WO2025007544A1 - 电源模块和电源系统 - Google Patents

电源模块和电源系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025007544A1
WO2025007544A1 PCT/CN2024/072886 CN2024072886W WO2025007544A1 WO 2025007544 A1 WO2025007544 A1 WO 2025007544A1 CN 2024072886 W CN2024072886 W CN 2024072886W WO 2025007544 A1 WO2025007544 A1 WO 2025007544A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
module
power
discharge
power supply
circuit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2024/072886
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
常庭智
陈锐
王彬彬
杨萌华
谭熠
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shaanxi Startorus Fusion Technology Co Ltd
Tsinghua University
Original Assignee
Shaanxi Startorus Fusion Technology Co Ltd
Tsinghua University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Shaanxi Startorus Fusion Technology Co Ltd, Tsinghua University filed Critical Shaanxi Startorus Fusion Technology Co Ltd
Priority to EP24712394.6A priority Critical patent/EP4518093A4/en
Priority to US18/703,693 priority patent/US20250232886A1/en
Publication of WO2025007544A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025007544A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G21B1/21—Electric power supply systems, e.g. for magnet systems, switching devices, storage devices, circuit arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/865—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
    • G21B1/057—Tokamaks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/40—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/60—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements
    • H02J7/62—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements against overcurrent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/60—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements
    • H02J7/64—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements against overvoltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/855—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/18—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for batteries; for accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Details of circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/50—Charging of capacitors, supercapacitors, ultra-capacitors or double layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of electronic power technology, and in particular to a power supply module and a power supply system for driving magnets in a magnetic confinement fusion device.
  • Fusion devices such as tokamaks control plasma through magnetic fields, which are generated by passing a certain amount of current into the magnetic field coil. Therefore, a high-power pulse power supply is usually required to inject current into the magnetic field coil, i.e., the magnet drive power supply.
  • the magnet drive power supply needs to be able to reach a power of megawatts (MW) or even higher levels in a short period of time. If such power demand is directly introduced from the power grid, the load requirements on the power grid are relatively high. Therefore, existing magnet drive power supplies usually use large-capacity energy storage elements, first storing energy from the power grid, and then feeding the energy into the magnetic field coil in a short period of time.
  • flywheel generators can store large amounts of energy and have high output power, and can meet the power needs of various types of tokamaks and other fusion devices.
  • the power supply system composed of flywheel generators is often highly complex and has poor versatility. In the event of a failure, the maintainability is poor.
  • the present application provides a power module and a power system for driving magnets in a magnetic confinement fusion device, which at least solves the problem in the related art of how to meet the power requirements of the fusion device.
  • An embodiment of the present application provides a power module, a capacitor module, including a supercapacitor, a charging circuit and a discharging circuit; wherein the charging circuit is used to connect to a charging power source to charge the supercapacitor; the discharging circuit is used to connect to a magnet in a magnetic confinement fusion device through a busbar to discharge the magnet; a signal acquisition module is connected to the capacitor module to collect a status signal of the capacitor module; a module controller is respectively connected to the capacitor module and the signal acquisition module to control the charging and discharging status of the capacitor module and monitor the capacitor module based on the status signal; and a communication module is connected to the module controller to communicate with module controllers of other power modules or a main controller of a power system; wherein the power system is formed by a plurality of the power modules to supply power to the magnet.
  • an embodiment of the present application provides a power supply system, comprising multiple power supply modules described in any one of the first aspect above; multiple power supply modules are connected to the bus to supply power to the magnet; and a main controller, communicating with the module controller of each of the power supply modules through the communication module respectively, for receiving a status signal of each of the power supply modules, and controlling the working state of the power supply system based on the status signal.
  • each power module can have a supercapacitor and a charging circuit and a discharging circuit that can independently charge and discharge the supercapacitor, and each power module is also provided with an independent signal acquisition module and a module controller, the state signal of the capacitor module is acquired by the signal acquisition module, and the capacitor module is independently controlled and monitored by the module controller, so that each power module can operate independently. Therefore, the power module in this embodiment can be used as a universal module of the power system of the magnet in the magnetic confinement fusion device and can be flexibly assembled according to the target required voltage and/or target required current.
  • a single power module can be maintained without affecting the normal operation of the power system of the magnet; when the target required voltage and/or target required current changes, it is only necessary to increase the number of series and/or parallel power modules according to the new target required voltage and/or new target required current, which has strong versatility and relatively simple maintenance.
  • FIG1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary power supply module for driving magnets in a magnetic confinement fusion device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a circuit principle of an exemplary power supply module for driving a magnet in a magnetic confinement fusion device in an embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG3 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary power supply module for driving magnets in a magnetic confinement fusion device according to an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary power supply system according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the present application provides a power module, wherein the power module is used to drive the magnets in the magnetic confinement fusion device.
  • the power module adopts a modular
  • a plurality of power supply modules can be connected in series and/or in parallel to construct a power supply system for driving the magnet based on the target power demand of the magnet to power the magnet.
  • FIG1 shows the structure of the power supply module described in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the power supply module may include: a capacitor module 11, a signal acquisition module 12, a module controller 13 and a communication module 14.
  • the capacitor module 11 includes a supercapacitor 111, a charging circuit 112 and a discharging circuit 113.
  • the charging circuit 112 is used to connect to a charging power source to charge the supercapacitor 111
  • the discharging circuit 113 is used to connect to the magnet through a busbar to discharge the magnet.
  • the signal acquisition module 12 is connected to the capacitor module 11 and is used to acquire a status signal of the capacitor module 11 .
  • the module controller 13 is connected to the capacitor module 11 and the signal acquisition module 12, respectively, and is used to control the charge and discharge state of the capacitor module 11 and monitor the capacitor module 11 based on the state signal.
  • the module controller 13 can be implemented by Raspberry Pi or MCU.
  • the communication module 14 is connected to the module controller 13 and is used to communicate with the module controllers 13 of other power modules or the main controller 20 of the power system.
  • the above-mentioned status signal may include a current signal, a voltage signal, a trigger feedback signal of the charging circuit 112 and/or the discharging circuit 113, the real-time temperature of the supercapacitor 111, and the real-time temperature of the power device in the charging circuit 112 and/or the discharging circuit 113, and the communication status signal of the communication module, etc.
  • the current signal can be collected by a current sensor to collect the charging current of the charging circuit 112 in the charging state or the discharging state and/or the discharging current of the discharging circuit 113.
  • a current sensor such as a Hall current sensor shunt or an electromagnetic current transformer can be used.
  • the voltage signal can be collected by a voltage sensor to collect the voltage of the supercapacitor 111, for example, the voltage of the supercapacitor 111 in the idle state, or by a current sensor to collect the current during the charging process or the discharging process, and then the voltage of the supercapacitor 111 is calculated by the current.
  • the temperature signal can be collected by using a temperature sensor.
  • the trigger feedback signal can be collected by collecting the voltage or level change of the feedback circuit through the feedback circuit and the corresponding feedback terminal.
  • the magnet driving power source uses capacitor energy storage.
  • the related technology of constructing the power supply system in this way is specifically that a capacitor bank is first formed in the form of an array through multiple capacitors as an energy storage element.
  • the capacitor bank is connected to an inverter to discharge the coil, wherein the function of the inverter is to control the switch and modulate the current waveform.
  • the energy storage capacitor currently used as a magnet drive power supply is basically a conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitor. This capacitor has a low energy density, resulting in a small energy storage of the power supply based on it, making the discharge time short, and cannot meet the requirement of the fusion device for continuous and slow discharge of the power supply during the discharge process. Therefore, in this embodiment, a supercapacitor with higher energy density is used to overcome the disadvantage of low energy storage of electrolytic capacitors, and can be used for discharge for a longer time.
  • each power supply module may have a supercapacitor 111 and a charging circuit 112 and a discharging circuit 113 that can independently charge and discharge the supercapacitor 111.
