WO2024237210A1 - グルコース経路活性化による膵島細胞の増殖活性化 - Google Patents
グルコース経路活性化による膵島細胞の増殖活性化 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
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- C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for sustaining and promoting the proliferation of pancreatic islet cells into which the Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or whose expression has been induced, by regulating a pathway activated by glucose.
- the medical expenses for diabetes and its complications worldwide are estimated at 90 trillion yen per year, and the pressure on medical expenses has become a major social issue. Diabetes can cause complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney damage, and in the final stages, artificial dialysis may be necessary.
- diabetes can cause complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney damage, and in the final stages, artificial dialysis may be necessary.
- blood sugar control is particularly poor, with repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia that can lead to coma or death.
- the onset of severe hypoglycemia can lead to aftereffects of brain damage, including dementia, and a worsening prognosis, so avoiding the onset of severe hypoglycemia is an important clinical issue.
- the mainstream treatment for diabetes is symptomatic treatment, such as administering drugs that suppress sugar absorption and insulin preparations, and most of these do not treat the diabetes itself.
- pancreas transplantation and islet transplantation have been performed, and remarkable effects have been observed, such as suppressing the onset of severe hypoglycemia, as well as achieving insulin weaning and good glycemic control.
- pancreas transplantation and islet transplantation are not offered as a treatment option for early intervention for patients who simply have a history of severe hypoglycemia, high-risk groups with depleted insulin secretion, or even ordinary type I diabetes patients.
- the present invention aims to provide a method for sustaining the proliferation of mature islet cells by the Mycl gene, enabling continuous induction of proliferation.
- the inventors discovered that it is possible to proliferate islet cells and expand mature islet cells over the long term by regulating pathways activated by glucose, such as activating the proliferation of mature islet cells by the Mycl gene in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, activating the proliferation of mature islet cells by the Mycl gene with a glucokinase activator, and repeating short-term stimulation with high concentrations of glucose, and thus completed the present invention.
- the present invention has the following aspects.
- [1] A method for promoting and/or sustaining the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet cells into which a Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or whose expression has been induced, by using an activator of a glucose-stimulated activation pathway.
- the glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator is at least one selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, and glucokinase activators.
- the Mycl gene is The method according to [1] or [2], comprising: (1) a nucleic acid comprising a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3; or (2) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid comprising a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 and has the function of sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet-like cells in a glucose concentration-dependent manner when expression of the Mycl gene is induced.
- the Mycl gene product is The method according to [1] or [2], comprising: (1) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4; or (2) a polypeptide having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and having the function of sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet-like cells in a glucose concentration-dependent manner.
- [5] The method according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the Mycl gene is transiently expressed.
- [6] The method according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein high and low concentrations of glucose are applied alternately.
- pancreatic islet cells are primary pancreatic islet cells isolated from the pancreas, cultured pancreatic islet cells, or stem cell-derived islet cells.
- stem cells are selected from the group consisting of iPS cells, ES cells, and somatic stem cells.
- pancreatic islet cells are proliferated and the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet-like cells is maintained for a long period of time, making it possible to treat diabetes or related diseases in which insulin production is desired.
- 1 shows the activation of proliferation of Mycl-induced islet cells in a test by glucose.
- 1 shows glucose concentration-dependent activation of proliferation of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells.
- 1 shows changes in the proliferation efficiency of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells by glucokinase activator (GKA).
- GKA glucokinase activator
- 1 shows the change in proliferation efficiency of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells by glucokinase inhibitors (GKIs).
- GKIs glucokinase inhibitors
- 1 shows the activation of proliferation of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells in vivo by glucose.
- 1 shows a decrease in the proliferation activity of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells under culture conditions with high glucose concentration.
- 1 shows sustained proliferation activity of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells by high-low glucose treatment.
- 1 shows sustained proliferation activity of Mycl-induced pancreatic islet cells by high-low glucose treatment. 1 shows that expression of Mycl gene promotes the proliferation of mature hormone-producing cells. 1 shows efficient induction of ⁇ -cell proliferation by coordination of Mycl gene expression and glucose. 1 shows recovery of diabetic mice by long-term culture of pancreatic islet cells.
- the present invention relates to a method for sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet cells (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "pancreatic islet-like cells") into which the Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or whose expression has been induced, in a glucose concentration-dependent manner.
- pancreatic islet-like cells pancreatic islet cells
- Islet-like cells and preparation method thereof (1) Islet-like cells and preparation method thereof
- Islet-like cells refers to mature islet cells into which the Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced.
- islet-like cells that have been forced to express the Mycl gene and have transitioned to the proliferation phase may be referred to as “islet precursor cell-like cells”.
- the cells can be differentiated into islet cells including cells with insulin production ability (hereinafter also referred to as "insulin-producing cells”). That is, according to the present invention, the number of islet-like cells can be increased by transient expression of the Mycl gene, and the cells can be differentiated into islet cells including insulin-producing cells.
- the “islet precursor cell-like cells” are positive for at least one, preferably two, more preferably three or more of the genes selected from, for example, Fev, Pax4, Cck, CDK4, and Ki67.
- the islets are also characterized in that, in particular, insulin and glucagon production is reduced compared to that observed in normal pancreatic islets, and somatostatin production is prominent.
- Pancreatic islet cells are generally referred to as islets of Langerhans, and refer to endocrine cells that make up about 1-2% of the total cells in the pancreas, which are a cell aggregate called a pancreatic islet that controls the endocrine function of the pancreas.
- pancreatic islet cells is used interchangeably with “mature pancreatic islet cells”.
- pancreatic islet cells are mainly composed of five types of cells, namely ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, and PP cells.
- the main cells that make up the cell aggregate called a pancreatic islet are ⁇ cells.
- ⁇ cells make up about 60-80% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin, which allows glucose to be transferred to most cells in the body.
- ⁇ cells make up about 10-30% of pancreatic islets and secrete glucagon, which is released during starvation, which breaks down glycogen stored in the liver to allow glucose to be released into the blood in order to maintain normal blood sugar.
- ⁇ cells make up about 5-10% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin, which further regulates glucose concentration.
- ⁇ -cells and PP-cells secrete ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively.
- Pancreatic polypeptide-producing cells (approximately 5-10% of the islet cells) release hormones that alter exocrine and gastrointestinal function.
- islet cell types including endothelial cells, neural cells, and progenitor cells.
- pancreatic islet cells include the above-mentioned pancreatic islet cells and pancreatic islet precursor cells, which are precursor cells of pancreatic islet cells, and may be intermediate cells that arise during the process of development into pancreatic islet cells or during the process of differentiation induction from somatic stem cells/pluripotent stem cells before reaching pancreatic islet cells or pancreatic islet precursor cells.
- intermediate cells are preferably cells that are destined to differentiate into pancreatic islet cells.
- pancreatic islet cells may be those prepared from pancreatic islet-like cells or pancreatic islet precursor cell-like cells into which the Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced.
- type I diabetes cellular infiltration of the pancreatic islets, mainly composed of lymphocytes, is observed shortly after the onset of the disease. Eventually, as beta cells are selectively lost, the volume of the islets decreases and alpha cells become predominant. Although the islets have a reserve capacity for insulin secretion, type I diabetes develops when the beta cells are lost and the necessary amount of insulin can no longer be secreted. On the other hand, in type II diabetes, it is common for morphological changes in the islets, such as a marked decrease in the number of beta cells, to not be observed. In type II diabetes, the main cause of the disease is a decrease in the blood sugar regulating effect of insulin, caused by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.
- the origin or source of the islet cells into which the Mycl gene or its gene product is introduced is not limited, but may be primary islet cells isolated from an individual's pancreas, or islet cells cultured by a known culture method.
- Cultured islet cells may include, but are not limited to, established islet cells, and islet cells derived from stem cells (e.g., iPS cells, ES cells, somatic stem cells) (see, for example, Kimura, A., et al., Cell Chemical Biology, 2020, doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.018).
- the islet cells into which the Mycl gene or its gene product is introduced may be islet cells obtained from islet-like cells and/or islet precursor-like cells, or the Mycl gene or its gene product may be repeatedly introduced into islet-like cells and/or islet precursor-like cells into which the Mycl gene has already been introduced.
- the Mycl gene or its gene product may be repeatedly introduced into islet-like cells and/or islet precursor-like cells into which the Mycl gene has already been introduced.
- islet cells collected from a donor or islet cells derived from stem cells can be preferably used.
- the islet cells from the donor used may be either autologous or allogeneic to the recipient.
- islet precursor-like cells can be grown in vitro and then returned (transplanted) to the patient, thereby treating diabetes.
- the islet cells in cases where the islet cells are allogeneic to the patient, they can be used in combination with known methods such as administering an immunosuppressant to the patient as appropriate, matching the HLA type of the donor tissue to be transplanted with that of the recipient, embedding the donor tissue in alginic acid, alginic acid derivatives, semipermeable membranes, etc.
- the above-mentioned islet-like cells, islet precursor cell-like cells, or cells capable of producing insulin, or any combination thereof can be used for transplantation into the patient.
- pancreatic islets used as the source of islet cells before the Mycl gene is introduced may be islets that contain a large number of normal ⁇ cells, or may be islets from which the majority of the ⁇ cells have been lost.
- the present invention can also be used in gene therapy for type I diabetes patients who have lost ⁇ cells, by using islet-like cells introduced with the Mycl gene.
- Pluripotent stem cells refer to cells that have the ability to self-replicate and differentiate, and have the ability to form all the cells that make up a living organism.
- Self-replicating ability refers to the ability of a single cell to create undifferentiated cells that are identical to itself.
- Differenceentiation ability refers to the ability of a cell to differentiate. Examples of pluripotent stem cells include, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), Muse cells (Multi-lineage differentiating Stress Enduring cells), spermatogonial stem cells (GS cells), and embryonic germ cells (EG cells).
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- iPS cells induced pluripotent stem cells
- Muse cells Multi-lineage differentiating Stress Enduring cells
- GS cells spermatogonial stem cells
- EG cells embryonic germ cells
- the pluripotent stem cells used in the present invention are preferably ES cells.
- the origin of the pluripotent stem cells may be any of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians, and is not particularly limited. Mammals include primates (humans, monkeys, etc.), rodents (mice, rats, guinea pigs, etc.), cats, dogs, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, donkeys, goats, ferrets, and the like.
- ES cells refers to pluripotent stem cells that have the ability to differentiate into all tissue cells that make up an individual, which exist in the early developmental stage, and which have been established to be cultured in vitro. ES cells, like pluripotent stem cells in early embryos, can be multiplied virtually indefinitely while retaining the ability to differentiate into all cells that make up an individual. Specifically, mouse ES cells were first described in 1981 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7634-7638, 1981; Nature 292, 154-156, 1981). ES cells have pluripotency and can give rise to all tissue and cell types that make up an individual.
- Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have been isolated from a wide variety of species, including rats (Iannaconns et al., Dev. Biol. 163, 288-292, 1994), hamsters (Dev. Biol. 127, 224-227, 1988), rabbits (Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36, 424-433, 1993), birds, fish, pigs (Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6, 563-568, 1994), cows (Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6, 553-562, 1994), and primates (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7844-7848, 1995).
- ES cells that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, KH2 cells, RF8 cells, JI cells, CGR8 cells, MG1.19 cells, 129SV cells, C57/BL6 cells, DBA-1 cells, etc.
- any established ES cell line can be used.
- it is effective to create a cloned embryo using the individual's somatic cells and establish an ES cell line from it.
- this method it is possible to establish ES cells that have the same genetic elements as the individual.
- somatic cell clones a phenomenon known as "initialization" occurs, in which the nucleus of the somatic cell introduced into the egg changes to a state similar to that of the nucleus of a fertilized egg.
- ES cells also have activity similar to that of eggs (Curr. Biol., 11, 1553-1558, 2001). In other words, it is expected that by fusing an individual's somatic cells with ES cells, it will be possible to convert somatic cells into cells similar to ES cells.
