WO2025037948A1 - 양극 활물질의 제조 방법 - Google Patents
양극 활물질의 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025037948A1 WO2025037948A1 PCT/KR2024/012274 KR2024012274W WO2025037948A1 WO 2025037948 A1 WO2025037948 A1 WO 2025037948A1 KR 2024012274 W KR2024012274 W KR 2024012274W WO 2025037948 A1 WO2025037948 A1 WO 2025037948A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- lithium secondary batteries with high energy density and voltage, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate are commercialized and widely used.
- Lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide such as LiCoO 2 , lithium nickel oxide such as LiNiO 2 , lithium manganese oxide such as LiMnO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 , and lithium iron phosphate compounds such as LiFePO 4 , have been developed as positive active materials for lithium secondary batteries, and recently , lithium composite transition metal oxides containing two or more transition metals , such as Li[Ni a Co b Mn c ]O 2 , Li[Ni a Co b Al c ]O 2 , and Li[Ni a Co b Mn c Al d ]O 2 , have been developed and are widely used.
- High-nickel cathode active materials are manufactured by mixing precursors and lithium raw materials and then calcining them. At this time, since calcination is performed at a relatively low temperature, the amount of residual lithium corresponding to a by-product on the surface of the cathode active material increases, and there is a problem that residual lithium in the form of LiOH and/or Li 2 CO 3 reacts with electrolytes, etc. in the battery, generating gas and causing a swelling phenomenon.
- Patent Document 1 Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2020-0105474
- the technical problem of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a cathode active material capable of reducing by-products and improving coating efficiency on the surface of a lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a cathode active material, comprising: (A) a step of mixing a cathode active material precursor and a lithium (Li)-containing raw material, and then calcining to produce a lithium composite transition metal oxide; and (B) a step of mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide and a coating raw material, and then performing a heat treatment to form a coating layer on the lithium composite transition metal oxide; wherein the heat treatment includes a temperature-elevating section for increasing a temperature and a temperature-maintaining section, and includes a section for introducing steam only in the temperature-elevating section.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material, wherein, in the above (1), the positive electrode active material precursor has a composition represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- M 1 is at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y, and B, and 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.1.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein, in (1) or (2), the calcination is performed at a temperature of 700°C to 1,000°C.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide has a composition represented by the following chemical formula 2, in any one of (1) to (3).
- M 2 is at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y, and B, and 0.0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 0.10, 0.5 ⁇ a1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ b1 ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c1 ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ d1 ⁇ 0.1.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material, wherein the lithium composite transition metal oxide is in the form of a single particle in any one of (1) to (4) above.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a positive electrode active material, which does not include a washing step, in any one of the above (1) to (5).
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the coating raw material is a hydroxide containing at least one selected from Co, Al, and Nb, in any one of (1) to (6) above.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the coating raw material is cobalt hydroxide, in any one of (1) to (7) above.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the coating raw material is mixed in an amount of 0.5 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide in any one of (1) to (8).
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the heating section includes a section in which steam is introduced at a temperature of 600°C or lower in any one of (1) to (9).
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein in any one of (1) to (10), the heating section has a heating rate of 1°C/min to 10°C/min.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a cathode active material, wherein, in any one of (1) to (11), the water vapor is introduced in an amount such that the moisture content ( ⁇ ) according to the following equation 1 becomes 1% to 10%.
- the above ⁇ is the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material immediately after passing through the section where water vapor is injected, and the above ⁇ is the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material after being completely dried immediately after passing through the section where water vapor is injected.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a cathode active material, wherein the section in which the steam is injected is performed under an oxidizing atmosphere in any one of (1) to (12).
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein, in any one of (1) to (13), the maintenance section performs heat treatment while maintaining the temperature at 500°C to 900°C.
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the maintenance period is performed for 1 to 12 hours in any one of (1) to (14).
- the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a positive electrode active material, wherein the maintenance section does not include a section for introducing steam in any one of (1) to (15).
- the manufacturing method of the present invention can reduce by-products on the surface of a positive electrode active material by including a section for introducing water vapor during a temperature-elevating section during heat treatment for forming a coating layer, and can form a thin and uniform coating layer as well as improve coating efficiency.
- Figure 1 is an EPMA (ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS) mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 1.
- Figure 2 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 2.
- Figure 3 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 3.