  • each power supply module is also provided with an independent signal acquisition module 12 and a module controller 13. The signal acquisition module 12 acquires the state signal of the capacitor module 11, and the module controller 13 realizes independent charge and discharge state control and monitoring of the capacitor module 11, thereby enabling each power supply module to operate independently.
  • the power supply module in this embodiment can be used as a universal module of the power supply system of the magnet in the magnetic confinement fusion device and can be flexibly assembled according to the target required voltage and/or target required current. Furthermore, a single power module can be maintained without affecting the normal operation of the power supply system of the magnet; when the target required voltage and/or target required current changes (the load changes), it is only necessary to adaptively increase the number of series and/or parallel power modules according to the new target required voltage and/or new target required current. It has strong versatility and relatively simple maintainability.
  • the module controller 13 in each power module can collect the status signal in the current power module through the respective signal acquisition module 12, and can communicate with the main controller 20 through the communication module, so that the power system constructed by multiple power modules can be analyzed in real time, automatically alarm, and immediately find and accurately locate the problem when a problem occurs.
  • each power module can be triggered independently and has independent working status monitoring, it can perform feedback control independently, which provides the possibility of using carrier phase shifting technology to modulate the total current waveform, and multiple modules in parallel can reduce the current ripple to a very small level at an extremely high equivalent switching frequency.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the circuit principle of the power module according to the embodiment of the present application. As shown in Fig. 2, the working principle of the power module is described in detail with an exemplary circuit principle diagram of a single power module.
  • the capacitor module 11 may include a supercapacitor 111, a charging circuit 112 and a discharging circuit 113.
  • the discharging circuit 113 may include: a switching circuit 1131 and a driving unit 1132 of the switching circuit, wherein the switching circuit 1131 includes a first control switch Q1 and a freewheeling element, the driving unit 1132 is connected to the control end of the first control switch Q1, the first control switch Q1 and the freewheeling element are connected in series at both ends of the supercapacitor 111, and both ends of the freewheeling element are used to be connected to the magnetic coil through the busbar.
  • the first control switch Q1 may be an IGBT, a MOS tube, a relay or other controllable switch device.
  • an IGBT may be used as an example for explanation:
  • the gate of the first control switch Q1 is connected to the driving unit 1132, and is used to open and close under the drive of the driving unit 1132.
  • the collector of the first control switch Q1 is connected to the positive electrode of the supercapacitor 111, and the emitter of the first control switch Q1 is respectively connected to the positive electrode of the bus and connected to the negative electrode of the freewheeling element.
  • the positive electrode of the freewheeling element is respectively connected to the negative electrode of the bus and the negative electrode of the supercapacitor 111.
  • the driving unit 1132 When receiving a discharge instruction, the driving unit 1132 controls the first control switch Q1 to close, thereby turning on the connection between the supercapacitor 111 and the busbar, and the supercapacitor 111 discharges to the magnet through the busbar; when receiving a stop discharge instruction, the driving unit 1132 controls the first control switch Q1 to open, thereby disconnecting the connection between the supercapacitor 111 and the busbar, and the magnet can form a freewheeling circuit through the busbar and the freewheeling element to release the electricity in the magnet.
  • the freewheeling element can be a freewheeling diode
  • the positive electrode of the freewheeling diode is connected to the negative electrode of the supercapacitor 111 and to the negative electrode of the bus
  • the negative electrode of the freewheeling diode is respectively connected to the emitter of the first control switch Q1 and the positive electrode of the bus
  • the collector of the first control switch Q1 is connected to the positive electrode of the supercapacitor 111.
  • the freewheeling element may also be an IGBT, that is, a second control switch Q2 that is the same as the first control switch Q1, wherein the emitter of the second control switch Q2 is respectively connected to the negative electrode of the supercapacitor 111 and to the negative electrode of the bus; the collector of the second control switch Q2 is respectively connected to the emitter of the first control switch Q1 and the positive electrode of the bus.
  • the second control switch Q2 is always in the off state, and the reverse parallel diode is used for freewheeling.
  • each power module is also provided with an independent charging circuit 112, and the charging circuit 112 may include a third control switch, wherein the control end of the third control switch is connected to the module controller 13, one end of the third control switch is used to connect to the charging power supply, and the other end is connected to the supercapacitor 111.
  • the module controller 13 of each power module can control the charging circuit 112 to independently control the charging of the supercapacitor 111.
  • the charging power supply may be a low-voltage DC power supply, which is connected to an external power supply, for example, a 220V/380V/110V AC power supply, to convert the voltage of the external power supply into a voltage that can charge the supercapacitor 111.
  • the charging power supply may include a rectifier circuit to convert AC power into a DC voltage for charging the supercapacitor.
  • the external power supply is a DC power supply
  • the charging power supply adopts a DC voltage conversion circuit, for example, a BUCK converter, a BUOOST converter, or a BUCK-BOOST converter.
  • the charging power source can also be reused as a power supply that requires low-voltage DC power supply for the module controller 13, the drive unit 1132, etc.
  • the external power supply can be converted into a 15V and/or 24V DC power supply to provide the low-voltage power supply required by the power module.
  • each power module may further include a module protection unit 15, which is disposed in the discharge circuit 113 and is used to protect the power module.
  • the module protection unit 15 can provide independent protection functions for the power module in the working state or the non-working state, which is equivalent to dispersing the risk of the entire power system to a single power module. In this way, even if a problem occurs in a single power module, since each power module has a module protection unit 15, it can be protected independently, so the impact on other modules is also small, and the voltage and current levels of a single power module are low, so the violent energy caused by an accident can be reduced, thereby ensuring the safety of the overall power system.
  • the charging state, power level and discharge state of the supercapacitors 111 in each power module may be inconsistent, when the power system is discharged, there may be inconsistencies in the charging state, power level and discharge state of each supercapacitor 111.
  • the source module discharge current is inconsistent.
  • the module protection unit 15 may include: a current balancing circuit 151, which is arranged in the discharge circuit 113 and is used to balance the discharge current of the supercapacitor 111 when the multiple power modules build the power system.
  • the discharge current of each power module in the power system is balanced by the current balancing module to ensure the uniformity of the current between the parallel modules.
  • the above-mentioned current balancing circuit 151 may include a current balancing resistor R1, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the current balancing resistor R1 can be connected in series at the output end of the supercapacitor 111, that is, connected in series between the supercapacitor 111 and the drain of the first control switch Q1. If the output current of the current power module is relatively high, the voltage drop on the current balancing will increase, thereby reducing the output current and achieving the purpose of current balancing.
  • the current balancing circuit 151 may include a dynamic current balancing circuit, which can be connected to the signal acquisition module 12 or the module controller 13, and adjust the voltage drop of the current power module output in real time based on the current power module output current, and then adjust the current output of the current power module based on the difference between the actual output current of the current power module and the theoretical output current, so that the output current is the same as the theoretical output current, thereby achieving the purpose of current balancing.
  • a dynamic current balancing circuit which can be connected to the signal acquisition module 12 or the module controller 13, and adjust the voltage drop of the current power module output in real time based on the current power module output current, and then adjust the current output of the current power module based on the difference between the actual output current of the current power module and the theoretical output current, so that the output current is the same as the theoretical output current, thereby achieving the purpose of current balancing.
  • the above-mentioned dynamic current balancing circuit can reuse the first control switch, and dynamically adjust the discharge current of the current power module through the duty cycle of the first control switch.
  • the module controller determines the duty cycle of the first control switch based on the real-time discharge current, and outputs a duty cycle control instruction to the drive unit, so that the drive unit controls the first control switch according to the corresponding duty cycle, thereby dynamically adjusting the discharge current in real time.
  • the above-mentioned dynamic current balancing circuit may further include a fourth control switch connected in series in the discharge loop. After obtaining the real-time discharge current of the power module, the module controller determines the duty cycle of the fourth control switch based on the real-time discharge current, and thus can dynamically adjust the discharge current in real time.
  • the module protection unit 15 may include: a discharge circuit 152 connected to the super capacitor 111 and the module controller 13 respectively, and configured to discharge the electricity in the super capacitor 111 under the triggering of the module controller 13 .
  • the discharge circuit 152 may include a discharge resistor and a discharge control unit.