- ES cells can be genetically manipulated in vitro, it is expected that by performing this with ES cells in which factors involved in immune rejection, such as the MHC gene group, have been manipulated in advance, it will be possible to avoid rejection reactions without using techniques such as the creation of somatic cell clone embryos.
- iPS cells refers to cells with pluripotency similar to that of ES cells, obtained by introducing genes for transcription factors such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc into somatic cells. Like ES cells, iPS cells can also be multiplied indefinitely while retaining their pluripotency.
- the basic method for producing iPS cells is to introduce the four transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc into cells using a virus (Takahashi K, Yamanaka S: Cell 126(4), 663-676, 2006; Takahashi, K, et al: Cell 131(5), 861-72, 2007).
- Examples of cells that can be used to produce iPS cells include lymphocytes (T cells, B cells), fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, mucosal epithelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipose stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, and neural stem cells.
- iPS cells can be performed by methods well known to those skilled in the art, and is outlined, for example, in Addgene's Blog/Post, "Delivery Methods for Generating iPSCs" (https://blog.addgene.org/delivery-methods-for-generating-ipscs).
- Methods for introducing the Mycl gene into iPS cells include, but are not limited to, introduction methods using recombinant viruses (e.g., retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, Sendai viruses, etc.), recombinant plasmids, minicircles, or episomes (e.g., oriP/Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1)-based episomal vectors), or methods for directly introducing RNA (including mRNA) encoding the Mycl gene or the Mycl protein itself into cells.
- viruses e.g., retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, Sendai viruses, etc.
- recombinant plasmids minicircles, or episomes
- episomes e.g., oriP/Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1)-based episomal vectors
- RNA including mRNA
- EG cells refer to any embryonic germline stem cell produced from a primordial germ cell, and there are no particular limitations on its origin.
- GS cells refer to germline stem cells produced from testicular germ cells, and are a cell line that allows spermatogonial stem cells (spermatogonial stem cells) to be cultured outside the body (Cell. 119, 1001-1012, 2004). Of the GS cells, mGS cells (multipotent germline stem cells), which have properties similar to ES cells and also have pluripotency, are particularly preferred.
- the Mycl (also called “L-Myc”) gene is one of the members of the Myc gene family, which includes the c-Myc gene and Mycn (the "N-Myc” gene).
- the Mycl gene is an oncogene like the c-Myc gene, and is also known as an initialization gene.
- the Mycl gene has almost no transformation ability (Nakagawa, M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 107, p.14152-14157, 2010).
- the mouse and human cDNA sequence information of Mycl are available under the NCBI accession numbers NM 008506 and NM
- the cDNA can be obtained by reference to US Pat. No. 6,001,033,081, and a person skilled in the art can easily isolate the cDNA.
- the base sequence of the Mycl gene can be identified by the NCBI accession number, but usable Mycl genes also include single-stranded or double-stranded DNA and its RNA complement.
- DNA includes, for example, naturally occurring DNA, recombinant DNA, chemically synthesized DNA, DNA amplified by PCR, chemically modified DNA, and combinations thereof.
- DNA is preferable as the nucleic acid used in the present invention. As is well known, there is degeneracy in codons, and there are amino acids for which multiple base sequences exist that code for one amino acid.
- pancreatic islet cells i.e., pancreatic islet-like cells
- pancreatic islet-like cells into which the Mycl gene has been introduced undergo cell proliferation due to the expression of the Mycl gene and have the effect of promoting insulin production due to the cessation of the expression.
- the Mycl gene is (1) a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3; or (2) a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, and that encodes a polypeptide having the function of sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet-like cells when the expression of the Mycl gene is induced; or (3) a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, and that has the effect of sustained proliferation of insulin-producing cells and, ultimately, the effect of sustained promotion of insulin production as a result of the proliferation of pancreatic islet-like cells into which the Mycl gene has been introduced.
- under stringent conditions means hybridization under moderately or highly stringent conditions.
- moderately stringent conditions can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art with ordinary skill in the art, for example, based on the length of the DNA.
- the basic conditions are described in Sambrook, J.
- the hybridization conditions as set forth in W.
- nitrocellulose filters include the use of a pre-wash solution of 5x SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), hybridization conditions of about 50% formamide, 2x SSC to 6x SSC (or other similar hybridization solutions, such as Stark's solution in about 50% formamide at about 42°C) at about 40-50°C, and wash conditions of 0.5x SSC, 0.1% SDS at about 60°C. Highly stringent conditions can also be readily determined by one of skill in the art based on, for example, the length of the DNA.
- such conditions include hybridization and/or washing at higher temperatures and/or lower salt concentrations than moderately stringent conditions, and are defined as, for example, hybridization conditions as described above, with a wash at about 68° C., 0.2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS.
- temperature and wash solution salt concentration can be adjusted as necessary depending on factors such as the length of the probe.
- Homologous nucleic acids cloned using the above-mentioned nucleic acid amplification reaction or hybridization have at least 30% identity to the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, respectively, preferably 50% identity, more preferably 70% identity, even more preferably 90% identity, even more preferably 95% identity, and most preferably 98% identity.
- the percent identity can be determined by visual inspection and mathematical calculation.
- the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences can be determined by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program (GCG Wisconsin Package, version 10.3) described in Devereux et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 12, 387 (1984) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG).
- the gene product of the Mycl gene is a polypeptide expressed from the Mycl gene described above.
- the polypeptide is (1) a polypeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4; or (2) a polypeptide having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and having the function of sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of pancreatic islet-like cells in a glucose concentration-dependent manner.
- the gene product of the Mycl gene may be a variant of the polypeptide defined above, and may be an amino acid sequence comprising one or more amino acid deletions, substitutions, insertions and/or additions in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
- the substitution may be a conservative substitution, which is the replacement of a particular amino acid residue with a residue having similar physicochemical characteristics.
- conservative substitutions include substitutions between aliphatic group-containing amino acid residues, such as substitutions between Ile, Val, Leu or Ala, substitutions between polar residues, such as substitutions between Lys and Arg, Glu and Asp, Gln and Asn, etc.
- Mutants resulting from deletion, substitution, insertion and/or addition of amino acids can be created by subjecting the Mycl gene to, for example, the well-known technique of site-directed mutagenesis (e.g., Nucleic Acid Research, Vol. 10, No. 20, p. 6487-6500, 1982).
- site-directed mutagenesis e.g., Nucleic Acid Research, Vol. 10, No. 20, p. 6487-6500, 1982.
- “one or more amino acids” refers to amino acids that can be deleted, substituted, inserted and/or added by site-directed mutagenesis.
- one or more amino acids may refer to one or several amino acids, depending on the circumstances.
- methods for deleting, substituting, inserting and/or adding one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide while retaining its activity include a method of treating the gene with a mutagen and a method of selectively cleaving the gene, then removing, substituting, inserting or adding selected nucleotides, and then ligating.
- the gene product of the Mycl gene in the present invention may be a polypeptide having an activity of promoting insulin production, which consists of an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 10 amino acids, preferably 9 or less, 7 or less, 5 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, and more preferably 1 or less amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
- the variant is further a protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% or more, preferably 85% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 96% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more, or 99% or more amino acid identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and is a polypeptide having the effect of proliferating pancreatic islet-like cells and/or the effect of promoting insulin production.
- the percent identity of two amino acid sequences may be determined by visual inspection and mathematical calculation.
- the percent identity of two protein sequences may be determined by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program based on the algorithm of Needleman, S. B. and Wunsch, C. D. (J. Mol. Biol., 48:443-453, 1970) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG).
- Preferred default parameters for the GAP program include: (1) Henikoff, S. and Henikoff, J. G. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:10915-10919, 1992); (2) a gap weight of 12; (3) a gap length weight of 4; and (4) no penalty for end gaps.
- the method of introducing the Mycl gene into primary islet cells, cultured islet cells, or stem cells is not particularly limited, and any method known to those skilled in the art can be used.
- Gene introduction means generally include "transformation” or “transfection”, which means a transient or stable genetic change induced in a cell after incorporation of an exogenous nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA foreign to a host cell).
- an exogenous nucleic acid e.g., DNA or RNA foreign to a host cell.
- the genetic change can be achieved by incorporating an exogenous nucleic acid into the genome of the host cell, or by maintaining the exogenous nucleic acid transiently or stably as an episomal component or independently.
- the introduced Mycl gene may be in a state of being incorporated into the genome of the host cell, or may be present as an episomal component, or may be present in the cytoplasm as a plasmid or vector containing the gene, as long as the expression of the gene can be controlled to be on/off.
- a "vector” is used to introduce exogenous nucleic acid (preferably DNA) into a host cell.
- vectors include viruses, particularly attenuated viruses and/or replication-incompetent viruses.
- examples of viral vectors include retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, and Sendai virus vectors.
- the vector may contain control sequences such as a promoter, enhancer, ribosome binding sequence, terminator, and polyadenylation site so as to enable expression of the exogenous nucleic acid.
- a selection marker sequence such as a drug resistance gene (e.g., a kanamycin resistance gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, a puromycin resistance gene, etc.), a thymidine kinase gene, a diphtheria toxin gene, a fluorescent protein, a reporter gene sequence such as ⁇ -glucuronidase (GUS), and FLAG.
- a drug resistance gene e.g., a kanamycin resistance gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, a puromycin resistance gene, etc.
- a thymidine kinase gene e.g., a thymidine kinase gene, a diphtheria toxin gene, a fluorescent protein, a reporter gene sequence such as ⁇ -glucuronidase (GUS), and FLAG.
- GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
- the "promoter” is also intended to include a promoter component sufficient for promoter-dependent gene expression that is cell type-specifically
- the introduction of the vector into the host cell can be performed by, but is not limited to, electroporation (Meiner, V. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:14041-14046 (1996) etc.), calcium phosphate method, DEAE-dextran method, or a method using lipids for gene introduction (lipofectamine, lipofectin etc.).
- Cells into which the vector has been introduced can then be selected based on the characteristics of a marker gene (e.g., drug resistance gene). Correct homologous recombination in the selected cells can be confirmed by Southern blotting or the like using a part of the target exogenous nucleic acid as a probe. In this way, cells can be produced that are heterozygous for the target gene, specifically, a gene in which a marker gene has been knocked into the Mycl gene.
- the KH2 strain As ES cells, the KH2 strain can be used, which has an Frt sequence downstream of the Cola1 locus and expresses the reverse tetracycline-regulated transactivator M2-rtTA under the control of the endogenous Rosa26 promoter (Beard C, et al., Genesis, vol. 44, p. 23-28 (2006)).
- the Mycl gene can be introduced into the ES cells using methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the Mycl gene can be inserted into an entry vector, pCR8-GW-TOPO vector (Invitrogen Life Technologies), by TA cloning, and then an LR reaction can be carried out between the vector and, for example, a Colla1-TetOP-AttR1-ccdB-AttR2-ires-mCherry vector, and the TetOP-Mycl-ires-mCherry vector can be used as a gene introduction vector.
- pCR8-GW-TOPO vector Invitrogen Life Technologies
- the "TetOP (operon)" sequence in the vector is a sequence (tetracycline response element: TRE) to which a reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator binds, and the reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator expressed from the host cell in response to a reverse tetracycline such as doxycycline (Dox) added to the cell binds, inducing the expression of a gene linked downstream.
- TRE tetracycline response element
- Dox doxycycline
- ires internal ribosome entry site
- mCherry is a gene (reporter gene) that codes for red fluorescent protein.
- the Mycl gene can be integrated into the chromosome of the ES cells.
- pBSSK(-)-IRES- ⁇ geo containing the "ires- ⁇ geo (a fusion gene of ⁇ -galactosidase and neomycin resistance gene) cassette" (Mountford P. et al., Proc. Natl. Sci. USA, 91: 4303-4307 (1994)) containing a resistance gene, or a similar vector containing an IRES-Hygro (hygromycin resistance gene) cassette may also be used.