- Figure 4 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Comparative Example 1.
- the single particle form is a concept that contrasts with the spherical secondary particle form formed by the agglomeration of primary particles having a size of less than several nm to 0.5 ⁇ m manufactured by a conventional method, and means a cathode active material and/or a lithium composite transition metal oxide having a non-spherical particle form formed by the agglomeration of primary particles having a size of 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the cathode active material in the form of a single particle may be a single particle composed of one primary particle of 0.5 ⁇ m or more, or may be in the form of an aggregate of several primary particles of 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the term "primary particle” refers to the smallest particle unit recognized when observing the cathode active material through a scanning electron microscope.
- the 'moisture content' may be measured using a heating type moisture meter (e.g., AND's MX-50). Specifically, after placing about 5 g of a sample on a sample dish inside the device, the lid of the device is closed and the sample dish temperature is set to 100°C to 150°C, thereby evaporating the moisture contained in the powder sample and measuring the degree of mass reduction. At this time, the point at which the mass no longer decreases is called a completely dried state.
- the moisture content may be measured by measuring the mass of the sample before and after complete drying, and expressing the difference in the mass (g) of the sample before and after complete drying as a percentage (%) with respect to the mass (g) of the sample before complete drying.
- a method for manufacturing a cathode active material according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (A) mixing a cathode active material precursor and a lithium (Li)-containing raw material, and then calcining to manufacture a lithium composite transition metal oxide; and (B) mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide and a coating raw material, and then performing a heat treatment to form a coating layer on the lithium composite transition metal oxide; wherein the heat treatment includes a temperature-elevating section for increasing a temperature and a temperature-maintaining section, and includes a section for introducing steam only in the temperature-elevating section.
- It includes a step of mixing a positive electrode active material precursor and a lithium (Li)-containing raw material and then calcining them to produce a lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- the positive electrode active material precursor may have a composition represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- M 1 is at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y and B,
- the above M 1 is a doping element, and specifically, the above M 1 may be at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y, and B.
- the above a is a molar ratio of nickel (Ni) among the total metals in the positive electrode active material precursor, and may be 0.5 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, 0.85 or more, or 0.88 or more, and may be 0.9 or less, 0.95 or less, 0.98 or less, or less than 1.
- the above b is a molar ratio of manganese (Mn) among the total metals in the positive electrode active material precursor, and may be 0 or more, 0.03 or more, 0.05 or more, or 0.07 or more, and may be 0.1 or less, 0.2 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.4 or less, or less than 0.5.
- the above c is a molar ratio of cobalt (Co) among the total metals in the positive electrode active material precursor, and may be 0 or more, 0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, or 0.03 or more, and may be 0.05 or less, 0.1 or less, 0.2 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.4 or less, or less than 0.5.
- the above d is a molar ratio of M 1 among the total metals in the positive electrode active material precursor, and may be 0 or more, 0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, 0.03 or more, or 0.04 or more, and may be 0.05 or less, 0.06 or less, 0.07 or less, 0.08 or less, or 0.1 or less.
- the transition metal hydroxide having the composition represented by the above chemical formula 1 can be a commercially available product or can be manufactured by a method for manufacturing a transition metal hydroxide, such as a coprecipitation method, which is well known in the art.
- the above lithium (Li)-containing raw material may be a lithium-containing sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, hydroxide, etc.
- the lithium raw material may be Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 , LiNO 2 , LiOH, LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, LiH, LiBr, LiI, Li 2 O, Li 2 SO 4 , etc.
- the above-described positive electrode active material precursor and the lithium (Li)-containing raw material may be mixed so that the molar ratio (M:Li) of the transition metal (M) contained in the positive electrode active material precursor and the lithium (Li) contained in the lithium (Li)-containing raw material is 1:1.00 to 1.10. In this case, not only can excessive lithium be prevented from entering the positive electrode active material structure, but also the content of unreacted residual lithium can be reduced.
- the above mixing can be done by dry mixing or wet mixing. If the components are mixed by dry mixing, the firing process can be performed without a separate drying process. If the components are mixed by wet mixing, the components can be prepared by adding to a solvent, specifically water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically alcohol, etc.) that can be uniformly mixed with water, or a solution containing each raw material, specifically an aqueous solution, is prepared, and then the mixed components are spray-dried and then the firing process is performed.