  • the discharge control unit is connected to the module controller 13, and is used to open or close the path between the discharge resistor and the super capacitor 111 under the triggering of the module controller 13.
  • the discharge resistor can be a water-cooled resistor, which can have sufficient heat dissipation capacity when discharging the remaining power in the super capacitor 111.
  • the module controller 13 can control the corresponding discharge control unit to conduct the path between the corresponding discharge resistor and the super capacitor 111, thereby releasing the residual energy on the super capacitor 111.
  • a single power module has independent charging and discharge control capabilities, which can not only improve the discharge efficiency and reduce the heat concentration problem during energy discharge, but also become a power supply with complete and independent discharge capabilities.
  • a plurality of discharge circuits 152 may be redundantly provided for each power module.
  • the module protection unit 15 may further include: a buffer circuit 153, connected in parallel in the discharge circuit 113, for buffering the peak pulse when the discharge circuit 113 is turned off.
  • the buffer circuit 153 may be connected in parallel between the supercapacitor 111 and the first control switch Q1, including a first resistor R2, a first capacitor C1 and a first diode D1, wherein one end of the first resistor R2 is connected between the supercapacitor 111 and the collector of the first control switch Q1, and the other end is connected to the positive electrode of the first capacitor C1, and the negative electrode of the first capacitor C1 is connected to the negative electrode (bus negative electrode) of the supercapacitor 111; the first diode D1 is connected in parallel with the first resistor R2, wherein the negative electrode of the first diode D1 is connected between the supercapacitor 111 and the collector of the first control switch Q1, and the positive electrode of the first diode D1 is connected to the positive electrode of the first capacitor C1.
  • the buffer circuit 153 is used to prevent the generation of spikes. When turned off, the current quickly charges the first capacitor C1 through the first diode D1, so the voltage across the bus is controlled by the first capacitor C1, and the first resistor R2 connected in parallel with the first diode D1 can consume the energy on the first capacitor C1, thereby preventing circuit oscillation.
  • the buffer circuit 153 can also be connected in parallel between the collector and emitter of the first control switch Q1, and includes a second resistor R3, a second diode D2 and a second capacitor C2, wherein one end of the second resistor R3 is connected to the collector of the first control switch Q1.
  • the first control switch Q1 is connected to the positive electrode of the second capacitor C2, the negative electrode of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the collector of the first control switch Q1, the negative electrode of the second diode D2 is connected to the collector of the first control switch Q1, and the positive electrode of the second diode D2 is connected to the positive electrode of the second capacitor C2.
  • the buffering principle for the spike pulse generated in the circuit is the same as the principle of the buffer circuit 153 in the above embodiment, and will not be repeated in this embodiment.
  • the protection unit may further include an overcurrent/overvoltage protection circuit 154, which is disposed in the discharge circuit 113 and is used to perform overcurrent/overvoltage protection on the discharge circuit 113.
  • the overcurrent/overvoltage protection circuit 154 may include a fuse F1 connected in series at the output end of the supercapacitor 111 as an overcurrent protection device. When the output current is too large, the fuse F1 is switched on and off to cut off the current power module discharge circuit 113.
  • the overcurrent/overvoltage protection circuit 154 may further include: a varistor R4 connected in parallel to the output end of the power module. When the bus voltage is too high, the varistor R4 can protect the supercapacitor 111 module 11 from overvoltage damage.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the power system described in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the power system can be built using multiple power modules in the above embodiments.
  • the above multiple power modules can be built in parallel or in series to build the above power system.
  • multiple power modules are connected in series and/or in parallel on the bus to supply power to the magnet.
  • the power supply system further includes: a main controller 20, which communicates with the module controller 13 of each power module through the communication module, respectively, for receiving a status signal of each power module, and controlling the working state of the power supply system based on the status signal.
  • each power module has a complete power supply with independent unit voltage and unit current output capabilities. After determining the target voltage and target current required for the magnet, the number of power modules in parallel is determined by calculating the multiple relationship between the target current and the unit current, and the number of multiple parallel branches is determined by calculating the rated multiple relationship between the target voltage and the unit voltage.
  • the unit voltage of the output of the supercapacitor 111 in each power module is 129V
  • the unit current of the output is 1.2kA
  • the current required by the magnet in the magnetic confinement fusion device is 110KA. Therefore, by connecting more than or equal to 126 power modules in parallel to supply power to the magnet, when the internal resistance R of the magnet is 0.93m ⁇ and the self-inductance L is 590uH, the power system can output
  • the maximum current I peak >110kA and the discharge time t>1s correspond to the field strength B T >1T at the tokamak magnetic axis.
  • the target current and target voltage required for the magnet can be adaptively built by connecting multiple power modules in parallel and/or in series.
  • the main controller 20 communicates with the module controller 13 of each of the power modules respectively.
  • the module controller 13 collects the real-time current signal of the current power module during the discharge process through its own signal acquisition module 12, and the trigger state signal of the discharge circuit 113 is uploaded to the main controller 20.
  • the main controller 20 can monitor the operating status of each power module based on the working status of each power module uploaded by each module controller 13. Before discharge or in idle state, the module controller 13 can upload the voltage, temperature, temperature of the switch circuit, driving power supply status of the switch circuit and other status information of the supercapacitor 111 collected by the signal acquisition device to the main controller 20.
  • the main controller 20 can analyze the status of the entire power system in real time and automatically alarm, so that when a problem occurs, it can be immediately discovered and accurately located.
  • the power system also includes a clock synchronization module 30, which is respectively connected to the multiple power modules and is used to synchronize the action clocks of the multiple power modules.
  • the main controller 20 is connected to the discharge circuit 113 of the power module, and is used to output a discharge control instruction and a stop discharge control instruction to the discharge circuit 113 to control the discharge circuit 113 to discharge or stop discharge.
  • the main controller 20 can be connected to the control end of the first control switch Q1 of the discharge circuit 113 in each power module respectively.
  • the main controller 20 outputs a discharge instruction and controls the first control switches Q1 of all power modules to be closed, and all power modules start to discharge.
  • the main controller 20 outputs a stop discharge instruction and controls the first control switches Q1 of all power modules to be disconnected to stop discharging.
  • a first synchronization unit 31 is arranged between the main controller 20 and each power module. After the first synchronization unit 31 receives the instruction sent by the main controller 20, the instruction is synchronized to each power module to ensure that the operating actions of each power module are in a synchronized state.
  • the first synchronization unit 31 may include a multi-channel parallel optical fiber trigger, the input end of the optical fiber trigger is connected to the switch instruction output end of the main controller 20, and the optical fiber trigger synchronously outputs the switch instruction to control the switch of each power module to be in a synchronous state.
  • the optical fiber trigger can ensure that the switch delay is less than 1us and the synchronization error between modules is less than 50ns, which can meet the requirements of simultaneous discharge of multiple power modules in the power supply system.
  • a second synchronization unit 32 is also provided between each module controller 13.
  • the second synchronization unit 32 is respectively connected to the module controller 13 for synchronizing the clocks between the module controllers 13.
  • the second synchronization unit 32 can use the clock of one of the multiple power modules as the master clock, and synchronize the clocks of the remaining power modules through the Precision Timing Protocol (PTP).
  • PTP Precision Timing Protocol
  • the second synchronization unit 32 can also use a satellite clock synchronization system to synchronize the clocks of each power module.
  • the second synchronization unit 32 can also use other clock synchronization methods, for example, using the Network Time Protocol (NTP) or Time-Sensitive Networking (TNS) and other clock synchronization methods to synchronize the clocks of each power module.
  • NTP Network Time Protocol
  • TMS Time-Sensitive Networking
  • the main controller 20 determines whether each of the power modules is in a normal state based on the state signal to ensure that the power system can discharge normally.
  • the main controller 20 detects the state of each power module separately by summarizing the power module state information uploaded by the module controller 13 of each power module, for example, detecting the voltage and temperature of the supercapacitor 111 in each power module, the temperature of the first control switch Q1, the power supply state of the driving unit of the first control switch Q1, etc., and determines whether the current power module has the discharge condition through the state information of the power module.