- the present invention is capable of controlling the transient expression of the Mycl gene, thereby allowing the proliferation of islet-like cells and their differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
- the present invention is characterized by the transient expression of the Mycl gene.
- the object of the present invention is achieved by controlling the expression of the Mycl gene "on.”
- it is also possible to forcibly turn off the expression of the Mycl gene hereinafter referred to as "on/off" control).
- the expression of the Mycl gene introduced into the host cells can be controlled to be on/off. That is, in the presence of reverse tetracycline, the Mycl gene continues to be expressed in the cells, allowing the proliferation of islet-like cells, while removing reverse tetracycline can stop the proliferation of the islet-like cells and induce differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
- the transient expression (on state) of the Mycl gene introduced into the islet-like cells is preferably for a period of at least 2 days to a maximum of 100 days, for example, 90 days, 80 days, 70 days, or 60 days, from the start of cell culture. On the other hand, it is preferable that the islet-like cells into which the Mycl gene has been introduced proliferate for the above period.
- a "photoregulated viral vector” (Tahara, M., et al., PNAS, vol. 116, 11587-11589, 2019) can be used, which allows the gene expression and cell proliferation of the viral vector to be precisely switched on and off by light irradiation.
- This is a viral vector in which a gene encoding a light switch protein called magnet has been introduced, and the expression of a target gene incorporated into the vector can be controlled using blue light.
- the object of the present invention in addition to introducing an isolated exogenous Mycl gene, the object of the present invention can be achieved by forcibly expressing the Mycl gene present in the cell.
- the means for expressing the endogenous Mycl gene is not limited to, but may be a method of forcibly expressing the gene by replacing a wild-type promoter or enhancer with a strong promoter or enhancer for operably inducing the expression of the Mycl gene.
- promoters used for replacement include the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which is a strong promoter, and an inducible promoter that functions in the presence of an inducer.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- enhancers used for replacement include the SV40 enhancer, herpes B virus enhancer, cytomegalovirus enhancer, and ⁇ -fetoprotein enhancer.
- CRISPR Type II including CRISPR-dCas9
- molecules in which demethylases, histone modification enzymes, transcription activators, specifically VP64, p65, Rta, etc., capable of activating promoters and/or enhancers, have been added to the genome recognition sequences of CRISPR-type I, TALEN, and ZFN can be used.
- the above-mentioned promoters, enhancers, enzymes and factors that activate them, or nucleic acid protein complexes or low molecular weight compounds may be referred to as "activators" for activating the Mycl gene.
- Introduction of the gene product of Mycl gene Introduction of the Mycl gene product into cells can be carried out by a general method for introducing foreign genes or proteins into cells, including, but not limited to, a method using a transfection reagent, a method using a virus, electroporation, a particle gun method, sonoporation, a liposome fusion method, and an introduction method in which pores are formed in the cell membrane by a micromanipulator or laser light irradiation.
- feeder cells e.g., MEF (mouse embryonic fibroblasts)
- a medium for ES cells e.g., a medium obtained by adding 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME, GIBCO) and LIF (SIGMA) to knockout DMEM (GIBCO) containing 15% FBS, 50 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin, L-glutamine, and non-essential amino acids.
- ES cells are introduced into a mammal to produce a knockout animal (Mycl gene knock-in animal).
- a mouse is used as an example of a mammal, but the method of producing a knock-in mouse is well known to those skilled in the art.
- a chimeric mouse can be produced by injecting the ES cells into a blastocyst of a mouse (e.g., C57BL/6, etc.) and transplanting it into the uterus of a pseudopregnant female mouse (ICR, etc.).
- the chimeric mouse can then be mated with a normal mouse (C57BL/6, etc.) to produce a heterozygous mutant mouse in which the Mycl gene is knocked in heterozygously.
- a homozygous mutant mouse in which the Mycl gene is knocked in homozygously can be obtained by mating heterozygous mutant mice with each other.
- ECAT3 knock-in mice Tokuzawa, Y., et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology, 23 (8): 2699-2708 (2003)
- ECAT4 knock-in mice Mitsubishi, K., et al., Cell, 113: 631-642 (2003)
- ECAT5 knock-in mice Takahashi, K., K. Mitsui, and S. Yamanaka, Nature, 423 (6939): p. 541-545 (2003), JP 2003-265166 A), etc.
- Chimera mammals can also be created using iPS cells, not just ES cells.
- organs can be created from human iPS cells in non-human mammals using the blastocyst complementation method.
- Nakauchi et al. have developed a human pancreas induced from human iPS cells in the body of an apancreatic cloned pig (see Nakauchi, H., et al., PNAS, Vol. 110, No. 1, 4557-4562 (2013)).
- control of proliferation and differentiation of islet-like cells proliferation and differentiation of the islet-like cells prepared as described above can be controlled in vitro and in vivo.
- the method of inducing the Mycl gene can be selected according to the above-mentioned method used for introducing the gene into cells. For example, when the Mycl gene is introduced into cells using the above-mentioned TetOP-Mycl-ires-mCherry vector as a gene introduction vector, a reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator expressed from a host cell depending on reverse tetracycline such as doxycycline (Dox) binds to the cell, and the Mycl gene linked downstream is expressed, thereby inducing proliferation of islet-like cells.
- Dox doxycycline
- the concentration of Dox added to the cell culture system can be appropriately adjusted. For example, it may be 1 to 100 mg/mL.
- proliferation can be stopped by, for example, replacing the medium with one not containing Dox, and cell differentiation such as insulin production can be induced.
- proliferation of islet-like cells in the pancreas can be induced in the pancreas by, for example, providing water containing Dox to a chimeric non-human mammal.
- concentration of Dox when added to water may be, for example, 1 to 100 mg/mL, and is preferably 2.0 mg/mL.
- the pancreas grows with age up to 8 weeks after birth, so Dox can be administered when growth has stopped, for example, after 8 weeks of age, but the age is not limited as long as proliferation can be induced.
- a method for producing islet cells or precursor cells thereof having insulin-producing ability includes, but is not limited to, using primary islet cells, cultured islet cells, or islet cells derived from stem cells as a raw material, introducing the Mycl gene into the islet cells, forcing the expression of the Mycl gene to grow the cells, and then stopping the expression of the gene to obtain islet cells or precursor cells thereof having insulin-producing ability.
- the forced expression and stopping of the Mycl gene can be achieved, for example, by using an alternative means for controlling the expression of the gene on/off (e.g., the use of a photoregulated viral vector) or a doxycycline-sensitive reverse tetracycline-regulated transactivator.
- an alternative means for controlling the expression of the gene on/off e.g., the use of a photoregulated viral vector
- a doxycycline-sensitive reverse tetracycline-regulated transactivator e.g., the use of a photoregulated viral vector
- pancreatic islet progenitor cells refer to cells (or groups of cells) that are in the process of differentiating into pancreatic islet cells capable of producing insulin after the expression of the Mycl gene has ceased, and can be identified using, for example, one or more markers selected from the group consisting of PDX1 positivity, PTF1a positivity, NKX6.1 positivity, Fev positivity, Pax4 positivity, and Cck gene as indicators.
- a method for culturing islet cells into which Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or its expression has been induced using a medium containing a high concentration of glucose that is, a method for sustaining and/or promoting the proliferation activity of islet cells into which Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or its expression has been induced in a glucose concentration-dependent manner is provided.
- Glucose concentration-dependent means that further proliferation of the islet cells can be induced by a higher concentration of glucose stimulation within a certain concentration range (e.g., 10 g/L or less).
- the islet-like cells are cultured in a medium containing a high concentration of glucose (sometimes simply referred to as a "high glucose medium”) in accordance with the transient expression (on state) of the Mycl gene.
- the high glucose medium refers to a medium having a glucose concentration of 3 g/L or more, and is preferably a medium having a glucose concentration of 3.5 to 10 g/L, more preferably 4 to 7 g/L, and even more preferably 4 to 6 g/L.
- the cells may be cultured in a high glucose medium for a certain period of time, then in a low glucose medium for a certain period of time, and then again in a high glucose medium for a certain period of time, so that the high glucose medium and the low glucose medium are applied (used) alternately.
- the proliferation activity of the islet-like cells can be maintained for a long period of time.
- low glucose medium is used interchangeably with "low concentration glucose medium” and specifically refers to a medium having a glucose concentration of less than 3 g/L, preferably 0.1 to 2.8 g/L, more preferably 0.5 to 2.5 g/L, and even more preferably 1 to 2 g/L.
- the timing of replacing the high glucose medium with the low glucose medium can be adjusted as appropriate, and can be, for example, in accordance with the timing of the passage of the islet-like cells (for example, but not limited to, once a day, once every 2 days, once every 3 days, once every 4 days, once every 5 days, once every 6 days, or once every 7 days).
- the proliferation activity of the islet-like cells can be maintained for a long period of time, for example, one month or more, three months or more, six months or more, eight months or more, or one year or more.
- the culture period by changing the glucose concentration is less than one year, preferably less than eight months, more preferably less than six months, even more preferably less than three months, and even more preferably less than one month.
- regulating a pathway activated by glucose includes a method of activating a glucose-stimulated activation pathway and a method of alternating between periods in which the glucose-stimulated activation pathway is activated and periods in which it is not activated.
- a glucose-stimulated activation pathway refers to a signal transduction pathway stimulated by glucose, and in one embodiment, for example, refers to the GK pathway.
- the substance that activates the glucose-stimulated activation pathway which is added to maintain and/or promote the proliferation activity of islet-like cells by stimulation of the Mycl pathway in a concentration-dependent manner, is not particularly limited as long as it activates the glucokinase pathway, and examples thereof include, in addition to the above-mentioned glucose, sucrose, glucokinase activators (known Cpd A (Merck Millipore, CAS 603108-44-7; Sigma-Aldrich, 346021), glucokinase activator II (Sigma-Aldrich, 500487), glucokinase activator III (Merck Millipore, CAS 300353-13-3; Sigma-Aldrich, 509665), etc.
- Cpd A Merck Millipore, CAS 603108-44-7; Sigma-Aldrich, 346021
- glucokinase activator II Sigma-Aldrich, 500487
- the high glucose medium and low glucose medium can be prepared by appropriately mixing commercially available basal medium for cell culture.
- the basal medium for cell culture mainly contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, amino acids (e.g., essential amino acids), vitamins (e.g., water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins), and other micronutrients, inorganic salts, proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, insulin), reducing agents (e.g., glutathione), trace elements (e.g., ammonium metavanadate, manganese chloride, sodium selenite), and other substances (e.g., ethanolamine, hypoxanthine sodium, fatty acids, putrescine, pyruvic acid, thymidine, phenol red), but the components and concentrations of the components can be adjusted as appropriate.
- amino acids e.g., essential amino acids
- vitamins e.g., water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins
- other micronutrients e.g., inorganic salts
- proteins
- the basal medium that can be used to prepare the medium can be selected from commercially available basal media containing the above concentration of glucose based on the ingredient table published by the manufacturer, etc.
- specific components e.g., glucose-stimulated activation pathway activators
- basal media examples include commercially available DMEM-F12, DMEM, RPMI1640, etc.
- the basal medium may further contain growth factors.
- growth factors examples include, but are not limited to, EGF, FGF-10, Gastrin, Noggin, R-spondin, B27 supplement, and the like.
- FGF-10 is generally known to have the effect of proliferating cells (including islet progenitor cells), but whether or not it is added, it is possible to maintain the proliferation activity of islet-like cells by regulating the pathway activated by glucose. For this reason, in the method of culturing the proliferation method of islet cells using a glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator in this specification, FGF10 may or may not be added, but it is preferable to add FGF10 from the viewpoint of more stable proliferation.
- pancreatic islet cells in which Mycl gene or its gene product has been introduced or induced to be expressed in vivo. Specifically, it is sufficient to regulate the pathway activated by glucose in vivo.