- a solvent specifically water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically alcohol, etc.) that can be uniformly mixed with water, or a solution containing each raw material, specifically an aqueous solution
- Each raw material and cathode active material precursor can be used in an appropriate amount considering the content of each metal element in the lithium composite metal oxide to be finally manufactured.
- the sintering may be performed at a temperature of 700°C or higher, 750°C or higher, 800°C or higher, 850°C or lower, 900°C or lower, 950°C or lower, or 1,000°C or lower.
- the sintering may be performed for 10 hours or longer, 15 hours or longer, or 20 hours or longer, and 25 hours or shorter, 30 hours or shorter, or 40 hours or shorter, and the sintering may be performed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the lithium (Li)-containing raw material When performed in the above temperature range, time range, and atmosphere, the lithium (Li)-containing raw material is efficiently melted, and the reaction of the positive active material precursor and the lithium (Li)-containing raw material is promoted, so that lithium composite transition metal oxide particles can be efficiently grown.
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may have a composition represented by the following chemical formula 2.
- M 2 is at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y and B,
- the above M 2 is a doping element, and specifically, the above M 2 may be at least one selected from Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y, and B.
- the above M 2 is not necessarily included, but when included in an appropriate amount, the particle shape of the positive electrode active material may be improved, and the stability of the crystal structure may be enhanced.
- the above x1 may be 0 or greater, 0.01 or greater, 0.02 or greater, 0.03 or greater, or 0.04 or greater, and may be 0.05 or less, 0.06 or less, 0.07 or less, 0.08 or less, or 0.1 or less.
- the above a1 is a molar ratio of nickel (Ni) among the total metals excluding lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0.5 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, 0.85 or more, or 0.88 or more, and may be 0.9 or less, 0.95 or less, 0.98 or less, or less than 1.
- the above b1 is a molar ratio of manganese (Mn) among all metals excluding lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0 or more, 0.03 or more, 0.05 or more, or 0.07 or more, and may be 0.1 or less, 0.2 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.4 or less, or less than 0.5.
- the above c1 is a molar ratio of cobalt (Co) among all metals excluding lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0 or more, 0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, or 0.03 or more, and may be 0.05 or less, 0.1 or less, 0.2 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.4 or less, or less than 0.5.
- the above d1 is a molar ratio of M 2 among the total metals excluding lithium in the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and may be 0 or more, 0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, 0.03 or more, or 0.04 or more, and may be 0.05 or less, 0.06 or less, 0.07 or less, 0.08 or less, or 0.1 or less.
- d1 satisfies the above range, the stability of the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material can be improved, and the output characteristics, capacity characteristics, and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the lithium composite transition metal oxide may be in the form of a single particle.
- the structural stability of a cathode active material including the lithium composite transition metal oxide can be increased.
- particle breakage micro/macro-crack
- the grain boundary area in contact with the electrolyte can be reduced, and gas generation due to side reactions with the electrolyte can be reduced, thereby improving the life characteristics of a secondary battery.
- the present inventors have found that when forming a coating layer on a lithium composite transition metal oxide, by mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material and then injecting steam at a specific section during the heating section during the heat treatment, by-products on the surface of the lithium composite transition metal oxide can be reduced, the coating layer can be formed thinly and uniformly, and the coating efficiency can be improved, thereby completing the present invention.
- the coating layer may be in a discontinuous form or a continuous form.
- it may not include a washing step.
- a washing step damage to the surface of the positive electrode active material is prevented, the process is simplified, and there is an economic effect.
- the coating raw material may be a hydroxide including at least one selected from Co, Al, and Nb.
- the resistance characteristics of the lithium transition metal oxide can be improved, thereby improving the output characteristics and capacity characteristics.
- the coating raw material may be mixed in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight or more, 1 part by weight or more, 1.5 parts by weight or more, or 2 parts by weight or more, and 3 parts by weight or less, 4 parts by weight or less, or 5 parts by weight or less, based on 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- the mixing amount of the coating raw material is within the above range, the coating layer is thin and uniform, the coating efficiency is improved, and there is an economical effect.
- the heat treatment includes a temperature-elevating section for increasing the temperature and a holding section for maintaining the temperature, and includes a section for injecting steam only in the temperature-elevating section. That is, the section for injecting steam exists only in the temperature-elevating section, and sections other than the temperature-elevating section do not include sections for injecting steam.