  • the temperature of the supercapacitor 111 exceeds the first preset temperature value
  • the temperature of the first control switch Q1 exceeds the second preset temperature value
  • the driving power supply state of the first control switch Q1 is no power supply, it may cause discharge failure, so the current power module can be prohibited from discharging.
  • the main controller 20 before discharging, the main controller 20 also detects whether the communication status between each module controller and the main controller 20 is normal, and whether the main controller 20 and each module controller are in good condition. Whether the remote control of the discharge circuit 113 of each power module is in an online state, when the communication state is normal and the remote control is in an online state, it is confirmed that discharge is allowed; when the communication state is abnormal or the remote control is in an offline state, the corresponding power module is prohibited from discharging.
  • the main controller 20 can also determine whether the voltage difference between each power supply module is greater than a preset voltage difference based on the status signal of the power supply module. When it is greater than the preset voltage difference, the voltage of the corresponding power supply module is detected. When the voltage is less than the preset voltage, the corresponding power supply module is prohibited from discharging, so as to prevent other power supply modules from backflowing current to the current power supply module.
  • the power modules that do not meet the discharge conditions can be determined whether the number of power modules that do not meet the discharge conditions is less than a preset number. When it is less than the preset number, it is confirmed that the discharge of the remaining power modules can meet the magnet's requirements for current and voltage. Therefore, the power modules that do not meet the discharge conditions can be shielded and other power modules can be discharged normally.
  • the module controller of each power module can also individually control the first control switch Q1 in the discharge circuit 113 of the current power module.
  • the main controller 20 can send an instruction to the module controller 13 to shield the discharge of the corresponding power module, so that the module controller 13 controls the discharge circuit 113 and the charging circuit 112 to remain disconnected.
  • a fourth control switch may be connected in series between the discharge circuit 113 and the main controller 20 in the power module, and the control end of the fourth control switch is connected to the module controller 13.
  • the module controller 13 controls the fourth control switch to disconnect the connection between the discharge circuit 113 and the main controller 20, thereby disabling the control of the current power module by the main controller 20, and thereby preventing the discharge instruction sent by the main controller 20 from triggering the first control switch Q1 in the discharge circuit 113 of the current power module.
  • the first control switch Q1 remains disconnected, and when the power system meets the power demand of the magnet, it can prevent other modules from backflowing current to the current power module. Even when some power modules do not meet the discharge conditions, the power system can still supply power to the magnet, and can also protect the power supply that does not meet the discharge conditions from current backflow or Over-current and over-voltage damage.
  • each power module can have a supercapacitor and a charging circuit and a discharging circuit that can independently charge and discharge the supercapacitor, and each power module is also provided with an independent signal acquisition module and a module controller, the state signal of the capacitor module is acquired by the signal acquisition module, and the capacitor module is independently controlled and monitored by the module controller, so that each power module can operate independently. Therefore, the power module in this embodiment can be used as a universal module of the power system of the magnet in the magnetic confinement fusion device and can be flexibly assembled according to the target required voltage and/or target required current.
  • a single power module can be maintained without affecting the normal operation of the power system of the magnet; when the target required voltage and/or target required current changes, it is only necessary to increase the number of series and/or parallel power modules according to the new target required voltage and/or new target required current, which has strong versatility and relatively simple maintenance.