- a buffer solution adjusted so that the above glucose concentration is the final concentration may be administered in vivo.
- the term “high glucose medium” may be distinguished as “high glucose buffer solution” and the term “low glucose medium” as “low glucose buffer solution”.
- the timing of replacement of the "high glucose buffer solution” and “low glucose buffer solution” to be applied is not limited, but may be, for example, once a day, once every two days, once every three days, once every four days, once every five days, once every six days, or once every seven days. It may also be in the form of a drink containing glucose, sucrose, etc., which is expected to cause a sufficient increase in blood glucose when ingested by a living body.
- the proliferation activity of islet-like cells can be increased, the proliferation activity of islet-like cells can be maintained for a long period of time, and insulin production can be promoted along with the proliferation of islet-like cells.
- an insulin production promoter containing as active ingredients islet-like cells whose proliferation activity has been maintained or promoted for a long period of time by a Mycl gene or its gene product and a glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator such as glucose; a pharmaceutical composition containing the active ingredient and other pharma- ceutical acceptable ingredients (e.g., carrier, excipient, disintegrant, buffer, emulsifier, suspending agent, soothing agent, stabilizer, preservative, antiseptic, physiological saline, etc.); a method for preventing and/or treating diabetes patients using the insulin production promoter or pharmaceutical composition; and use of the Mycl gene and a glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator for producing the insulin production promoter or pharmaceutical composition are provided.
- pharma- ceutical acceptable ingredients e.g., carrier, excipient, disintegrant, buffer, emulsifier, suspending agent, soothing agent, stabilizer, preservative, antiseptic, physiological saline, etc.
- a method for transplanting islet-like cells the proliferation activity of which is enhanced by controlling the expression of an introduced Mycl gene and regulating a pathway activated by glucose, thereby sustaining and promoting the proliferation activity of islet-like cells for a long period of time, into a subject, for the purpose of preventing and/or treating diabetes.
- ex vivo method of the present invention different aspects of the ex vivo method of the present invention are intended depending on the cells used.
- islet-like cells obtained by introducing a gene into cells derived from adult islets are produced allogeneically in vitro or autologously in vitro (a narrow definition of ex vivo method including both);
- islet-like cells obtained by inducing differentiation that is, islet-like cells obtained by introducing the Mycl gene into islet cells derived from stem cells (iPS cells, ES cells, somatic stem cells, etc.), are produced allogeneically in vitro or autologously in vitro (a broad definition of ex vivo method);
- the Mycl gene is functionally expressed in the above (i) and (ii) to produce proliferating islet precursor cell-like cells; and
- the cells are insulin-producing cells or islet cells (not including the Mycl gene) that are produced by differentiation from the above (i) to (iii).
- the cells can be transplanted into the patient using a known method, specifically, the method described in Nature Medicine volume 22, pages 306-311 (2016). , doi: 10.1038/nm. 4030, Nature Biomedical Engineering volume 2, pages 810-821 (2016). , DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0275-1, EBioMedicine 12 (2016) 255-262. , DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j. ebio m.
- the pancreatic islets to be transplanted may be encapsulated and administered using the method described in, for example, August 34, 2016. By encapsulating the pancreatic islets to be transplanted, it is possible to avoid the use of immunosuppressants or to reduce the dosage of the immunosuppressants.
- isolated pancreatic islets can be appropriately genetically edited.
- the genes to be edited are not particularly limited, but specifically, preferable characteristics for treatment can be added, such as correction of mutated genes contained in pancreatic islet cells by genome editing, modification of molecules that induce immune responses, such as surface antigens such as HLA and GAD proteins, and induction of immune tolerance by deletion of Beta-2 Microglobulin, RFX5, RFXANK, RFXAP, and CIITA genes.
- the method of gene editing is not particularly limited, but specific examples include CRISPR-Cas9, CRISPR-Cas12, TALEN, ZFN, CRISPR-Cas3, CRISPR-TypeI-D, MAD7, and modified versions thereof, and transposon vectors such as piggyBAC for expressing functional molecules.
- Applicable Diseases Diseases to which the present invention can be applied based on the above-mentioned aspects are diseases in which insulin does not function sufficiently in the living body. Typical examples of such diseases include pathologies in which reduced secretion is observed, type I diabetes, insulin resistance in which insulin is relatively insufficient, type II diabetes, and type 1.5 diabetes, which is an intermediate pathology between type I diabetes and type II diabetes.
- the present invention by controlling the expression of the introduced Mycl gene and regulating the pathway activated by glucose, it is possible to promote insulin production by the islet-like cells whose proliferation activity is maintained and promoted for a long period of time, and, for example, have the effect of lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients.
- the applicable disease is typically diabetes, but more specifically, severe hypoglycemia, type I diabetes (including slowly progressing type 1 diabetes or type 1.5 diabetes), type II diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, or diseases, disorders or symptoms related to metabolic syndrome, and other specific mechanisms or diseases, such as genetic abnormalities involved in pancreatic ⁇ -cell function, genetic abnormalities involved in the transmission mechanism of insulin action, pancreatic exocrine diseases, endocrine diseases, liver diseases, drugs or chemicals, infectious diseases, rare pathologies due to immune mechanisms, or gestational diabetes, etc., associated with other diseases or conditions.
- diabetic complications due to diabetes e.g., diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, etc.
- insulin secretion deficiency caused by total pancreatectomy or partial pancreatectomy associated with pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer can also be included in the applicable disease.
- the type of diabetes that can be treated by the method described in this specification is not particularly limited, but the method can provide a treatment that is less likely to cause hypoglycemia, in which physiological insulin is secreted depending on blood glucose levels.
- a method described in a known literature can be used as one embodiment.
- the method described in a known literature here is not limited, but can be, for example, Diabetes Care 2016 Jul; 39(7):1230-1240., DOI:10.2337/dc15-1988, The New England Journal of Medicine. 343(4):230-238. , DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200007273430401, The New England Journal of Medicine. 355(13): 1318-1330., DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa061267, etc. are specific examples.
- the number of islet cells, islet-like cells, islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells contained may be adjusted according to the insulin, blood glucose level, and/or C-peptide level of a type I diabetes patient at any time, in the fasting state, after glucose loading, and/or after glucagon stimulation, and the dosage of the agent for performing in vivo treatment may be determined by the method described herein.
- Type I diabetes patients in an insulin-depleted state are at high risk of exhibiting hypoglycemic symptoms, and from the viewpoint that treatment using the method described herein is preferable, for example, type I diabetes patients with a blood C-peptide level of 0.5 ng/mL or less, preferably 0.2 ng/mL or less, more preferably 0.1 ng/mL or less in the fasting state and/or during glucagon stimulation can be treated.
- the specific dosage of the agent may be adjusted, for example, with reference to the transplantation amount of donor islets that are usually transplanted for the indication of severe hypoglycemia.
- the cells are pancreatic islet cells, pancreatic islet-like cells, pancreatic islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells equivalent to 500 IEQ/kg or more, preferably equivalent to 1000 IEQ/kg or more, more preferably equivalent to 2000 IEQ/kg or more, and even more preferably equivalent to 5000 IEQ/kg or more.
- the number of islet cells, islet-like cells, islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells contained in a type II diabetes patient may be adjusted according to the amount of insulin, blood glucose level, and/or C-peptide at any time, fasting, after glucose loading, and/or after glucagon stimulation, and the dosage of the agent for in vivo treatment may be determined by the method described herein.
- a pathological condition in which insulin is insufficient for example, type II diabetes patients whose blood C-peptide amount is 0.5 ng/mL or less, preferably 0.2 ng/mL or less, more preferably 0.1 ng/mL or less in fasting and/or glucagon stimulation can be treated.
- the specific dosage of the agent may be adjusted, for example, with reference to the transplant amount of donor islets that are usually transplanted for the indication of severe hypoglycemia.
- the cells are pancreatic islet cells, pancreatic islet-like cells, pancreatic islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells equivalent to 500 IEQ/kg or more, preferably equivalent to 1000 IEQ/kg or more, more preferably equivalent to 2000 IEQ/kg or more, and even more preferably equivalent to 5000 IEQ/kg or more.
- the amount of the agent contained can be adjusted according to the amount of insulin, blood glucose level and/or C-peptide in the body, as in type I diabetes and/or type II diabetes, but is not limited thereto.
- the islet cells, islet-like cells, islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells expanded by the method of the present specification are preferably derived from the patient's own cells.
- the type of autoantibodies or HLA against islet cells in the blood is preferably examined in advance, and the patient's own islet cells can be expanded by the method of the present specification before or after falling into an insulin-dependent state and/or an insulin-deficient state, treatment without the need for immunosuppressants becomes possible, and the transition to an insulin-dependent state and/or an insulin-deficient state can be prevented, or the insulin-dependent state and/or an insulin-deficient state can be treated.
- the autoantibody against islet cells in the blood or the type of HLA is involved in slowly progressing type I diabetes.
- a known method may be used, such as checking whether islet-related autoantibodies such as islet cell antibody (ICA), GAD antibody, insulin autoantibody (IAA), and IA-2 antibody are positive in combination or alone.
- ICA islet cell antibody
- IAA insulin autoantibody
- IA-2 antibody IA-2 antibody
- a known method may be used to check whether or not a patient has an HLA associated with slowly progressing type I diabetes, such as HLA-DR4-DQA1*0301-B1*0401.
- the ex vivo method is preferable for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia, but the method described in this specification allows the expansion of islet cells in the body (in vivo). Since the islet cells expanded in this way have the same effect as the ex vivo method, the treatment method of expanding islets in vivo can be preferably selected as a treatment method for severe hypoglycemia, as with the ex vivo method.
- a method of expanding islet cells in the body (in vivo) can be selected taking into consideration the subject's sex, age, weight, condition of the affected area, condition of the cells used, etc. At this time, the method of expanding islet cells in the body (in vivo) can be combined with the ex vivo method.
- such diseases can be prevented and/or treated.
- the term “prevent” refers to preventing or delaying the onset/manifestation of the above-mentioned disease or its symptoms, or reducing the risk of onset/manifestation.
- “Treatment” includes alleviating (alleviating) symptoms characteristic of the target disease or associated symptoms, preventing or delaying the worsening of symptoms, etc.
- Prevention refers to preventing or delaying the onset/manifestation of a disease (disorder) or its symptoms, or reducing the risk of onset/manifestation.
- “improvement” refers to alleviating (alleviating), improving, remission, or curing (including partial cure) a disease (disorder) or its symptoms.
- an insulin production promoter or pharmaceutical composition containing as an active ingredient the islet-like cells whose proliferation activity has been maintained or promoted for a long period of time by the Mycl gene or its gene product and the glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator of the present invention can be provided for the prevention and treatment of the above-mentioned applicable diseases.
- an embodiment of the islet cell proliferation promoter refers to an agent that proliferates any one of ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, ⁇ cells, and PP cells contained in a pancreatic islet, preferably any two or more of the islet cells.
- an embodiment of the islet function improver refers to an agent that improves part or all of the functions of a pancreatic islet in a living body by administration
- examples of part of the functions of a pancreatic islet include blood glucose regulating action by islet cells, blood glucose lowering action by insulin, glucose production/release action by glucagon, secretion suppression action of gastrin, secretin, insulin and/or glucagon by somatostatin or nutrient absorption suppression action in the digestive tract, appetite regulating action by ghrelin, and gallbladder contraction regulating action and appetite regulating action by pancreatic polypeptide.
- an insulin production promoter is an agent that promotes physiological insulin secretion in response to blood glucose levels, which is one of the functions of pancreatic islets in vivo.
- it may contain other pharma- ceutically acceptable ingredients (e.g., carriers, excipients, disintegrants, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, soothing agents, stabilizers, preservatives, physiological saline, etc.) in addition to the active ingredient Mycl gene or its gene product used in the above embodiment.