- the holding section may not include a section for injecting steam. If the section for injecting steam is included in the temperature-elevating section, the steam promotes the reaction of the coating raw material and the residual lithium, and an additional washing process may not be performed to remove the by-products on the surface, so that the by-products on the surface of the lithium composite transition metal oxide are reduced compared to the prior art, and the process steps can be simplified.
- the section for injecting steam is included in other sections other than the temperature-elevating section, specifically, the holding section, the steam promotes the reduction reaction of Li 2 O and H 2 O, which causes a problem in that the residual lithium as a by-product on the surface of the lithium composite transition metal oxide increases, and there is a problem in that the coating efficiency is reduced.
- the heating section may include a section in which steam is injected at a temperature of 600°C or lower. Specifically, it may include a section in which steam is injected at a temperature of 0°C to 250°C, a section in which steam is injected at a temperature of 250°C to 500°C, or a section in which steam is injected at a temperature of 0°C to 500°C.
- the section in which steam is injected is within the temperature range, the reaction between the coating raw material and residual lithium can be efficiently controlled, and a sufficient amount of heat required for the reaction can be supplied.
- the temperature increasing section may have a temperature increasing rate of 1°C/min or more, 2°C/min or more, 3°C/min or more, or 4°C/min or more, and may have a temperature increasing rate of 6°C/min or less, 7°C/min or less, 8°C/min or less, 9°C/min or less, or 10°C/min or less.
- the temperature increasing rate in the temperature increasing section is within the above range, the production quantity is excellent, and the temperatures of the reactor, the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and the coating raw material are similar, so that the entire amount of heat of the set maintenance temperature can be received.
- the temperature increasing rate is 5°C/min, the amount of heat required for the reaction can be efficiently supplied.
- the water vapor may be introduced in an amount such that the moisture content ( ⁇ ) according to Equation 1 below may be 1% or more, 2% or more, 3% or more, 4% or more, or 5% or more, and 6% or less, 7% or less, 8% or less, 9% or less, or 10% or less.
- the above ⁇ is the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material immediately after passing through the section where water vapor is injected, and the above ⁇ is the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material after being completely dried immediately after passing through the section where water vapor is injected.
- the section for introducing the water vapor may be performed under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the reaction of the coating raw material and the residual lithium can be efficiently controlled.
- the maintenance section may be 500° C. or higher, 600° C. or higher, or 700° C. or higher, and may perform heat treatment while maintaining the temperature at 800° C. or lower, 850° C. or lower, or 900° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the maintenance section is within the above range, the coating raw material melts, and there is an effect of stabilizing the surface of the positive electrode active material through recrystallization of the surface of the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- the maintenance period may be 1 hour or longer, or 2 hours or longer, and may be performed for 3 hours or shorter, 5 hours or shorter, or 12 hours or shorter.
- the time of the maintenance period is within the above range, sufficient thermal energy is supplied to the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material, and there is an effect of making the coating uniform overall.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material manufactured by the manufacturing method described above.
- the cathode active material according to the present invention is a cathode active material manufactured by the manufacturing method described above, and having a uniform coating layer on a lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- the coating layer may have a small concentration deviation of coating elements.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode active material described above.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector, and a positive electrode active material layer positioned on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector and including the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive and does not cause a chemical change in the battery, and for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc. may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and fine unevenness may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven fabric, etc.
- the above positive electrode active material layer may include a conductive material and a binder together with the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 to 99 wt%, more specifically 85 to 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer. When included in the above content range, excellent capacity characteristics can be exhibited.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and in the battery to be formed, if it does not cause a chemical change and has electronic conductivity, it can be used without special restrictions.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; metal powder or metal fiber such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and the like, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% with respect to the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the above binder serves to improve the adhesion between the positive electrode active material particles and the adhesive strength between the positive electrode active material and the current collector.
- Specific examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, or various copolymers thereof, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more thereof.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% with respect to the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer
- the above positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method, except that the above positive electrode active material is used. Specifically, the positive electrode composite material manufactured by dissolving or dispersing the above positive electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive agent in a solvent is applied onto a positive electrode current collector, and then dried and rolled to manufacture the positive electrode composite material. At this time, the types and contents of the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive agent are as described above.