  • each power module may also include a module protection unit, which can provide independent protection functions for the power module in a working state or a non-working state, which is equivalent to dispersing the risks of the entire power system to a single power module.
  • a module protection unit which can provide independent protection functions for the power module in a working state or a non-working state, which is equivalent to dispersing the risks of the entire power system to a single power module.
  • a current balancing circuit is provided in the discharge loop, and is used to balance the discharge current of the supercapacitor when the multiple power modules build the power system.
  • the discharge current of each power module in the power system is balanced by the current balancing module to ensure the uniformity of the current between the parallel modules.
  • the module protection unit also includes a discharge circuit, which is connected to the supercapacitor and the module controller respectively, and is used to discharge the electricity in the supercapacitor under the triggering of the module controller.
  • the module controller can control the corresponding discharge control unit to conduct the path between the corresponding discharge resistor and the supercapacitor, thereby releasing the residual energy on the supercapacitor.
  • the discharge efficiency be improved and the heat concentration problem during energy discharge be reduced, but a single power module has independent charging and discharge control capabilities, so it can become a power supply with complete and independent discharge capabilities.
  • the target current and target voltage required for the magnet can be adaptively built by connecting multiple power modules in parallel and/or in series.
  • the main controller communicates with the module controller of each of the power modules respectively.
  • the module controller collects the real-time current signal of the current power module during the discharge process, the trigger status signal of the discharge circuit, etc. through its own signal acquisition module and uploads them to the main controller.
  • the main controller can monitor the operating status of each power module based on the working status of each power module uploaded by each module controller. Before discharge or in idle state, the module controller can upload the status information such as the voltage, temperature, temperature of the switching circuit, and driving power supply status of the switching circuit collected by the signal acquisition device to the main controller.
  • the main controller can analyze the status of the entire power system in real time and automatically alarm, so that when a problem occurs, it can be discovered immediately and the problem can be accurately located.
  • each power module can be uniformly controlled by the main controller.
  • a first synchronization unit is arranged between the main controller and each power module. After the first synchronization unit receives the command sent by the main controller, the command is synchronized to each power module to ensure that the operating actions of each power module are in a synchronized state.
  • a second synchronization unit is arranged between each module controller, and the second synchronization unit is connected to the module controller respectively, and is used to synchronize the clocks between the module controllers, thereby ensuring that the clock error between the module controllers is small, thereby enabling the status signals uploaded by the module controllers of each power module received by the main controller to be synchronized.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种电源模块，包括超级电容器、充电回路和放电回路；其中，充电回路用于与充电电源连接，对超级电容器充电，放电回路用于通过母线与磁约束聚变装置中的磁体连接，对磁体放电；信号采集模块，与电容模块连接，用于采集电容模块的状态信号；模块控制器，分别与电容模块和信号采集模块连接，用于对电容模块的充放电状态进行控制以及基于状态信号对电容模块进行监控；以及通信模块，与模块控制器连接，用于与其他电源模块的模块控制器或电源系统的主控制器通信。电源模块按照磁体的目标需求电压和/或新的目标需求电流适应性串联和/或并联组装电源模块即可，具有较强的通用性和较为简易的维护性。

Description

电源模块和电源系统
本申请要求于2023年07月06日提交中国专利局、申请号为“202310825152.4”、发明名称为“用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源模块及电源系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电子电力技术领域，具体涉及一种用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源模块和电源系统。
背景技术
托卡马克装置等聚变装置通过磁场来控制等离子体，磁场则通过向磁场线圈中通入一定电流来产生，因此通常会需要一套大功率的脉冲电源来向磁场线圈中注入电流，即磁体驱动电源。通常磁体驱动电源需要在短时间内能够到达兆瓦(MW)甚至更高级别的功率，这样的功率需求如果从电网直接引入，则对电网的负荷要求较高。因此，现有的磁体驱动电源通常会使用大容量的储能元件，先从电网储能，然后将能量在短时间内馈入磁场线圈。
现有的磁体驱动电源通常采用飞轮发电机的方式进行储能，飞轮发电机可存储较大的能量，输出功率高，能够满足各种类型的托卡马克装置等聚变装置的用电需求，然而，飞轮发电机组成的电源系统，往往复杂度较高，通用性差，若发生故障，可维护性差。
因此，如何在满足聚变装置的电源需求的同时提升磁体驱动电源的适用性和维护性成为亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请提供一种电源模块和电源系统，用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中的磁体，至少解决相关技术中存在的如何在满足聚变装置的电源需 求的同时提升磁体驱动电源的适用性和维护性的技术问题。