- an activator for activating the Mycl gene may be included, if necessary.
- the pancreatic islet cells derived from a living organism into which the Mycl gene or its gene product is introduced may be pancreatic islet cells from a healthy individual, or may be pancreatic islet cells from a patient with type I diabetes or a patient with terminal type II urinary catheter disease in which some or most of the ⁇ cells have been lost.
- the pancreatic islet cells may be autologous or allogeneic to the recipient.
- the insulin production promoter and pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be obtained by suspending the above-obtained islet-like cells in physiological saline or an appropriate buffer solution (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline), although this is not limited thereto.
- physiological saline or an appropriate buffer solution e.g., phosphate-buffered saline
- the number of cells required for treatment can be obtained by forcibly expressing the Mycl gene and appropriately proliferating the cells.
- dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or serum albumin, etc. may be contained in the insulin production promoter and pharmaceutical composition to protect the cells, and antibiotics, etc. may be contained in the insulin production promoter and pharmaceutical composition to prevent bacterial contamination and growth.
- other ingredients that are acceptable for formulation e.g., carriers, excipients, disintegrants, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, soothing agents, stabilizers, preservatives, antiseptics, physiological saline, etc.
- Those skilled in the art can add these factors and drugs to the insulin production promoter and pharmaceutical composition at appropriate concentrations.
- the number of islet cells, islet-like cells, islet precursor-like cells, or insulin-producing cells contained in the insulin production promoter and pharmaceutical composition prepared above can be appropriately adjusted taking into consideration the subject's sex, age, weight, condition of the affected area, condition of the cells used, etc., so as to obtain the desired effect (e.g., lowering blood glucose level) in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes and related diseases.
- the insulin production promoting agent and pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administered to various subjects, including, for example, mammals such as primates, humans, dogs, cats, cows, horses, pigs, and sheep, and preferably humans.
- the route of administration to the subject is not limited, but can be parenteral administration, for example, administration by injection or infusion to any location in the body that can respond to glucose.
- it can be implanted or administered into the pancreas, under the kidney capsule, preferably subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, more preferably intravascularly or intravenously, and even more preferably into the portal vein.
- the method for activating the administered Mycl gene in vivo is not limited, but the above-mentioned system for "on” control or “on and/or off” control of Mycl gene expression can be used.
- the above-mentioned "light-controlled viral vector” (Tahara, M., et al., PNAS, vol. 116, 11587-11589, 2019) may be used.
- markers specifically expressed in pancreatic islet cells e.g., PDX1, C-peptide, insulin, MafA, Mnx1, Pax4, Pax6, NeroD1, Isl1, Nkx2.2, Ngn3, HNF1a, Foxa2, Nkx6.1, glucagon, Arx, MafB, RFX6, IRX1, IRX2, somatostatin
- markers specifically expressed in pancreatic islet cells e.g., PDX1, C-peptide, insulin, MafA, Mnx1, Pax4, Pax6, NeroD1, Isl1, Nkx2.2, Ngn3, HNF1a, Foxa2, Nkx6.1, glucagon, Arx, MafB, RFX6, IRX1, IRX2, somatostatin
- pancreatic islet cells When selecting a method for expanding pancreatic islet cells in vivo, specific examples of the route of administration to the subject include, but are not limited to, intrapancreatic, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, preferably intravascular, intravenous, and even more preferably intraperitoneal artery, and intrapancreatic duct.
- a method for preventing and/or treating a subject having diabetes or a disease related thereto is provided using islet-like cells whose proliferation activity has been maintained or promoted for a long period of time by the Mycl gene or its gene product and a glucose-stimulated activation pathway activator.
- an activator for activating the Mycl gene can be administered, and may be administered before, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the insulin production promoter or pharmaceutical composition.
- the concentration of glucose, etc. in the body may be adjusted by food, drinking water, infusion, etc.
- kits for preventing and/or treating diabetes or a disease related thereto comprising an insulin production promoter or a pharmaceutical composition.
- a kit may include an instruction manual for administering or transplanting the insulin production promoter or pharmaceutical composition to a subject.
- the kit may further include an activator for activating the Mycl gene.
- the Col1a1-TetOP-Mycl-ires-mCherry vector (hereinafter referred to as the "targeting vector") prepared by performing LR reaction between the pCR8-Mycl-TOPO vector into which the Mycl gene was inserted and the TetOP-AttR1-ccdB-AttR2-ires-mCherry vector was inserted into the Col1a1 locus of KH2-ES cells using the flip-in recombination system (Beard et al., 2006).
- the cells were selected with 150 ⁇ g/mL hygromycin B (Roche), and the formed colonies were picked up to establish an ES cell line capable of inducing expression of the Mycl gene in a Dox-dependent manner.
- Feeder cells (ii) Cell Culture Method Feeder cells (MEF; mouse embryonic fibroblasts) were cultured in DMEM (Nacalai Tesque) medium containing 10% FBS (GIBCO), 50 U/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S; Nacalai Tesque), L-glutamine (GIBCO), and NEAA (Nacalai Tesque).
- ES cells were cultured in a medium containing 15% FBS, 50 U/mL P/S, L-glutamine, and NEAA, knock-out DMEM (GIBCO), to which 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME: GIBCO) and LIF (SIGMA) were added, on a gelatin-coated (SIGMA) dish seeded with feeder cells.
- GIBCO knock-out DMEM
- SIGMA 2-mercaptoethanol
- SIGMA LIF
- mice capable of inducing in vivo Mycl expression ES cells capable of inducing Mycl expression in a Dox (Sigma-Aldrich)-dependent manner were injected into mouse blastocysts (ICR, E3.5) and transplanted into the uterus of pseudopregnant mice on day 2 (Slc: ICR, Shimizu Experimental Materials) to produce chimeric mice having cells capable of inducing Mycl expression in a Dox-dependent manner.
- the expression of the Mycl gene and the red fluorescent protein mCherry can be induced systemically by administration of Dox.
- mice capable of tracking pancreatic islet cells (Ins1-ires-CreERT2; Gcg-CreERT2, Sst-ires-CreERT2)
- CreERT2 tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase
- DAB staining After washing twice with 1x PBS, in the case of DAB staining, 150 ⁇ L of DAB solution (using a DAB substrate kit from Nichirei Biosciences, one drop each of Reagent A and B were added and mixed in 1 mL of Elix water, and then one drop of Reagent C was added and mixed) was added to the tissue section, and an antigen-antibody reaction was performed, followed by observation under a microscope. In the case of fluorescent staining, one drop of mounting material was added to the tissue section, a cover glass was placed, and then observation under a microscope was performed.
- DAB solution using a DAB substrate kit from Nichirei Biosciences, one drop each of Reagent A and B were added and mixed in 1 mL of Elix water, and then one drop of Reagent C was added and mixed
- fluorescent staining one drop of mounting material was added to the tissue section, a cover glass was placed, and then observation under a microscope was performed.
- Anti-mCherry antibody (Abcam, 1/500) - Anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Nichirei Biosciences) Anti-Synaptophysin antibody (Abcam, 1/500) - Anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Nichirei Biosciences) Anti-Chromogranin A antibody (DAKO, 1/500) - Anti-Rabbit IgG antibody (Nichirei Biosciences) Anti-Ki67 antibody (Abcam, 1/200) - Anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Nichirei Biosciences) Anti-insulin antibody (DAKO) - Anti-guinea pig IgG antibody (BIOTIUM) ⁇ Anti-Somatostatin antibody (Santa Cruz, 1/300) - Anti-mouse IgG antibody (BIOTIUM) ⁇ Anti-Glucagon antibody (Santa Cruz, 1/300) - Anti-mouse IgG antibody (BIOTIUM)
- RNA recovery the cultured cells were washed with PBS(-) (Nakarai Tasque) and then lysed with 350 ⁇ L of LBP buffer.
- RNA extraction was performed using NucreoSpin (registered trademark) RNA Plus (TAKARA) according to the recommended protocol.
- cDNA synthesis was performed using Primescript single-stranded cDNA synthesis kit (TAKARA) according to the recommended protocol.
- the pancreas was then removed, transferred to a 50 mL tube, and digested in a 37°C water bath for 14 minutes and 30 seconds.
- the islets were suspended in 25 mL of cold M199 medium containing 10% FBS, and centrifuged twice (1000 rpm, 4°C, 2 minutes). The supernatant was discarded, and the cells were suspended in 10 mL of Histopaque (SIGMA), and then 10 mL of cold M199 medium containing 10% FBS was poured on top of the suspension, followed by centrifugation (1000 rpm, 4° C., 30 min). The supernatant was transferred to another 50 mL tube, and 25 mL of M199 medium containing 10% FBS was added. The islets were then separated by density gradient centrifugation (1000 rpm, 4° C., 2 min) using Lymphoprep.
- (x) Primary mouse islet cell culture
- the isolated islets were transferred to a 1.5 mL tube, and islet cells were separated using TrypLE. After washing with RPMI medium, the number of cells was measured.
- the islet cells were seeded on a 96-well plate, and 30 ⁇ L of Matrigel was added thereon.
- the cells and Matrigel were mixed with the tip of a pipette, and the 96-well plate was left to stand at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 30 minutes to crosslink the gel. Then, 120 ⁇ L of medium was added, and the cells were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 .
- KEYENCE BZ-710 was used to observe and capture the islet cells.
- the islet cells were passaged once a week, and the culture medium used was RPMI1640 (Nacalai Tasque; 09892-15) to which 45 w/v% D(+)-glucose solution (Wako; 079-05511) was added so that the glucose concentration was an appropriate final concentration (e.g., 4.5 g/L, 4.5 g/L, etc.).
- pancreatic islet cell transplantation experiment Diabetes was induced in immunodeficient mice (NOD/ShiJic-scid Jcl) by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) three times a week. 5 x 105 pancreatic islet cells that had been passaged 18 times were transplanted under the renal capsule of these mice using a Hamilton syringe. Blood glucose levels were measured weekly, and blood glucose was measured at random.
- IPGTT Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- the Mycl expression group and the control group were fasted for 12 to 16 hours. Then, the body weight of each mouse was measured, and D-glucose solution was injected intraperitoneally to give 2 g/kg (mouse) of D-glucose. After 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, blood was collected from the tail of each mouse, and blood glucose levels were measured using an Antsense stand (Horiba).
- Example 1 Activation of proliferation of Mycl-induced islet cells in a test by glucose Expression of the Mycl gene can be confirmed by expression of the mCherry gene integrated downstream of the gene.
- the mCherry gene is a gene encoding a red fluorescent protein, and expression of the gene causes cells to develop a red color.
- the glucose concentration in the medium was changed to examine the difference in proliferation activity of Mycl-induced islet cells. It was found that the proliferation efficiency of Mycl-expressing islet cells was increased under culture conditions of a high glucose medium (D-glucose; 4.5 g/L) compared to culture conditions of a low glucose medium (D-glucose; 1.0 g/L) (see FIG. 1).
- GKA glucokinase activator
- GKI glucokinase inhibitor
- Example 2 Activation of Mycl-induced islet cell proliferation in vivo by glucose Using mice capable of tracing islet cells (Ins1-ires-CreERT2; Gcg-CreERT2, Sst-ires-CreERT2), activation of Mycl-induced islet cell proliferation in vivo by glucose was examined.
- glucose was added to the medium, but in this example, sucrose (glucose + fructose) was used instead of glucose.
- sucrose glucose + fructose
- the proliferation activity of islet cells was evaluated by immunostaining. The results are shown in Figure 5, and in the Dox induction + sucrose administration system, significant proliferation of islet cells was observed compared to other experimental systems. This showed that the administration of sucrose (glucose + fructose) also promotes islet proliferation by the Mycl gene in vivo.