- the solvent may be a solvent generally used in the relevant technical field, and may include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, or water. One of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the amount of the solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, and binder, taking into account the coating thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity during subsequent coating for manufacturing the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by casting the positive electrode composite on a separate support, and then laminating the resulting film onto a positive electrode current collector by peeling the film from the support.
- the present invention can manufacture an electrochemical device including the positive electrode.
- the electrochemical device may be specifically a battery, a capacitor, etc., and more specifically, a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a cathode, an anode positioned opposite the cathode, and a separator and an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode. Since the cathode is the same as described above, a detailed description is omitted, and only the remaining components are specifically described below.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer positioned on the negative electrode current collector.
- the above negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing a chemical change in the battery, and for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, copper or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., an aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector can typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and, like the positive electrode current collector, fine unevenness can be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding strength of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, and a non-woven fabric.
- the above negative electrode active material layer optionally includes a binder and a conductive material together with the negative electrode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium can be used.
- Specific examples thereof include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon; metallic compounds capable of alloying with lithium, such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, and Al alloy; metallic oxides capable of doping and dedoping lithium, such as SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ 2), SnO 2 , vanadium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide; or composites containing the metallic compounds and carbonaceous materials, such as Si-C composites or Sn-C composites, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these can be used.
- a metallic lithium thin film can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- both low-crystalline carbon and high-crystalline carbon can be used as the carbon material.
- Representative examples of low-crystallization carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon
- representative examples of high-crystallization carbon include amorphous, plate-like, flaky, spherical or fibrous natural or artificial graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, mesophase pitches, mesophase pitches, and high-temperature calcined carbon such as petroleum or coal tar pitch derived cokes.
- the above negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 wt% to 99 wt% based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the above binder is a component that assists in bonding between the conductive agent, the active material, and the current collector, and can typically be added in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt% based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluororubber, various copolymers thereof, and the like.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-d
- the conductive agent is a component for further improving the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, and can be added in an amount of 10 wt% or less, preferably 5 wt% or less, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity and does not induce a chemical change in the battery, and for example, graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or thermal black; conductive fibers such as carbon fiber or metal fiber; fluorinated carbon; metal powder such as aluminum or nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives, etc. can be used.
- the above negative electrode active material layer can be manufactured by applying and drying a negative electrode composite prepared by dissolving or dispersing a negative electrode active material and, optionally, a binder and a conductive material in a solvent on a negative electrode current collector, or by casting the negative electrode composite on a separate support and then laminating the obtained film by peeling it off from the support on a negative electrode current collector.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move.
- Any separator that is commonly used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery can be used without special restrictions, and in particular, one that has low resistance to ion movement of the electrolyte and excellent electrolyte moisture retention capacity is preferable.
- a porous polymer film for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, and an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or a laminated structure of two or more layers thereof, can be used.
- a conventional porous nonwoven fabric for example, a nonwoven fabric made of high-melting-point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc. can also be used.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or a polymer material to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength can be used, and can be selectively used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the electrolyte used in the present invention may include, but is not limited to, an organic liquid electrolyte, an inorganic liquid electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte, a gel-type polymer electrolyte, a solid inorganic electrolyte, a molten inorganic electrolyte, etc. that can be used in the manufacture of a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent any solvent that can act as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move may be used without particular limitation.
- the organic solvent may include ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene;
- solvents that can be used include carbonate solvents such as dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC); alcohol solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (wherein R represents a linear, branched, or
- a carbonate solvent is preferable, and a mixture of a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) having high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery and a low-viscosity linear carbonate compound (e.g., ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate, etc.) is more preferable.
- a cyclic carbonate e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- a low-viscosity linear carbonate compound e.g., ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate, etc.
- the lithium salt above can be used without any particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium salt may be LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 , etc. may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably within the range of 0.1 to 4.0 M, and preferably, 0.1 to 2.0 M.
- the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so that it can exhibit excellent electrolyte performance and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte may further contain one or more additives, such as, for example, haloalkylene carbonate compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, triethylphosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ethers, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric acid triamide, nitrobenzene derivatives, sulfur, quinone imine dyes, N-substituted oxazolidinones, N,N-substituted imidazolidines, ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, ammonium salts, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride, for the purpose of improving the life characteristics of the battery, suppressing battery capacity decrease, and improving the discharge capacity of the battery.
