷酸酯。
实施例6
实施例6与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例6中的第二单体为三乙二醇二乙烯基醚。
实施例7
实施例7与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，实施例7中的第二单体为乙基乙烯基砜。
对比例1
对比例1与实施例1保持一致，所不同的是，对比例1中的采用液态电解液，具体地，将碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按照体积比3:7混合得到有机溶剂，然后将六氟磷酸锂(LIPF6)溶解在上述有机溶剂中得到电解液，其中LiPF6的浓度为1mol/L。电解液注液量为110g。
对比例2
对比例2与对比例1保持一致，所不同的是，对比例2中的注液量为120g。
对实施例1-7，对比例1和2中的电池进行如下测试，测试结果见表1。
90％容量保持率下的循环圈数：将电池按照设计容量的0.33C倍率进行循环一周，测出实际容量C0，以此标定为电池的标称容量。随后按照1C的倍率进行充放电循环，记录每圈的容量发挥Cn，当Cn/C0＝90％时，记录循环圈数p，即为90％容量保持率下对应的循环圈数。
循环寿命测试：将电池按照设计容量的0.33C倍率进行循环一周，测出实际容量C0，以此标定为电池的标称容量。随后按照1C的倍率进行充放电循环，记录每圈的容量发挥Cn，当Cn/C0＝80％时，记录圈数q，即为电池的循环寿命。
负极极片的热损失量测试：当电池循环至90％容量保持率时，在电池为0％SOC状态条件下，拆解电池，取出电极组件最外侧的负极极片，在同一个极片的第一区域和第二区域冲切直径为5mm的小圆片，将样品装入测试样品台，使用两台相同的设备(耐驰的同步热分析仪STA-STA449F3)分别进行第一区域和第二区域的测试，测试流程为：5℃/min升温至70℃，在70℃下保温30min，记录整个过程的第一区域的质量损失m和第二区域的质量损失n。
表1

在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“另一个实施例”等的描述意指结合该实施例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本申请的至少一个实施例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。此外，在不相互矛盾的情况下，本领域的技术人员可以将本说明书中描述的不同实施例或示例以及不同实施例或示例的特征进行结合和组合。
在本说明书的描述中，术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。尽管上面已经示出和描述了本申请的实施例，可以理解的是，上述实施例是示例性的，不能理解为对本申请的限制，本领域的普通技术人员在本申请的范围内可以对上述实施例进行变化、修改、替换和变型。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种电池单体，其中，包括：
    电极组件，所述电极组件包括：正极极片和负极极片，所述负极极片在第一方向上的长度为a，所述负极极片具有第一端和第二端，自所述第一端至所述第二端的方向与所述第一方向相同；
    凝胶聚合物电解质，所述凝胶聚合物电解质至少位于所述正极极片与所述负极极片之间；
    其中，所述电池单体的容量小于或等于所述电池单体的标称容量的90％时，所述负极极片上存在面积为小于或等于的第一区域，所述第一区域内距离所述第一端最远的点与所述第一端之间的间距为所述负极极片上存在第二区域，所述第二区域的面积与所述第一区域的面积相同或基本相同，所述第二区域内距离所述第二端最远的点与所述第二端之间的间距为
    在25℃-180℃温度区间内，位于所述第一区域内的所述负极极片的热损失量为m，位于所述第二区域内的所述负极极片的热损失量为n，m/n大于或等于50％。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其中，所述m/n为70％-100％。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的电池单体，其中，所述第一方向与第二方向之间存在第一夹角，所述第一夹角为70°-90°。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述凝胶聚合物电解质包括聚合物基体和电解液，所述聚合物基体由聚合物单体聚合得到，所述聚合物单体包括第一单体和第二单体，所述第一单体包括至少两个交联位点。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的电池单体，其中，所述交联位点包括双键、三键、环状醚中的至少一种。
  6. 根据权利要求4或5所述的电池单体，其中，所述第一单体包括丙烯酸类单体、丙烯酸酯类单体中的至少一种。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的电池单体，其中，所述第一单体满足以下条件的一个或多个：
    所述丙烯酸类单体包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异癸酯、 丙烯酸异辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸乙氧基乙氧基乙酯中的至少一种；