- Example 3 Effect of sustained culture in the presence of glucose on the proliferation activity of Mycl-induced islet cells The effect of sustained presence of glucose in the medium on the proliferation activity of Mycl-induced islet cells was examined. A high glucose concentration was used for the culture. The cells were subcultured a total of four times, with a culture period of 7 days being one cycle. It was observed that the activation of cell proliferation by Mycl induction decreased with repeated subcultures (see FIG. 6). This indicates that the proliferation ability of Mycl-expressing islet cells decreases when culture is sustained, even under culture conditions with a high glucose concentration, suggesting the involvement of so-called "glucotoxicity.”
- Example 4 Possibility of sustained proliferation of Mycl-induced islet cells by adjusting glucose concentration
- glucose concentration As shown in Example 3, the involvement of so-called “glucotoxicity” was suggested in continuous culture in a medium with a high glucose concentration, so we investigated whether cells could be sustained for a long period of time by adjusting the glucose concentration. Activation of cell proliferation was examined by alternating between high and low glucose concentrations every 24 hours. As shown in FIG. 7, under such culture conditions, it was found that the proliferation activity of Mycl-induced islet cells was sustained for at least 20 passages (about 22 weeks). This revealed that the high proliferation ability of Mycl-induced islet cells was maintained by repeating high glucose-low glucose (hereinafter referred to as "glucose high-low”), and sustained proliferation induction was possible.
- glucose-low high glucose-low
- the number of Mycl-induced islet cells in a high-low glucose culture system was counted to examine changes in cell proliferation over time. As shown in Figure 8, by repeating high glucose and low glucose, the high proliferation ability of Mycl-induced islet cells was maintained, demonstrating the possibility of sustained proliferation induction.
- Example 5 Tracking test of pancreatic islet cells
- Ins1 positive cells ⁇ cells
- Gcg positive cells ⁇ cells
- Sst positive cells ⁇ cells
- Example 6 Recovery of diabetic mice
- IPGTT intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- the present invention makes it possible to induce sustained proliferation of islet cells, and is expected to lead to a cure for diabetes through islet cell transplantation.
- by activating the Mycl gene together with glucose in the body it is possible to efficiently amplify islet cells in the body, and it is also expected that diabetes can be cured through gene therapy.
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Abstract
Description
[1]Mycl遺伝子若しくはその遺伝子産物が導入された又は発現誘導された膵島細胞の増殖活性をグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤により促進及び/又は持続する方法。
[2]グルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤が、グルコース、スクロース、及びグルコキナーゼ活性化剤から群から少なくとも1種選択される、[1]に記載の方法。
[3]Mycl遺伝子が、
(1)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む核酸;又は
(2)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む核酸とストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズし、かつMycl遺伝子が発現誘導された場合に、膵島様細胞の増殖活性をグルコース濃度依存的に持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチドをコードする核酸
を含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の方法。
[4]Mycl遺伝子産物が、
(1)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチド;又は
(2)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列と少なくとも80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、若しくは99%の配列同一性を有し、並びに膵島様細胞の増殖活性をグルコース濃度依存的に持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチド
を含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の方法。
[5]Mycl遺伝子が一過的に発現する、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[6]高濃度のグルコースと低濃度のグルコースを交互に適用する、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[7]膵島細胞が、膵臓から単離された初代膵島細胞、培養膵島細胞、又は幹細胞由来である、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[8]幹細胞が、iPS細胞、ES細胞、及び体性幹細胞からなる群から選択される、[7]に記載の方法。
(1)膵島様細胞
本明細書において使用するとき、「膵島様細胞」とは、Mycl遺伝子又はその遺伝子産物が導入された、成熟膵島細胞を指す。なお、本明細書では、Mycl遺伝子の強制発現により、増殖期に移行した膵島様細胞を特に「膵島前駆細胞様細胞」と称することがある。さらに、該遺伝子の発現を停止させることによって、インスリン産生能を有する細胞(以下、「インスリン産生細胞」ともいう)を含む膵島細胞に分化させることができる。すなわち、本発明によれば、Mycl遺伝子の一過性発現により、膵島様細胞の数を増やし、インスリン産生細胞を含む膵島細胞に分化させることができる。ここで、各細胞に発現したマーカーに着目すると、「膵島前駆細胞様細胞」は、例えば、Fev、Pax4、Cck、CDK4、及びKi67から選択される遺伝子のうち少なくとも1つ、好ましくは2つ、より好ましくは3つ以上が陽性である。また、発現されるタンパク質に着目すると、特にインスリン及びグルカゴン産生が通常の膵島で認められる場合に比べ低下しているか、又はソマトスタチン産生が顕著であることによっても特徴付けられる。
「膵島細胞」とは、一般的に、ランゲルハンス島とも言われ、膵臓の内分泌機能を司る膵島と呼ばれる細胞集合体であって、膵臓の全細胞の約1~2%を占める内分泌細胞を指す。なお、本明細書では、用語「膵島細胞」は、「成熟膵島細胞」と互換的に使用される。また、膵島細胞は、主にα細胞、β細胞、δ細胞、ε細胞、及びPP細胞の5種類の細胞から構成される。膵島と呼ばれる細胞集合体を構成する主要な細胞は、β細胞である。β細胞は、膵島細胞の約60~80%を占め、体内のほとんどの細胞へのグルコース移行を可能にするインスリンを分泌する。一方、α細胞は、膵島の約10~30%を占め、正常の血糖を維持するために肝臓に貯蔵されたグリコーゲンを分解して血中へのグルコース放出を可能にする、飢餓の間に放出されるグルカゴンを分泌する。δ細胞は、膵島細胞の約5~10%を占め、グルコース濃度をさらに調節するソマトスタチンを分泌する。また、ε細胞及びPP細胞は、それぞれ、グレリン及び膵ポリペプチドを分泌越する。膵ポリペプチド産生細胞(膵島細胞の約5~10%)は、外分泌機能と胃腸機能を変化させるホルモンを放出する。内皮細胞、神経細胞、及び前駆細胞などといった、その他の膵島細胞タイプもある。
本明細書において使用するとき、「多能性幹細胞」とは、自己複製能と多分化能を有する細胞であり、生体を構成するあらゆる細胞を形成する能力を備える細胞をいう。「自己複製能」とは、1つの細胞から自分と同じ未分化な細胞を作る能力のことをいう。「分化能」とは、細胞が分化する能力をいう。多能性幹細胞としては、例えば、胚性幹細胞(embryonic stem cell:ES細胞)、人工多能性幹細胞(induced pluripotent stem cell:iPS細胞)、Muse細胞(Multi-lineage differentiating Stress Enduring cell)、精子幹細胞(germline stem cell:GS細胞)、胚性生殖細胞(embryonic germ cell:EG細胞)などが含まれるが、これらに限定されない。本発明に用いる多能性幹細胞は、好ましくは、ES細胞である。なお、多能性幹細胞の由来は、哺乳動物、鳥類、魚類、爬虫類及び両生類のいずれでもよく、特に限定されない。哺乳動物は、霊長類(ヒト、サルなど)、げっ歯類(マウス、ラット、モルモットなど)、ネコ、イヌ、ウサギ、ヒツジ、ブタ、ウシ、ウマ、ロバ、ヤギ、フェレットなどを含む。
Mycl(「L-Myc」とも呼ばれる)遺伝子は、c-Myc遺伝子及びMycn(「N-Myc」遺伝子)を含むMyc遺伝子のファミリーに属するメンバーの1つである。Mycl遺伝子は、c-Myc遺伝子と同様に癌遺伝子であって、初期化遺伝子としても知られている。また、Mycl遺伝子は、c-Myc遺伝子と異なり、形質転換能がほとんどないことが分かっている(Nakagawa, M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 107, p.14152-14157, 2010)。なお、Myclのマウス及びヒトのcDNA配列情報は、それぞれNCBIアクセッション番号のNM 008506及びNM 001033081を参照することにより取得することができ、当業者は容易にcDNAを単離することができる。
(1)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む若しくはそれからなる核酸;又は
(2)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む若しくはそれからなる核酸とストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズし、並びにMycl遺伝子が発現誘導された場合に、膵島様細胞の増殖活性を持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチドをコードする核酸;又は
(3)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む若しくはそれからなる核酸とストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズし、並びにMycl遺伝子が導入された膵島様細胞を増殖させた結果、インスリン産生細胞を持続的に増殖させる効果、ひいてはインスリン産生を持続的に促進させる効果を有するポリペプチドをコードする核酸を含む/それからなるものであり得る。
(1)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列を含む若しくはそれからなるポリペプチド;又は