- the additive may be contained in an amount of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the electrolyte.
- a lithium secondary battery including a cathode active material according to the present invention stably exhibits excellent life characteristics, and is therefore useful in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, and digital cameras, and electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
- portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, and digital cameras
- electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
- HEVs hybrid electric vehicles
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the above battery module or battery pack can be used as a power source for one or more medium- to large-sized devices, including power tools; electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); or power storage systems.
- electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); or power storage systems.
- EVs electric vehicles
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- the external shape of the lithium secondary battery of the present invention may be in the shape of a cylinder, a square, a pouch, or a coin using a can.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be used not only as a battery cell used as a power source for a small device, but can also be preferably used as a unit battery in a medium- to large-sized battery module including a plurality of battery cells.
- Ni 0.885 Co 0.035 Mn 0.08 (OH) 2 and LiOH were mixed so that the molar ratio of (Ni+Co+Mn):Li was 1:1.03, and then calcined at 800°C for 22 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere to prepare a lithium composite transition metal oxide in the form of single particles having a composition represented by LiNi 0.885 Co 0.035 Mn 0.08 O 2 .
- Example 1 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide was mixed with 2.5 parts by weight of Co(OH) 2 , and then steam was introduced into the kiln at a rate of 2.0 kg/hour and the temperature was increased from 0°C to 250°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, the introduction of steam was stopped and the temperature was increased from 250°C to 700°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, the temperature was maintained at 700°C for 2 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere to perform heat treatment, thereby manufacturing a cathode active material in which a coating layer including Co was formed on the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- Example 1 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide was mixed with 2.5 parts by weight of Co(OH) 2 , the temperature was increased from 0°C to 250°C at a rate of 5°C/min, steam was introduced into the kiln at a rate of 2.0 kg/h, and the temperature was increased from 250°C to 500°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, the introduction of steam was stopped, and the temperature was increased from 250°C to 700°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, the temperature was maintained at 700°C for 2 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere, and a heat treatment was performed to manufacture a cathode active material in which a coating layer including Co was formed on the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- Example 1 2.5 parts by weight of Co(OH) 2 was mixed with 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide, and the mixture was heated from 0°C to 700°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere, and then heat-treated while maintaining the temperature at 700°C for 2 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere, thereby producing a cathode active material in which a coating layer including Co was formed on the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- Example 1 2.5 parts by weight of Co(OH) 2 was mixed with 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide manufactured, and the temperature was increased from 0°C to 700°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, steam was introduced into the kiln at a rate of 2.0 kg/hour and the temperature was maintained at 700°C for 2 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere, thereby manufacturing a cathode active material having a coating layer including Co formed on the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- Example 1 2.5 parts by weight of Co(OH) 2 was mixed with 100 parts by weight of the lithium composite transition metal oxide manufactured, and then steam was introduced into the kiln at a rate of 2.0 kg/hour and the temperature was increased from 0°C to 500°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, the introduction of steam was stopped and the temperature was increased from 500°C to 700°C at a rate of 5°C/min in an oxidizing atmosphere. Then, steam was introduced into the kiln at a rate of 2.0 kg/hour and the temperature was maintained at 700°C for 2 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere to manufacture a cathode active material having a coating layer including Co formed on the lithium composite transition metal oxide.
- pH titration was performed to measure the content of residual lithium existing on the surface of the positive electrode active materials manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- Metrohm was used as a pH meter, and the pH was recorded by titrating 1 mL at a time.
- 5 g of the positive electrode active material powders manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and 100 mL of distilled water were stirred.
- the pH was titrated while adding 1 N HCl solution to the solution, and the Li 2 CO 3 and LiOH contents were derived, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
- EPMA is a technique to determine the concentration and distribution of elements in solid samples by analyzing the emitted X-rays by EDS after sample particle bombardment by an electron beam, and the distribution of Co in the positive electrode active materials manufactured in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 was shown using EPMA (JXA-8350F, -15 kV, 20 nA stage mapping conditions).
- Fig. 1 is an EPMA (ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS) mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 1
- Fig. 2 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 2
- Fig. 3 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Example 3
- Fig. 4 is an EPMA mapping image of the positive electrode active material manufactured in Comparative Example 1.