本申请实施例提供一种电源模块，电容模块，包括超级电容器、充电回路和放电回路；其中，所述充电回路用于与充电电源连接，对所述超级电容器充电；所述放电回路用于通过母线与磁约束聚变装置中的磁体连接，对所述磁体放电；信号采集模块，与所述电容模块连接，用于采集所述电容模块的状态信号；模块控制器，分别与所述电容模块和所述信号采集模块连接，用于对所述电容模块的充放电状态进行控制以及基于所述状态信号对所述电容模块进行监控；以及通信模块，与所述模块控制器连接，用于与其他电源模块的模块控制器或电源系统的主控制器通信；其中，所述电源系统由多个所述电源模块形成，用于对所述磁体供电。
根据第二方面，本申请实施例提供了一种电源系统，包括多个上述第一方面任意一项所述的电源模块；多个所述电源模块连接在所述母线上，向所述磁体供电；以及主控制器，分别通过所述通信模块与每个所述电源模块的模块控制器通信，用于接收每个所述电源模块的状态信号，并基于所述状态信号控制所述电源系统的工作状态。
在本公开的实施例中，每一电源模块可以具有超级电容器以及可以为超级电容器进行独立充电和独立放电的充电回路和放电回路，并且，每一电源模块还设置有独立的信号采集模块和模块控制器，通过信号采集模块采集电容模块的状态信号，通过模块控制器对电容模块实现独立的充放电状态控制和监控，进而可以使得每一电源模块独立运行。因此，本实施例中的电源模块可以作为磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源系统的一个通用模块按照目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流进行灵活的组装。进而可以在不影响磁体的电源系统正常工作的情况下，维护单个电源模块；在目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流发生变化时，只需要按照新的目标需求电压和/或新的目标需求电流适应性的增加电源模块的串联数量和/或并联数量即可，具有较强的通用性和较为简易的维护性。
附图说明
此处的附图被并入说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分，示出了符 合本申请的实施例，并与说明书一起用于解释本申请的原理。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，对于本领域普通技术人员而言，在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请实施例的一种示例性的用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源模块的示意图；
图2为本申请实施例中的一种示例性的用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源模块的电路原理示意图；
图3为本申请实施例的另一种示例性的用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源模块的示意图；
图4为本申请实施例的一种示例性的电源系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
为了使本领域普通技术人员更好地理解本申请方案，下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分的实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都应当属于本申请保护的范围。
需要说明的是，本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图中的术语“第一”、“第二”等是用于区别类似的对象，而不必用于描述特定的顺序或先后次序。应该理解这样使用的数据在适当情况下可以互换，以便这里描述的本申请的实施例能够以除了在这里图示或描述的那些以外的顺序实施。此外，术语“包括”和“具有”以及他们的任何变型，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含，例如，包含了一系列步骤或单元的过程、方法、系统、产品或设备不必限于清楚地列出的那些步骤或单元，而是可包括没有清楚地列出的或对于这些过程、方法、产品或设备固有的其它步骤或单元。
本申请提供了一种电源模块，其中，上述电源模块用于驱动磁约束聚变装置中磁体。在本公开的实施例中，上述电源模块采用模块化 设计，多个电源模块可基于磁体的目标需求电量通过串联和/或并联构建用于驱动磁体的电源系统，以对上述磁体供电。图1显示了本申请实施例所述的电源模块的结构。参见图1，该电源模块可以包括：电容模块11，信号采集模块12，模块控制器13和通信模块14。
其中，所述电容模块11包括超级电容器111，充电回路112和放电回路113。其中，所述充电回路112用于与充电电源连接，对所述超级电容器111充电，所述放电回路113用于通过母线与所述磁体连接，对所述磁体放电。
信号采集模块12，与所述电容模块11连接，用于采集所述电容模块11的状态信号。
模块控制器13，分别与所述电容模块11和所述信号采集模块12连接，用于对所述电容模块11的充放电状态进行控制以及基于所述状态信号对所述电容模块11进行监控。其中，模块控制器13可以采用树莓派(Raspberry Pi)或MCU实现。
通信模块14，与所述模块控制器13连接，用于与其他电源模块的模块控制器13或所述电源系统的主控制器20通信。
作为示例性的实施例，上述状态信号可以包括电流信号，电压信号，充电回路112和/或放电回路113触发反馈信号，超级电容器111的实时温度、以及充电回路112和/或放电回路113中功率器件的实时温度，以及通信模块的通信状态信号等。
在本实施例中，上述电流信号可以通过电流传感器采集充电状态或放电状态下的充电回路112的充电电流和/或放电回路113的放电电流，例如，可以采用霍尔电流传感器分流器或电磁式电流互感器等电流传感器。电压信号可以采用电压传感器采集超级电容器111的电压，例如，超级电容器111空闲状态的电压，也可以采用电流传感器采集充电过程中或放电过程中的电流，进而通过电流计算超级电容器111的电压。
在本实施例中，对于温度信号的采集可以利用温度传感器进行采集。对于触发反馈信号的采集可以通过反馈电路和对应的反馈端对反馈电路的电压或电平变化进行采集。
在一些磁约束聚变装置中磁体的驱动电源中存在采用电容储能方 式构建电源系统的相关技术，具体为，先通过多个电容以阵列的形式构成电容器组，作为储能元件，电容器组与逆变器连接以对线圈进行放电，其中逆变器的作用在于控制开关、调制电流波形。然而，目前用作磁体驱动电源的储能电容基本上是常规的铝电解电容，这种电容能量密度低，导致以此为基础的电源储能小，使得放电时间较短，无法满足聚变装置在放电过程中电源持续缓慢放电的要求。因此，在本实施例中，采用能量密度更高的超级电容器，克服了电解电容储能低的缺点，能够用于较长时间放电。
在一种实施例中，磁约束聚变装置在实际应用时，负载可能会发生变化，因此，为了能够适应更多负载的情况，使得电源系统在为磁约束聚变装置供电时可拓展性和可靠性更高，每一电源模块可以具有超级电容器111以及可以为超级电容器111进行独立充电和独立放电的充电回路112和放电回路113，并且，每一电源模块还设置有独立的信号采集模块12和模块控制器13，通过信号采集模块12采集电容模块11的状态信号，通过模块控制器13对电容模块11实现独立的充放电状态控制和监控，进而可以使得每一电源模块独立运行。因此，本实施例中的电源模块可以作为磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源系统的一个通用模块按照目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流进行灵活的组装。进而可以在不影响磁体的电源系统正常工作的情况下，维护单个电源模块；在目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流发生变化(负载发生变化)时，只需要按照新的目标需求电压和/或新的目标需求电流适应性的增加电源模块的串联数量和/或并联数量即可，具有较强的通用性和较为简易的维护性。
在本实施例中，每个电源模块中的模块控制器13可通过各自的信号采集模块12采集当前电源模块中的状态信号，并且，可以通过通信模块与主控制器20通信，进而使得通过多个电源模块构建的电源系统能够被实时分析，自动报警，在出现问题时能够立即发现，并且精准定位问题所在。同时，由于每个电源模块都能够被独立触发，有独立的工作状态监测，因此可以独立做反馈控制，为使用载波移相技术调制总电流波形提供了可能性，而且多个模块并联将能以一个极高的等效开关频率将电流纹波降至极小。
图2为本申请实施例所述的电源模块的电路原理示意图。如图2所示，以单个电源模块的示例性的电路原理图对电源模块的工作原理进行详细介绍。
电容模块11可以包括超级电容器111，充电电路112和放电电路113。其中，放电电路113可以包括：开关电路1131和开关电路的驱动单元1132，其中，开关电路1131包括第一控制开关Q1和续流元件，所述驱动单元1132与所述第一控制开关Q1的控制端连接，所述第一控制开关Q1与所述续流元件串联在所述超级电容器111的两端，所述续流元件两端用于通过所述母线与所述磁体线圈连接。
作为示例性的实施例，第一控制开关Q1可以采用IGBT，MOS管。继电器等可控开关器件，为了保证耐压等级和开关速率，在本实施例中，可以以IGBT为例进行说明：
第一控制开关Q1的栅极与驱动单元1132连接，用于在驱动单元1132的驱动下开通和关闭，第一控制开关Q1的集电极与超级电容器111的正极连接，第一控制开关Q1的发射极分别与母线的正极连接，并连接值续流元件的负极，续流元件的正极分别与母线的负极和超级电容器111的负极连接。
所述驱动单元1132在接收到放电指令时，控制所述第一控制开关Q1闭合，导通所述超级电容器111与所述母线之间的连接，所述超级电容器111通过所述母线向所述磁体放电；所述驱动单元1132在接收到停止放电指令时，控制所述第一控制开关Q1断开，以断开所述超级电容器111与所述母线之间的连接，所述磁体可通过母线和所述续流元件形成续流回路，释放所述磁体中的电量。
在本实施例中，续流元件可以采用续流二极管，续流二极管的正极与超级电容器111的负极连接，并连接在母线的负极，续流二极管的负极分别与第一控制开关Q1的发射极和母线的正极连接，第一控制开关Q1的集电极与超级电容器111的正极连接。
在一种实施例中，续流元件还可以采用IGBT，即与第一控制开关Q1相同的第二控制开关Q2，其中，第二控制开关Q2的发射极分别与超级电容器111的负极连接，并连接在母线的负极；第二控制开关Q2的集电极分别与第一控制开关Q1的发射极和母线的正极连接。在放电 过程和停止放电过程中，第二控制开关Q2一直处于关断状态，利用其反向并联的二极管进行续流。
作为示例性的实施例，每一电源模块中还设置有独立的充电回路112，充电回路112可以包括第三控制开关，其中，第三控制开关的控制端与模块控制器13连接，第三控制开关的一端用于与充电电源连接，另一端与超级电容器111连接，在本实施例中，各个电源模块的模块控制器13可控制充电回路112对超级电容器111进行独立充电控制。