(2)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列と少なくとも80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、若しくは99%の配列同一性を有し、並びに膵島様細胞の増殖活性をグルコース濃度依存的に持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチドであり得る。
本発明によれば、Mycl遺伝子を初代膵島細胞、培養膵島細胞、又は幹細胞(例えば、iPS細胞、ES細胞、体性幹細胞)に導入する方法は特に限定されず、当業者に公知の方法を用いることができる。遺伝子導入手段として、「形質転換」又は「トランスフェクション」が一般的であり、これは、外因性の核酸(例えば、宿主細胞に対して外来DNA又はRNA)の取込み後に細胞に誘導される一過的又は安定的な遺伝的変化を意味する。通常、遺伝的変化は、外因性の核酸を宿主細胞のゲノムに取り込むことによって、又はエピソーム成分として、若しくは独立して外因性の核酸を一過的又は安定的に維持することにより達成され得る。本発明によれば、導入されたMycl遺伝子は、該遺伝子の発現のオン/オフを制御することができれば、宿主細胞のゲノムに組み込まれた状態であってもよく、又はエピソーム成分として存在してもよく、又は該遺伝子を含むプラスミド若しくはベクターのまま細胞質に存在してもよい。
Mycl遺伝子産物の細胞への導入は、外来遺伝子やタンパク質を細胞に導入する一般的な方法により行うことができる。例えば、このような方法には、限定されないが、トランスフェクション試薬を用いる方法、ウイルスを用いる方法、エレクトロポレーション法、パーティクルガン法、ソノポレーション法、リポソーム融合法、及びマイクロマニピュレーター、レーザー光照射によって細胞膜に細孔を形成させることによる導入法などが挙げられる。
ES細胞を哺乳動物に導入して、キメラ哺乳動物を作製する方法は、当業者に周知の方法を用いて行うことができる。まず、上記のMycl遺伝子が導入されたES細胞の培養には、当業者に知られた如何なる培地を用いることができる。例えば、該ES細胞をフィーダー細胞上で培養する場合、フィーダー細胞(例えば、MEF(マウス胎児繊維芽細胞))を用いることができ、このフィーダー細胞上で該ES細胞をES細胞用培地(例えば、15%FBS、50U/mLのペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、L-グルタミン、非必須アミノ酸を含むノックアウトDMEM(GIBCO)に、2-メルカプトエタノール(2ME、GIBCO)及びLIF(SIGMA)を添加した培地)を使用することができる。
本発明によれば、インビトロ及びインビボにおいて、上記で作製した膵島様細胞の増殖及び分化を制御することができる。Mycl遺伝子の誘導方法は、該遺伝子を細胞に導入するために用いた上述の方法に準じて選択可能である。例えば、上述したようなTetOP-Mycl-ires-mCherryベクターを遺伝子導入用ベクターとして使用して細胞にMycl遺伝子を導入した場合、ドキシサイクリン(Dox)などのリバーステトラサイクリンに依存して宿主細胞から発現したリバーステトラサイクリン制御性トランス活性化因子が結合し、その下流に連結されたMycl遺伝子を発現させて、膵島様細胞の増殖を誘導することができる。細胞培養系にDoxの添加する濃度は、適宜調整され得る。例えば、1~100mg/mLなどであってもよい。Doxの添加によって膵島様細胞を増殖させた後、例えば、Dox不含の培地に置換することによって増殖を停止し、インスリン産生などの細胞分化を誘導することができる。
本発明によれば、インスリン産生能を有する膵島細胞又はその前駆細胞を製造する方法が提供される。このような製造方法は、限定されないが、初代膵島細胞、培養膵島細胞、又は幹細胞由来である膵島細胞を原料として、Mycl遺伝子を該膵島細胞に導入し、Mycl遺伝子の強制発現により細胞を増殖させた後、該遺伝子の発現を停止させることによって、インスリン産生能を有する膵島細胞又はその前駆細胞を得ることを含む。なお、Mycl遺伝子の強制発現及び停止は、上述したように、例えば、該遺伝子の発現をオン/オフ制御する代替の手段(例えば、光制御性ウイルスベクターの使用)、又はドキシサイクリン感受性のリバーステトラサイクリン制御性トランス活性化因子を利用することができる。本明細書において使用する場合、「膵島細胞の前駆細胞」又は「膵島前駆細胞」は、Mycl遺伝子の発現停止後、インスリン産生能を有する膵島細胞へと分化していく途中の細胞(又は細胞群)を指し、例えば、PDX1陽性、PTF1a陽性、NKX6.1陽性、Fev陽性、Pax4陽性、及びCck遺伝子からなる群から1つ以上選択されるマーカーを指標として同定され得る。
これまで、Mycl遺伝子導入による成熟膵島細胞の増幅効率が限られる場合があった。特に、膵島様細胞の増殖を長期間実施した場合に、増幅効率が低くなる場合が認められた。本発明によれば、より高濃度のグルコース刺激を与えることにより、Mycl遺伝子による成熟膵島細胞のさらなる増殖を誘導することができる。従って、高濃度のグルコースを含有する培地を用いたMycl遺伝子若しくはその遺伝子産物が導入された又は発現誘導された膵島細胞の培養方法、すなわちMycl遺伝子若しくはその遺伝子産物が導入された又は発現誘導された膵島細胞の増殖活性をグルコース濃度依存的に持続及び/又は促進させる方法を提供する。グルコース濃度依存的とは、一定の濃度範囲において(例えば、10g/L以下)、より高濃度のグルコース刺激により、当該膵島細胞のさらなる増殖を誘導することができるという意味である。一実施形態では、膵島様細胞の培養は、Mycl遺伝子の一過的な発現(オン状態)に合わせて、高濃度のグルコースを含有する培地(単に、「高グルコース培地」と称することがある)で行われる。高グルコース培地とは、培地中のグルコース濃度が3g/L以上である培地を指し、好ましくは3.5~10g/L、より好ましくは4~7g/L、さらに好ましくは4~6g/Lのグルコース濃度を有する培地である。
本発明によれば、導入されたMycl遺伝子の発現を制御し、グルコースにより活性化される経路を調節することにより、膵島様細胞の増殖活性を高め、膵島様細胞の増殖活性を長期間にわたり維持し、膵島様細胞の増殖とともにインスリン産生を促進させることができる。したがって、一態様では、Mycl遺伝子又はその遺伝子産物及びグルコース等のグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤により増殖活性が長期間維持又は促進された膵島様細胞を有効成分として含むインスリン産生促進剤;上記有効成分及び薬学的に許容される他の成分(例えば、担体、賦形剤、崩壊剤、緩衝剤、乳化剤、懸濁剤、無痛化剤、安定剤、保存剤、防腐剤、生理食塩水など)を含有する医薬組成物;上記インスリン産生促進剤又は医薬組成物を用いた糖尿病患者の予防及び/又は治療法;並びに上記インスリン産生促進剤又は医薬組成物を製造するためのMycl遺伝子及びグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤の使用が提供される。
上記の態様に基づいて適用され得る疾患は、生体においてインスリンが十分に機能していない状態にある疾患である。このような疾患としては、典型的には、分泌低下が認められる病態やI型糖尿病、インスリンが相対的に不足するインスリン抵抗性の状態やII型糖尿病、及びI型糖尿病とII型糖尿病の中間の病態である1.5型糖尿病が挙げられる。本発明によれば、導入されたMycl遺伝子の発現を制御し、グルコースにより活性化される経路を調節することにより、増殖活性を長期間にわたり持続及び促進させた膵島様細胞により、インスリン産生を促進することができ、例えば、糖尿病患者に対して血糖を低下させる作用を有する。適応疾患としては、典型的には、糖尿病であるが、より詳細には、重症低血糖症、I型糖尿病(緩徐進行1型糖尿病又は1.5型糖尿病を含む)、II型糖尿病、耐糖能障害、高血糖症、異脂肪血症、肥満症又は代謝症候群に関連する疾患、障害又は症状、その他の特定の機序や疾患によるものであって、例えば、膵β細胞機能に関与する遺伝子異常、インスリン作用の伝達機構に関与する遺伝子異常、他の疾患や条件に伴うものとして膵外分泌疾患、内分泌疾患、肝疾患、薬剤や化学物質によるもの、感染症、免疫機序による希少な病態など、あるいは妊娠糖尿病などが挙げられる。さらに、糖尿病に起因した糖尿病性合併症(例えば、糖尿病性網膜症、糖尿病性神経障害など)も適応疾患に含めることができる。また、膵炎や膵臓癌に伴う膵臓全摘出手術又は膵臓部分切除の結果引き起こされるインスリン分泌不全状態も適応疾患に含めることができる。
本発明のMycl遺伝子又はその遺伝子産物及びグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤により増殖活性が長期間維持又は促進された膵島様細胞を有効成分として含むインスリン産生促進剤又は医薬品組成物は、上記適応疾患に対する予防及び治療に提供され得る。ここで、膵島細胞増幅促進剤の一態様としては、膵島に含まれるα細胞、β細胞、δ細胞、ε細胞、PP細胞のうちいずれか一つ、好ましくは任意の二つ以上の膵島細胞を増殖させる剤をいう。また、膵島機能改善剤の一態様としては、投与することにより、生体における膵島が担う機能の一部又は全部を改善させる剤のことをいい、膵島の機能の一部とは例えば、膵島細胞による血糖調節作用、インスリンよる血糖降下作用、グルカゴンによるグルコース産生・放出作用、ソマトスタチンによるガストリン、セクレチン、インスリン及び/又はグルカゴンの分泌抑制作用若しくは消化管における栄養吸収抑制作用等、グレリンによる食欲調節作用、膵ポリペプチドによる胆嚢収縮調節作用や食欲調節作用が具体的に挙げられる。また、インスリン産生促進剤の一態様としては、例えば、生体内で膵島が担う機能の一つである、血糖値に応じた生理的なインスリン分泌を促進する剤が挙げられる。また、医薬組成物として提供される場合、上記の態様で使用されるMycl遺伝子又はその遺伝子産物の有効成分の他に、薬学的に許容される他の成分(例えば、担体、賦形剤、崩壊剤、緩衝剤、乳化剤、懸濁剤、無痛化剤、安定剤、保存剤、防腐剤、生理食塩水など)を含有させることができる。さらに、場合により、Mycl遺伝子を活性化させるための活性剤を含めてもよい。
本発明によれば、Mycl遺伝子又はその遺伝子産物及びグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤により増殖活性が長期間維持又は促進された膵島様細胞を用いて、糖尿病又はそれに関連する疾患を有する対象を予防及び/又は治療する方法が提供される。さらに、本発明によれば、上記治療方法において、Mycl遺伝子を活性化させるための活性剤を投与することができ、インスリン産生促進剤又は医薬組成物の投与前に、同時に、又は後に投与してもよい。また、Mycl遺伝子若しくはその遺伝子産物が導入された又は発現誘導された膵島細胞を生体内において増幅させるために、食事、飲料水、点滴等により、生体内におけるグルコース等の濃度を調整してもよい。
本発明によれば、インスリン産生促進剤又は医薬組成物を含む、糖尿病又はそれに関連する疾患を予防及び/又は治療するために使用されるキットが提供される。このようなキットには、上記インスリン産生促進剤又は医薬組成物を対象に投与又は移植するための使用説明書を含むことができる。また、キットには、Mycl遺伝子を活性化させるための活性剤をさらに含み得る。
(i)ドキシサイクリン(Doxycycline;Dox)依存的にMycl発現誘導可能なES細胞の樹立
Mycl遺伝子導入のためのES細胞として、Cola1遺伝子座の下流にFrt配列を有し、内在性のRosa26プロモーターの制御下でリバーステトラサイクリン制御性トランス活性化因子であるM2-rtTAを発現するKH2株を用いた(Beard C,et al.,Genesis,vol.44,p.23-28(2006))。該ES細胞由来のcDNAからMyclのcDNAのクローニングを行い、このクローニング断片をpCR8-GW-TOPOベクター(Invitrogen社)へ挿入した。Mycl遺伝子が挿入されたpCR8-Mycl-TOPOベクターとTetOP-AttR1-ccdB-AttR2-ires-mCherryベクター間でLR反応を行い作製したCol1a1-TetOP-Mycl-ires-mCherryベクター(以下、「ターゲティングベクター」と呼ぶ)をflip-inリコンビネーションシステム(Beard et al.,2006)を用いることでKH2-ES細胞のCol1a1遺伝子座に挿入した。Flip-inリコンビネーションを行う際には、Mycl遺伝子が挿入されたターゲティングベクター50μgとpFlapaseベクター25μg及び25mM HEPES緩衝液(Gibco社)を含む高グルコースDMEM(Nacalai Tasque社)培地で懸濁した細胞懸濁液をGene pulser Xcell エレクトロポレーションシステム(BIO-RAD)を用いてKH2-ES細胞にエレクトロポレーション(Voltage:550 V,Capacitance:25μF,Resistance:∞,Cuvette:4mm以上の条件で2回パルス供給)した。エレクトロポレーションを行なった24時間後、ハイグロマイシンB(Roche社)150μg/mLで選択し、形成されたコロニーを拾い、Dox依存的にMycl遺伝子を発現誘導可能なES細胞株を樹立した。
フィーダー細胞(MEF;マウス胎仔繊維芽細胞)の培養には、10%FBS(GIBCO社)、50U/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin(P/S;Nacalai Tesque社)、L-グルタミン(GIBCO社)、NEAA(Nacalai Tesque社)を含むDMEM(Nacalai Tesque社)培地を用いた。
Dox(Sigma-Aldrich社)依存的にMyclの発現を誘導可能なES細胞をマウス胚盤胞(ICR,E3.5)にインジェクションし、偽妊娠2日目マウス(Slc:ICR,清水実験材料)の子宮内に移植することにより、Dox依存的にMycl発現を誘導可能な細胞を有したキメラマウスを作製した。このマウスは、Doxを投与することにより、全身性にMycl遺伝子及び赤色蛍光タンパク質mCherryを発現誘導可能である。
α細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Gcgの内在性プロモーターの下流、及びβ細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Ins1、δ細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Sstの内在性遺伝子の下流にタモキシフェン誘導性Creリコンビナーゼ(CreERT2)を導入したマウスを作製した。
8週齢のマウスを使用し、2.0mg/mLのDoxを含む溶液を飲水投与した。培養細胞においては、終濃度2.0μg/mLとなるよう培地に添加した。