    所述丙烯酸酯类单体包括氰基丙烯酸酯、己内酯丙烯酸酯、2-苯氧基乙基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸四氢呋喃酯、乙氧化四氢呋喃丙烯酸酯、环三羟甲基丙烷丙烯酸酯、2-羧乙基丙烯酸酯、环己基丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、二缩三丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、2(丙氧化)新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二丙烯酸酯低聚物、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、丙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、环己基丙烯酸酯低聚物、甲氧基聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、甲氧基乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油三丙烯酸酯、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸三丙烯酸酯、二(三羟甲基丙烷)四丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、4(乙氧基)季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、双季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯中的至少一种。
  8. 根据权利要求4-7任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述第二单体包括碳酸酯类单体、硫酸酯类单体、磺酸酯类单体、磷酸酯类单体、羧酸酯类单体、砜类单体、酰胺类单体、腈类单体、醚类单体中的至少一种。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的电池单体，其中，所述第二单体满足以下条件的一个或多个：
    所述碳酸酯类单体包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯、氯代碳酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；
    所述硫酸酯类单体包括乙烯基亚硫酸乙烯酯、亚硫酸乙烯酯、4-甲基硫酸乙烯酯、4-乙基硫酸乙烯酯中的至少一种；
    所述磺酸酯类单体包括1,3-丙烯磺酸内酯、1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯、1,4-丁烷磺酸内酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲环酯中的至少一种；
    所述磷酸酯类单体包括二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基乙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丙烯基磷酸酯、二乙基丁烯基磷酸酯、二乙基1-丁烯-2-基膦酸酯、二乙基乙炔基磷酸酯、乙烯基三氟代甲基磷酸酯、乙烯基-1-三氟代乙基磷酸酯、二乙基氟代乙烯基磷酸酯、1-三氟代丙烯基乙基磷酸酯中的至少一种；
    所述羧酸酯类单体包括醋酸乙烯酯；
    所述砜类单体包括甲基乙烯基砜、乙基乙烯基砜、环丁烯砜、环丁砜、环乙亚砜中的至少一种；
    所述酰胺类单体包括丙烯酰胺；
    所述腈类单体包括丙烯腈、丁二腈、戊二腈、己二腈中的至少一种；
    所述醚类单体包括1,3-二氧五环、环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、4-甲基-1,3-二氧五环、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、乙二醇二甲醚、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、三乙二醇二乙烯基醚中的至少一种。
  10. 根据权利要求4-9任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述电解液的质量为c，所述聚合物基体的质量为b，c/(c+b)为60％-97％。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的电池单体，其中，所述c/(c+b)为80％-95％。
  12. 根据权利要求1-11任一项所述的电池单体，其中，进一步包括，壳体，所述壳体用于封装所述电极组件和所述凝胶聚合物电解质，所述电池单体的荷电状态小于5％时，所述电极组件的体积为V1，所述电池壳体的体积为V2，V1/V2小于或等于92％。
  13. 根据权利要求1-12任一项所述的电池单体，其中，所述负极极片包括负极集流体和至少位于所述负极集流体一侧的负极活性材料层，所述负极活性材料层包括负极活性材料，所述负极活性材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料、钛酸锂中的至少一种。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的电池单体，其中，所述负极活性材料满足以下条件的一个或多个：
    所述硅基材料包括单质硅、硅氧化物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物、硅合金材料中的至少一种；
    所述锡基材料包括单质锡、锡氧化物、锡合金材料中的至少一种。
  15. 一种电池，其中，包括权利要求1-14任一项所述的电池单体。
  16. 一种用电装置，其中，包括权利要求1-14任一项所述的电池单体；和/或，权利要求15所述的电池。
PCT/CN2024/076661 2023-05-08 2024-02-07 电池单体、电池和用电装置 Ceased WO2024230263A1 (zh)

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