在本实施例中，充电电源可以为低压直流电源，与外部电源连接，例如，与220V/380V/110V交流电源连接，将外部电源的电压转换成可对超级电容器111充电的电压，在本实施例中，充电电源可以包括整流电路，将交流电转换成为超级电容器充电的直流电压；在外部电源为直流电电源时，充电电源采用直流电压转换电路，例如，BUCK变换器、BUOOST变换器或BUCK-BOOST变换器。
在一种实施例中，充电电源还可以复用为模块控制器13、驱动单元1132等需要低压直流电供电的供电电源。在本实施例中，可以将外部电源转为15V和/或24V直流电源，以提供电源模块上所需的低压供电。
图3显示了本申请另一个实施例所述的电源模块的结构。作为示例性的实施例，如上述图2和图3所示，每一电源模块还可以包括模块保护单元15，该模块保护单元15设置在放电回路113中，用于对电源模块进行保护。
在本实施例中，模块保护单元15可以为电源模块在工作状态下，或非工作状态下提供独立的保护功能，相当于将把整体电源系统的风险分散到了单个电源模块上。这样，单个电源模块即使发生问题，由于单个电源模块均具有模块保护单元15，可以独立的进行保护，因此对其他模块影响也较小，并且单个电源模块的电压和电流等级较低，因此，可以减小发生事故时引起剧烈能量，进而保证整体电源系统的安全。
由于超级电容器111可能存在差异，并且，在多个电源模块搭建电源系统时，各个电源模块中的超级电容器111充电状态，电量和放电状态可能存在不一致的情况，在电源系统放电时，可能存在各个电 源模块放电电流不一致。
在一种实施例中，模块保护单元15可以包括：均流电路151，设置在所述放电回路113中，用于所述多个电源模块搭建所述电源系统时，对所述超级电容器111的放电电流进行均流。在本实施例中，通过均流模块对电源系统中的各个电源模块的放电电流进行均衡，保证并联模块间电流的均一性。
在一种实施例中，上述均流电路151可以包括均流电阻R1，如图2所示，该均流电阻R1可以串联在超级电容器111输出端，即串联在超级电容器111和第一控制开关Q1的漏极之间，如果该当前电源模块的输出电流比较高，在均流上的压降就升高，从而使输出电流降低，达到均流的目的。
在另一种实施例中，均流电路151可以包括动态均流电路，动态均流电路可以与信号采集模块12或模块控制器13连接，基于当前电源模块输出电流实时调整当前电源模块输出的压降，进而基于当前电源模块实际输出电流与理论输出电流之间的差值调整当前电源模块输出的电流，进而使得输出电流与理论输出电流相同，从而实现均流的目的。
在本实施例中，上述动态均流电路可以复用第一控制开关，通过第一控制开关的占空比动态调整当前的电源模块的放电电流，在本实施例中，模块控制器在获取到电源模块的实时放电电流后，基于实时放电电流确定第一控制开关的占空比，并向驱动单元输出占空比控制指令，以使驱动单元按照对应的占空比控制第一控制开关，进而可以实时动态到的调整放电电流。
在另一种实施例中，上述动态均流电路还可以包括第四控制开关，串联连接在放电回路中，模块控制器在获取到电源模块的实时放电电流后，基于实时放电电流确定第四控制开关的占空比，进而可以实时动态到的调整放电电流。
作为示例性的实施例，模块保护单元15可以包括：泄放电路152，分别与所述超级电容器111和所述模块控制器13连接，用于在所述模块控制器13的触发下对所述超级电容器111中的电量进行泄放。
示例性的，泄放电路152可以包括泄放电阻和泄放控制单元，其 中泄放控制单元与模块控制器13连接，用于在模块控制器13的触发下导通或关断泄放电阻与超级电容器111之间的通路。在本实施例中，泄放电阻可以采用水冷电阻，能够在泄放超级电容器111中剩余电量时，具有足够的散热能力。
在本实施例中，电源系统在工作结束后，模块控制器13可以控对应的泄放控制单元导通对应的泄放电阻和超级电容器111之间的通路，进而将超级电容器111上残余的能量释放。单个电源模块有独立的充电和泄放控制能力，不仅可以提升泄放效率，减少能量泄放时的热量集中问题，并且因此能够成为一个有着完备和独立放电能力的电源。
作为示例性的实施例，为了保证在出现事故后，超级电容器111中的剩余的能量能够被安全及时的泄放，可以为每个电源模块冗余设置多个泄放电路152。
作为示例性的实施例，所述模块保护单元15还可以包括：缓冲电路153，并联在所述放电回路113中，用于对所述放电回路113关断时的尖峰脉冲进行缓冲。示例性的，缓冲电路153可以并联在超级电容器111和第一控制开关Q1之间，包括第一电阻R2，第一电容C1和第一二极管D1，其中第一电阻R2的一端连接在超级电容器111和第一控制开关Q1的集电极之间，另一端与第一电容C1的正极连接，第一电容C1的负极与超级电容器111的负极(母线负极)连接；第一二极管D1与第一电阻R2并联，其中，第一二极管D1的负极连接在超级电容器111和第一控制开关Q1的集电极之间，第一二极管D1的正极与第一电容C1的正极连接。
由于从超级电容器111到第一控制开关Q1的母线有较大的分布电感，在第一控制开关Q1关断后母线上会产生较大的尖峰电压，可能对其他元件造成过压破坏，使用缓冲电路153防止尖峰的产生。关断时，电流通过第一二极管D1快速对第一电容C1充能，因此母线两端电压由第一电容C1控制住，与第一二极管D1并联的第一电阻R2能够对第一电容C1上的能量进行消耗，进而防止电路振荡。
作为示例性的实例，上述缓冲电路153还可以并联在第一控制开关Q1的集电极和发射极之间，并包括，第二电阻R3，第二二极管D2和第二电容C2，其中第二电阻R3的一端与第一控制开关Q1的集电极 连接，另一端与第二电容C2的正极连接，第二电容C2的负极与第一控制开关Q1的集电极连接，第二二极管D2的负极与第一控制开关Q1的集电极连接，第二二极管D2的正极与第二电容C2的正极连接。在第一控制开关Q1关断时，对于电路中产生的尖峰脉冲的缓冲原理与上述实施例中缓冲电路153的原理相同，在本实施例中不再赘述。
作为示例性的实施例，上述保护单元还可以包括过流/过压保护电路154，设置在所述放电回路113中，用于对所述放电回路113进行过流/过压保护。在本实施例中，过流/过压保护电路154可以包括设置在超级电容器111的输出端串联熔断器F1作为过流保护器件，在输出电流过大时，熔断器F1通断，切断当前电源模块放电回路113。
上述过流/过压保护电路154还可以包括：并联在电源模块输出端的压敏电阻R4，在母线电压过高时，压敏电阻R4能够保护超级电容器111模块11不发生过压损坏。
基于上述电源模块，本申请实施例还提供了一种电源系统。图4为本申请实施例所述的电源系统的示意图。如图4所示，该电源系统可以采用多个上述实施例中电源模块搭建而成。其中，上述多个电源模块可以通过并联或串联的形式搭建上述电源系统。在本实施例中，多个所述电源模块串联和/或并联在所述母线上，向所述磁体供电。
如图4所示，上述电源系统还包括：主控制器20，分别通过所述通信模块与每个所述电源模块的模块控制器13通信，用于接收每个所述电源模块的状态信号，并基于所述状态信号控制所述电源系统的工作状态。
在本实施例中，每一电源模块具有独立的单位电压和单位电流输出能力的完备电源，在确定磁体所需的目标电压和目标电流后，通过计算目标电流与单位电流之间的倍数关系，确定电源模块的并联数量，通过计算目标电压与单位电压之间的额倍数关系确定多个并联支路的数量。
示例性的，每一电源模块中的超级电容器111的输出的单位电压为129V，输出的单位电流为1.2kA，磁约束聚变装置中磁体所需电流为110KA，因此，通过并联大于或等于126个电源模块，对磁体供电，在磁体的内阻R＝0.93mΩ，自感L＝590uH的情况下，电源系统能够输 出最高电流Ipeak>110kA，放电时长t>1s，对应在托卡马克磁轴处场强BT>1T。
因此，通过多个电源模块的并联和/或串联即可适应性的搭建磁体所需的目标电流和目标电压。主控制器20分别每个所述电源模块的模块控制器13通信，在放电过程中，模块控制器13通过自身的信号采集模块12采集放电过程中当前电源模块的实时电流信号，放电回路113的触发状态信号等上传至主控制器20，主控制器20能够基于每一模块控制器13上传的每一电源模块的工作状态监控各个电源模块的运行状态。在放电之前或空闲状态，模块控制器13可以通过信号采集装置采集的超级电容器111的电压、温度、开关电路的温度，开关电路的驱动供电状态等状态信息上传至主控制器20，主控制器20能够对整个电源系统的状态进行实时分析，自动报警，因此在出现问题时能够立即发现，并且精准定位问题。
作为示例性的实施例，为了保证各个电源模块的运行状态是同步的，在本实施例中，电源系统还包括时钟同步模块30，分别与多个所述电源模块连接，用于同步多个所述电源模块的动作时钟。
作为示例性的实施例，由于电源系统是通过多个电源模块通过并联和/或串联构建而成，多个电源模块作为一个整体对磁体进行放电，在本实施例中，各个电源模块的放电回路113通过可通过主控制器20统一进行控制，示例性的，主控制器20电源模块的放电回路113连接，用于向所述放电回路113输出放电控制指令和停止放电控制指令，以控制所述放电回路113放电或停止放电。主控制器20可以分别与每一电源模块中放电回路113的第一控制开关Q1的控制端连接，在需要进行放电时，主控制器20输出放电指令，同时控制所有电源模块的第一控制开关Q1闭合，所有电源模块开始放电，在需要停止放电时，主控制器20输出停止放电指令，同时控制所有电源模块的第一控制开关Q1断开，以停止放电。
在本实施例中，为了使得开关指令对所有电源模块的第一控制开关同时触发，在主控制器20和各个电源模块之间设置有第一同步单元31，在第一同步单元31接收到主控制器20发送的指令后，将指令同步至各个电源模块，以保证各个电源模块的运行动作处于同步状态。
在一种实施例中，如图4所示，第一同步单元31可以包括多路并联的光纤触发器，该光纤触发器的输入端与主控制器20的开关指令输出端连接，光纤触发器同步输出开关指令，以控制各个电源模块的开关处于同步状态，在本实施例中，光纤触发器可以保证开关延迟均小于1us，模块间同步误差小于50ns，能够满足电源系统中多个电源模块同时放电的需求。
在另一种实施例中，主控制器20在对各个电源模块的状态进行判断时，各个电源模块的状态信息也是需要同步的，因此，各个模块控制器13之间还设置有第二同步单元32，该第二同步单元32分别与所述模块控制器13连接，用于同步所述模块控制器13之间的时钟，作为示例性的实施例，第二同步单元32可以将多个电源模块中的一个电源模块的时钟作为主时钟，通过精密时协议(Precision Timing Protocol，PTP)将其余电源模块的时钟进行同步。
此外，第二同步单元32还可以采用卫星时钟同步系统对各个电源模块的时钟进行同步。在本实施例中，第二同步单元32还可以采用其他时钟同步方式，例如，采用网络时间协议(Network Time Protocol，NTP)；时间敏感网络(Time-Sensitive Networking，TNS)等时钟同步方式将各个电源模块中的时钟进行不同。