マウスを解剖後、各臓器を4%PFA(和光純薬社)内において1日振とうした翌日に70%EtOH(和光純薬100%EtOHを希釈して使用)に移し、さらに1日振とうした。翌日、スピンティッシュプロセッサーSTR120(Thermo SCIENTIFIC社)を使用し、推奨プロトコールに従いブロックを作製した。病理標本の作製はバイオゲート株式会社に委託した。
組織切片をキシレン(和光純薬社)、その後、100%EtOH(和光純薬社)に各30分以上浸した。水道水で約10分間洗浄し、沸騰させた抗原賦活化液pH9(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社、10倍希釈で使用)内に移し、10分間抗原賦活化処理を行った。ブロッキング溶液(2%BSA+1×PBS)により各倍率で希釈した1次抗体溶液を組織切片上に200μL添加し、30分~1時間静置した。1×PBSで2回洗浄した後、2次抗体溶液を組織切片上に2滴添加し、30分間静置した。1×PBSで2回洗浄した後、DAB染色の場合はDAB溶液(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社、DAB基質キット使用、1mLのElix水に試薬A及びBを各1滴ずつ添加・混合後、試薬Cを1滴添加・混合したもの)を組織切片上に150μL添加し、抗原抗体反応を行った後、顕微鏡下で観察を行った。蛍光染色の場合は、組織切片上に封入材を1滴添加し、カバーガラスをかけた後、顕微鏡下で観察を行った。
・抗mCherry抗体(abcam社、1/500)-抗ウサギIgG抗体(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社)
・抗Synaptophysin抗体(abcam社、1/500)-抗ウサギIgG抗体(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社)
・抗Chromogranin A抗体(DAKO社、1/500)-抗ウサギIgG抗体(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社)
・抗Ki67抗体(abcam社、1/200)-抗ウサギIgG抗体(ニチレイバイオサイエンス社)
・抗Insulin抗体(DAKO社)-抗モルモットIgG抗体(BIOTIUM社)
・抗Somatostatin抗体(Santa cruz社、1/300)-抗マウスIgG抗体(BIOTIUM社)
・抗Glucagon抗体(Santa cruz社、1/300)-抗マウスIgG抗体(BIOTIUM社)
RNA回収においては、培養細胞をPBS(-)(Nakalai Tasque)で洗浄後、350μLのLBP緩衝液で細胞を溶解した。RNA抽出にはNucreoSpin(登録商標)RNA Plus(TAKARA社)を用いて、推奨プロトコールに従った。cDNAの合成には、Primescript一本鎖cDNA合成キット(TAKARA社)を用いて推奨プロトコールに従った。
GoTaq qPCRマスターミックス(Promega)を用いて、推奨プロトコールに従った。Stepone Plusシステム(Life technologies社)により解析を行った。プライマー及びPCR反応条件は以下のものを使用した。
・95℃、2分間
・95℃(15秒)、60℃(1分)[40サイクル]
・95℃(15秒)、60℃(1分)、95℃(15秒)
8週齢のKH2-Myclマウスにソムノペンチル(共立製薬株式会社)を腹腔内注射することで麻酔した。開腹後、十二指腸総胆管開口部を同定したのち、総胆管上部及び腸管をブルドック鉗子で止めた。総胆管を十二指腸との境目で切れ目を入れ、Colalgenase P(Roche社)(2mg/mL)を含むM199培地(Gibco社)2mLを注入した。その後、膵臓を摘出し、50mLチューブに膵臓を移し、37℃の湯浴槽で14分30秒消化処理を行った。10%FBSを含む冷M199培地25mLで懸濁し、遠心分離(1000rpm、4℃、2分)を2回行った。上清を捨て、Histopaque(SIGMA社)10mLで懸濁させた後、その上から10%FBSを含む冷M199培地10mLを注ぎ、遠心分離(1000rpm、4℃、30分)を行った。上清を別の50mLチューブに移し、さらに10%FBSを含むM199培地25mLを加えた後、Lymphoprepを用いた密度勾配遠心分離(1000rpm、4℃、2分)を行うことで膵島を分離した。
単離した膵島を1.5mLシリコンチューブに採取し、分散緩衝液(以下表2参照)100μLを添加した。37℃にて15分で静置後、ピペッティングすることで分散させた。
単離した膵島を1.5mLチューブに移し、TrypLEにより膵島細胞を分離させた。RPMI培地で洗浄をした後、細胞数を測定した。膵島細胞を96wellプレートに播種し、その上からMatrigel 30μLを添加した。ピペットマンの先で細胞とマトリゲルを混和させ、96ウェルプレートをCO2インキュベーターで37℃、30分静置させることでゲルを架橋させた。その後、培地を120μL添加し、37℃、5%CO2にて培養した。膵島細胞の観察及び撮像はKEYENCE BZ-710を用いた。
膵島細胞を培養しているマトリゲルにTrypLE120μLを添加し、ピペッティングすることでゲルを破砕した。膵島細胞を1.5mLチューブに移し、さらにTrypLEを300μL加え、CO2インキュベーターで37℃、10分静置した。その後、200g、2分で遠心分離を行い、RPMI培地で洗浄した後、細胞数を測定した。膵島細胞を96wellプレートに播種し、引き続きマトリゲルによる三次元培養を行った。膵島細胞の継代は1週間に1回行い、培養液としては、RPMI1640(nacalai tasque;09892-15)に、グルコース濃度が適切な最終濃度(例えば、4.5g/L、4.5g/Lなど)になるように45w/v%のD(+)-グルコース溶液(Wako;079-05511)を添加したものを使用した。
8~12週齢の細胞系譜追跡可能なマウス(KH2-Mycl;Ins1/Gcg/Sst-CreERT2;R26-mTmG)にタモキシフェン(20mg/mL)0.2mLを1週間に5回腹腔内投与した。1週間後にマウスより膵島を単離した。TrypLEにより膵島細胞を分離したのち、1.0×105細胞/ウェルでAggreWellに播種した。培養液には4-OHT(100nmol/mL)を添加し、2日間培養した。膵島細胞を回収し、マトリゲルによる三次元培養を行った。さらに1週間後にKEYENCE BZ-710による撮像及びFACSによるGFP陽性細胞の割合を評価した。
免疫不全マウス(NOD/ShiJic-scid Jcl)にストレプトゾトシン(100mg/kg)を1週間に3回腹腔内投与することで糖尿病を誘発した。このマウスの腎被膜下に18回継代した膵島細胞5×105細胞分をハミルトンシリンジを用いて移植した。血糖値は毎週測定し、測定は随時血糖とした。
Mycl発現群及び対照群を12~16時間絶食した。その後、各マウスの体重を計測し、D-glucose 2g/kg(マウス)になるようにD-glucose溶液をマウスの腹腔内に注射した。15、30、60、120分後に各マウスの血液を尻尾から採血し、アントセンス台(Horiba社)を用いて血糖値を測定した。
Mycl遺伝子の発現は、その遺伝子の下流に組み込んだmCherry遺伝子の発現により確認することができる。mCherry遺伝子は、赤色蛍光タンパク質をコードする遺伝子であり、該遺伝子の発現により、細胞は赤色に発色する。培地中のグルコース濃度を変化させ、Mycl誘導膵島細胞の増殖活性の違いを検討した。高グルコース培地(D-グルコース;4.5g/L)の培養条件は、低グルコース培地(D-グルコース;1.0g/L)の培養条件と比較して、Mycl発現膵島細胞の増殖効率が増加することが分かった(図1参照)。
膵島細胞を追跡可能なマウス(Ins1-ires-CreERT2;Gcg-CreERT2,Sst-ires-CreERT2)を用いて、グルコースによる生体内でのMycl誘導膵島細胞の増殖の活性化について検討した。実施例1(生体外)では、培地にグルコースを添加したが、本実施例では、グルコースの代わりにスクロース(グルコース+フルクトース)を使用した。また、膵島細胞の増殖の活性は、免疫染色により評価した。結果を図5に示すが、Dox誘導+スクロースの投与系では、他の実験系と比較して、膵島細胞の顕著な増殖が観察された。これにより、生体内においても、スクロース(グルコース+フルクトース)投与によって、Mycl遺伝子による膵島増殖が促進されることがわかった。
培地中のグルコースの持続的な存在により、Mycl誘導膵島細胞の増殖活性への影響を調べた。培養では、高グルコース濃度を使用した。培養7日間を1サイクルとして、計4回、細胞を継代した。継代を重ねることにより、Mycl誘導による細胞増殖の活性化が低下することが観察された(図6参照)。これにより、高グルコース濃度の培養条件であったても、培養を持続するとMycl発現膵島細胞の増殖能は低下することがわかり、いわゆる「糖毒性」の関与が示唆された。
実施例3に示したように、高グルコース濃度の培地による継続的な培養では、いわゆる「糖毒性」の関与が示唆されたため、グルコース濃度を調節させることによって、持続的に細胞を長期間培養することができるかどうかを検討した。24時間ごとに、高グルコース濃度と低グルコース濃度を交互に置換することにより、細胞増殖の活性化を調べた。図7に示されるように、このような培養条件下で、Mycl誘導膵島細胞の増殖活性が、少なくとも20継代(約22週間)は持続することが見いだされた。これにより、高グルコース-低グルコースを繰り返すこと(以下、「グルコースHigh-Low」と称する)により、Mycl誘導膵島細胞の高い増殖能が維持され、持続的な増殖誘導が可能であることが判明した。
膵島細胞に由来するβ細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Ins1、α細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Gcg、及び細胞特異的に発現する遺伝子Sstの発現を追跡した。常法によりIns1陽性細胞(β細胞)、Gcg陽性細胞(α細胞)、及びSst陽性細胞(δ細胞)を標識して、各細胞が増殖するかどうかを検討した。より具体的には、レポーター遺伝子であるmGFPの発現により、各遺伝子の発現強度を比較検討した(図9参照)。図9のデータから、Mycl遺伝子は、成熟ホルモン産生細胞であるβ細胞、α細胞、及びδ細胞の増殖を促進することがわかった。
グルコースHigh-Low(高グルコース-低グルコースを繰り返す条件)により、長期増殖させたMycl誘導膵島細胞による糖尿病マウスの血糖値の変化を検討した。図11に示されるように、糖尿病マウスにMycl誘導膵島細胞を移植すると血糖値を正常化することができた。これにより、腹腔内ブドウ糖負荷試験(IPGTT)では、対糖能が改善し、長期間増殖させた膵島細胞は高い機能性を持つことを確認された。
上記実施例の結果によれば、まず、Mycl遺伝子誘導による成熟膵島細胞の増殖活性はグルコース濃度に依存することを見出した(図1及び図2参照)。実際に、グルコースの細胞内代謝経路の分子であるグルコキナーゼを活性化するグルコキナーゼ活性化剤(GKA)により膵島細胞の増殖が促進され、阻害剤であるグルコキナーゼ阻害剤(GKI)により膵島細胞の増殖が抑制されることを示した(図3及び図4参照)。生体内においてもグルコースを付加しながらMycl遺伝子を発現させると、膵島細胞の増殖が強く促進されることを示した(図5参照)。一方で、高グルコース培養条件でも持続して培養すると、糖毒性により細胞増殖活性が低下することが分かった(図6参照)。糖毒性を回避するために、高グルコース条件と低グルコース条件を繰り返すことにより、持続して高い増殖活性を維持できることを示し、少なくとも半年以上にわたり増殖が誘導可能であった(図7及び図8参照)。高グルコースによって成熟β細胞の増殖が促進された(図9及び図10参照)。持続して増幅させた膵島細胞は、生体内でグルコースに応答してインスリンを産生し、糖尿病モデル動物の血糖を低下させた。高い機能性を有することが明らかとなった(図11参照)。
Claims (8)
- Mycl遺伝子若しくはその遺伝子産物が導入された又は発現誘導された膵島細胞の増殖活性をグルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤により促進及び/又は持続する方法。
- グルコース刺激活性化経路賦活剤が、グルコース、スクロース、及びグルコキナーゼ活性化剤から群から少なくとも1種選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- Mycl遺伝子が、
(1)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む核酸;又は
(2)配列番号1又は3で表される塩基配列を含む核酸とストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズし、かつMycl遺伝子が発現誘導された場合に、膵島様細胞の増殖活性を持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチドをコードする核酸
を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。 - Mycl遺伝子産物が、
(1)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチド;又は
(2)配列番号2又は4で表されるアミノ酸配列と少なくとも80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、若しくは99%の配列同一性を有し、並びに膵島様細胞の増殖活性を持続及び/又は促進させる機能を有するポリペプチド
を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。 - Mycl遺伝子が一過的に発現する、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 高グルコース培地と低グルコース培地を交互に適用する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 膵島細胞が、膵臓から単離された初代膵島細胞、培養膵島細胞、又は幹細胞由来である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 幹細胞が、iPS細胞、ES細胞、及び体性幹細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項7に記載の方法。
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