- the portions indicated by arrows in Figures 1 to 4 below are portions where the coating layers containing Co exist in a clumped form.
- Comparative Example 1 which does not include a section where steam is injected during the temperature-raising section, it can be confirmed that a large number of coating layers containing Co are clumped together compared to Examples 1 to 3.
- lithium composite transition metal oxides and coating raw materials were obtained immediately after the steam injection section in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and about 5 g was placed on a sample dish in the device. Then, the lid of the device was closed and the sample dish temperature was set to 130°C, thereby evaporating moisture contained in the lithium composite transition metal oxides and coating raw materials and measuring the degree of mass reduction. At this time, the point in time when the mass no longer decreases is called a completely dried state.
- the moisture content ( ⁇ ), that is, the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material immediately after the steam injection section, and the mass (g) of the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material after completely drying the lithium composite transition metal oxide and the coating raw material immediately after the steam injection section, are shown in Table 2 below, as a percentage (moisture content (%)).
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Abstract
Description
| Li2CO3 (wt%) | LiOH (wt%) | 잔류 리튬의 총 합 (Li2CO3+LiOH) (wt%) | |
| 실시예 1 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.21 |
| 실시예 2 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.24 |
| 실시예 3 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
| 비교예 1 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.39 |
| 비교예 2 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.55 |
| 비교예 3 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.59 |
| 구분 | 함수율(%) |
| 실시예 1 | 5.2 |
| 실시예 2 | 1.7 |
| 실시예 3 | 3.5 |
| 비교예 1 | 0.3 |
| 비교예 2 | 10.3 |
| 비교예 3 | 11.7 |
Claims (16)
- (A) 양극 활물질 전구체 및 리튬(Li) 함유 원료 물질을 혼합한 후, 소성하여 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물을 제조하는 단계; 및(B) 상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물 및 코팅 원료 물질을 혼합한 후, 열처리하여 상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물 상에 코팅층을 형성시키는 단계;를 포함하고,상기 열처리는 온도를 승온시키는 승온 구간 및 온도를 유지하는 유지 구간을 포함하며,상기 승온 구간에만 수증기를 투입하는 구간을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질 전구체는 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 조성을 갖는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법:[화학식 1]NiaMnbCocM1 d(OH)2상기 화학식 1에서,M1은 Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y 및 B 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상이며,0.5≤a<1, 0≤b<0.5, 0≤c<0.5, 0≤d≤0.1 이다.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 소성은 700℃ 내지 1,000℃의 온도 하에서 수행하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 2로 표시되는 조성을 갖는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법:[화학식 2]Li1+x1Nia1Mnb1Coc1M2 d1O2상기 화학식 2에서,M2은 Al, Zr, W, Mg, Ti, Y 및 B 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상이며,0.0≤x1≤0.10, 0.5≤a1<1, 0≤b1<0.5, 0≤c1<0.5, 0≤d1≤0.1 이다.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물은 단입자 형태인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,수세 단계를 포함하지 않는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 코팅 원료 물질은 Co, Al 및 Nb 중에서 선택되는 1종 이상을 포함하는 수산화물인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 코팅 원료 물질은 코발트 수산화물인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 코팅 원료 물질은 상기 리튬 복합 전이금속 산화물 100중량부에 대하여 0.5중량부 내지 5중량부의 함량으로 혼합하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 승온 구간은 600℃ 이하의 온도에서 수증기를 투입하는 구간을 포함하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 승온 구간은 승온 속도가 1℃/분 내지 10℃/분인 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 수증기를 투입하는 구간은 산화성 분위기 하에서 수행하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 유지 구간은 500℃ 내지 900℃에서 온도를 유지하며 열처리를 수행하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 유지 구간은 1시간 내지 12시간 동안 수행하는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 유지 구간은 수증기를 투입하는 구간을 포함하지 않는 것인 양극 활물질의 제조 방법.
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| CN202480016918.7A CN120882666A (zh) | 2023-08-17 | 2024-08-19 | 正极活性材料的制备方法 |
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| EP4663606A1 (en) | 2025-12-17 |
| JP2026511959A (ja) | 2026-04-14 |
| CN120882666A (zh) | 2025-10-31 |
| KR20250026755A (ko) | 2025-02-25 |
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