作为示例性的实施例，在放电之前，主控制器20基于所述状态信号判断各个所述电源模块是否处于正常状态，以确保电源系统能够正常放电。示例性的，主控制器20通过汇总各个电源模块的模块控制器13上传的电源模块状态信息，分别对每一电源模块的状态进行检测，例如，检测每一电源模块中超级电容器111的电压，温度、第一控制开关Q1的温度，第一控制开关Q1的驱动单元的供电状态等，通过电源模块的状态信息判断当前的电源模块是否具备放电条件。若超级电容器111的电压小于预设电压值，超级电容器111的温度超过第一预设温度值，第一控制开关Q1的温度超过第二预设温度值，第一控制开关Q1的驱动供电状态为未供电，可能会导致放电失败，因此，可禁止当前电源模块放电。
在另一种实施例中，在放电之前，主控制器20还检测各个模块控制器与主控制器20之间的通信状态是否正常，以及主控制器20与各 个电源模块的放电回路113的远程控制是否处于在线状态，在通信状态正常时，且，远程控制处于在线状态时，确认可以放电，在通信状态异常或远程控制处于掉线状态，则禁止对应的电源模块放电。
由于电源系统是多个电源模块搭建而成，若电源系统中的某一个或某几个电源模块的电压较小，或超级电容器111未充电，在放电时，可能会发生电流倒灌的情况。在另一种实施例中，主控制器20还可以基于电源模块的状态信号判断各个电源模块之间的压差是否大于预设压差，当大于预设压差时，检测对应电源模块的电压，在电压小于预设电压时，禁止对应的电源模块放电，以防止其他电源模块对当前电源模块倒灌电流。
为了减小电源系统的停机频次，在本实施例中，在一些电源模块不具备放电条件时，可以判断不具备放电条件的电源模块的数量是否少于预设数量，当少于预设数量时，确认剩余电源模块放电可以满足磁体对电流和电压的需求，因此，可以将不具备放电条件的电源模块屏蔽，其他电源模块正常放电。
在本实施例中，每一电源模块的模块控制器还可以单独控制当前电源模块的放电回路113中的第一控制开关Q1，在进行放电之前，若电源模块不满足放电条件，且不具备放电条件的电源模块的数量小于预设数量时，主控制器20可以向模块控制器13发送屏蔽对应电源模块放电的指令，以使模块控制器13控制放电回路113和充电回路112保持断开状态。
作为示例性的实施例，在电源模块中放电回路113与主控制器20之间可以串联有第四控制开关，第四控制开关的控制端与模块控制器13连接，在模块控制器13接收到主控制器20的屏蔽指令时，模块控制器13控制第四控制开关断开放电回路113与主控制器20之间的连接，进而使主控制器20对当前电源模块的控制失能，进而使得主控制器20发送的放电指令不触发当前电源模块的放电回路113中的第一控制开关Q1，第一控制开关Q1保持断开，在电源系统满足磁体用电需求的情况下，能够防止其他模块对当前电源模块的电流倒灌。即便是在一些电源模块不具备放电条件的情况下，电源系统依然能够对磁体供电的同时，还可以保护不具备放电条件的电源不会发生电流倒灌或 过流过压损坏的情况。
由此可以看出，在本公开的实施例中，每一电源模块可以具有超级电容器以及可以为超级电容器进行独立充电和独立放电的充电回路和放电回路，并且，每一电源模块还设置有独立的信号采集模块和模块控制器，通过信号采集模块采集电容模块的状态信号，通过模块控制器对电容模块实现独立的充放电状态控制和监控，进而可以使得每一电源模块独立运行。因此，本实施例中的电源模块可以作为磁约束聚变装置中磁体的电源系统的一个通用模块按照目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流进行灵活的组装。进而可以在不影响磁体的电源系统正常工作的情况下，维护单个电源模块；在目标需求电压和/或目标需求电流发生变化时，只需要按照新的目标需求电压和/或新的目标需求电流适应性的增加电源模块的串联数量和/或并联数量即可，具有较强的通用性和较为简易的维护性。
进一步，每一电源模块还可以包括模块保护单元，模块保护单元可以为电源模块在工作状态下，或非工作状态下提供独立的保护功能，相当于将把整体电源系统的风险分散到了单个电源模块上，单个电源模块即使发生问题，由于单个电源模块均具有模块保护单元，可以独立的进行保护，因此对其他模块影响也较小，并且单个电源模块的电压和电流等级较低，因此，可以减小发生事故时引起剧烈能量，进而保证整体电源系统的安全。
进一步，均流电路设置在所述放电回路中，用于所述多个电源模块搭建所述电源系统时，对所述超级电容器的放电电流进行均流。通过均流模块对电源系统中的各个电源模块的放电电流进行均衡，保证并联模块间电流的均一性。
进一步，模块保护单元还包括泄放电路，分别与所述超级电容器和所述模块控制器连接，用于在所述模块控制器的触发下对所述超级电容器中的电量进行泄放。电源系统在工作结束后，模块控制器可以控对应的泄放控制单元导通对应的泄放电阻和超级电容器之间的通路，进而将超级电容器上残余的能量释放。不仅可以提升泄放效率，减少能量泄放时的热量集中问题，并且单个电源模块有独立的充电和泄放控制能力，因此能够成为一个有着完备和独立放电能力的电源。
进一步，通过多个电源模块的并联和/或串联即可适应性的搭建磁体所需的目标电流和目标电压。主控制器分别每个所述电源模块的模块控制器通信，在放电过程中，模块控制器通过自身的信号采集模块采集放电过程中当前电源模块的实时电流信号，放电回路的触发状态信号等上传至主控制器，主控制器能够基于每一模块控制器上传的每一电源模块的工作状态监控各个电源模块的运行状态。在放电之前或空闲状态，模块控制器可以通过信号采集装置采集的超级电容器的电压、温度、开关电路的温度，开关电路的驱动供电状态等状态信息上传至主控制器，主控制器能够对整个电源系统的状态进行实时分析，自动报警，因此在出现问题时能够立即发现，并且精准定位问题。
进一步，各个电源模块的放电回路过可通过主控制器统一进行控制，为了使得开关指令对所有电源模块的第一控制开关同时触发，在主控制器和各个电源模块之间设置有第一同步单元，在第一同步单元接收到主控制器发送的指令后，将指令同步至各个电源模块，以保证各个电源模块的运行动作处于同步状态。
进一步，各个模块控制器之间还设置有第二同步单元，该第二同步单元分别与所述模块控制器连接，用于同步所述模块控制器之间的时钟，可以保证模块控制器之间的时钟误差较小，进而能够使得主控制器接收到的各个电源模块的模块控制器上传的状态信号是同步的。
以上所述仅是本申请的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本申请原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本申请的保护范围。

Claims (14)

  1. 一种电源模块，包括：
    电容模块，包括超级电容器、充电回路和放电回路；其中，所述充电回路用于与充电电源连接，对所述超级电容器充电；所述放电回路用于通过母线与磁约束聚变装置中的磁体连接，对所述磁体放电；
    信号采集模块，与所述电容模块连接，用于采集所述电容模块的状态信号；
    模块控制器，分别与所述电容模块和所述信号采集模块连接，用于对所述电容模块的充放电状态进行控制以及基于所述状态信号对所述电容模块进行监控；以及
    通信模块，与所述模块控制器连接，用于与其他电源模块的模块控制器或电源系统的主控制器通信；其中，所述电源系统由多个所述电源模块形成，用于对所述磁体供电。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的电源模块，还包括：模块保护单元，设置在所述放电回路中，用于对所述电源模块进行保护。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的电源模块，其中，所述模块保护单元包括如下电路中的至少之一：
    均流电路，用于对所述电源系统中各个电源模块的各个所述超级电容器的放电电流进行均流；
    泄放电路，分别与所述超级电容器和所述模块控制器连接，用于在所述模块控制器的触发下对所述超级电容器中的电量进行泄放；
    缓冲电路，用于对所述放电回路关断时的尖峰脉冲进行缓冲；以及
    过流/过压保护电路，用于对所述放电回路进行过流/过压保护。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的电源模块，其中，所述放电回路包括：第一控制开关，续流元件和驱动单元；其中，
    所述驱动单元与所述第一控制开关的控制端连接；
    所述第一控制开关与所述续流元件串联在所述超级电容器的两端；以及
    所述续流元件两端用于通过所述母线与所述磁体线圈连接。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的电源模块，其中，所述驱动单元在接收到放电指令时，控制所述第一控制开关闭合，导通所述超级电容器与所述母线之间的连接，所述超级电容器通过所述母线向所述磁体放电；
    所述驱动单元在接收到停止放电指令时，控制所述第一控制开关断开，以断开所述超级电容器与所述母线之间的连接，所述磁体可通过母线和所述续流元件形成续流回路，释放所述磁体中的电量。
  6. 如权利要求4所述的电源模块，其中，所述续流元件包括第二控制开关；其中，所述第二控制开关与所述第一控制开关串联，所述第二控制开关的控制端与所述驱动单元的输出端连接。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的电源模块，其中，所述电源系统由多个所述电源模块基于所述磁体的目标需求电量通过串和/或并联后形成。
  8. 一种电源系统，包括：
    多个如权利要求1-7任意一项所述的电源模块；其中，多个所述电源模块连接在所述母线上，向所述磁体供电；以及
    主控制器，分别通过所述通信模块与每个所述电源模块的模块控制器通信，用于接收每个所述电源模块的状态信号，并基于所述状态信号控制所述电源系统的工作状态。
  9. 如权利要求8所述的电源系统，还包括：时钟同步模块，分别与多个所述电源模块连接，用于同步多个所述电源模块的动作时钟。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的电源系统，其中，
    所述主控制器分别与所述电源模块的放电回路连接，用于向所述放电回路输出放电指令或停止放电指令，以控制所述放电回路放电或停止放电；
    所述时钟同步模块包括第一同步单元，连接在所述主控制器和所述放电回路之间，用于向所述放电回路同步所述放电指令或所述停止放电指令。
  11. 如权利要求9所述的电源系统，其中，所述时钟同步模块还包括第二同步单元；其中，
    所述第二同步单元分别与所述模块控制器连接，用于同步所述模块控制器之间的时钟。
  12. 如权利要求8所述的电源系统，其中，所述主控制器在输出 放电指令之前，基于所述状态信号判断各个所述电源模块是否处于正常状态；以及当所述电源模块处于正常状态时，输出所述放电指令。
  13. 如权利要求12所述的电源系统，其中，当存在处于异常状态的电源模块时，所述主控制器或所述模块控制器屏蔽所述处于异常状态的电源模块。
  14. 如权利要求8所述的电源系统，其中，多个所述电源模块串联和/或并联在所述母线上。
PCT/CN2024/072886 2023-07-06 2024-01-17 电源模块和电源系统 Ceased WO2025007544A1 (zh)

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