WO2025130266A1 - 一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池 - Google Patents

一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池 Download PDF

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WO2025130266A1
WO2025130266A1 PCT/CN2024/123720 CN2024123720W WO2025130266A1 WO 2025130266 A1 WO2025130266 A1 WO 2025130266A1 CN 2024123720 W CN2024123720 W CN 2024123720W WO 2025130266 A1 WO2025130266 A1 WO 2025130266A1
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sodium ion
metal oxide
temperature
oxide material
layered metal
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French (fr)
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彭堂平
吕飞
石智翔
张宇豪
刘世琦
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Hubei Wanrun New Energy Technology Co Ltd
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Hubei Wanrun New Energy Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2025502436A priority Critical patent/JP2026504761A/ja
Priority to KR1020247043225A priority patent/KR20250099307A/ko
Priority to EP24826946.6A priority patent/EP4601047A4/en
Publication of WO2025130266A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025130266A1/zh
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G53/00Compounds of nickel
    • C01G53/40Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
    • C01G53/42Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
    • C01G53/44Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
    • C01G53/50Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01GCOMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G53/00Compounds of nickel
    • C01G53/40Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
    • C01G53/42Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
    • C01G53/44Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
    • C01G53/50Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
    • C01G53/51Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2 containing sodium
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/50Solid solutions
    • C01P2002/52Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/61Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12Surface area
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028Positive electrodes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the technical field of sodium ion batteries, and in particular relates to a sodium ion layered metal oxide material, a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode material and a sodium ion battery.
  • NIBs lithium-ion batteries
  • LIBs lithium-ion batteries
  • sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been intensively studied and have become a strong competitor in energy storage fields such as national grid and home energy storage.
  • the cathode is an indispensable part of NIBs and directly determines all key properties of NIBs, such as cost, safety, energy density, power density, and cycle life.
  • the ideal cathode material should be relatively environmentally friendly and easy to mass produce, transport, and store.
  • Manganese has the advantages of being environmentally friendly, low-priced, and having a high annual output.
  • Manganese-rich layered sodium-ion transition metal oxide materials (Mn-based Na x TMO 2 ) have many electrochemically redox-active elements such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Ir, Ru, and O, and their chemical composition can be flexibly designed. They also have high specific capacity and good safety performance, making them a strong competitor for commercial sodium-ion battery cathode materials.
  • O3 type high nickel material The specific capacity of O3 type high nickel material is high, but when it is charged to a higher voltage, it not only causes multiphase transformation and leads to a large volume deformation, but also promotes the decomposition of the electrolyte to induce the co-embedding of solvent molecules, which ultimately leads to serious structural deterioration and capacity decay of the electrode material during the charge and discharge process.
  • the present invention provides a sodium ion layered metal oxide material, a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode material and a sodium ion battery, aiming to solve the technical problems of serious structural deterioration and capacity attenuation of the positive electrode material during the charging and discharging process.
  • the present invention provides a sodium ion layered metal oxide material having a chemical formula shown in Formula I: Na x Ni a Mn b Ti (0.5-b) M (0.5-a) O (2-y) F y Formula I;
  • M includes at least one of Zn, Mg, Sn, Sb, Y and Cu.
  • the M element helps to improve the stability of the material.
  • the F - radius is similar to the O2 - radius, and it is feasible for F to replace O.
  • the strong electronegativity of F can change the binding energy of oxygen elements in the lattice, thereby increasing the diffusion rate of Na + , inhibiting the lattice distortion caused by the Jahn-Teller effect of active ions such as Mn3 + , and improving the stability of the structure.
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is an O3 type manganese-based layered oxide material.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing the sodium ion layered metal oxide material as described above, comprising the following steps:
  • the temperature is raised from room temperature to 110-130°C at a heating rate of 3-5°C/min, and kept at that temperature for 2-4 hours.
  • the temperature is then raised to 440-460°C at a heating rate of 5-8°C/min, and kept at that temperature for 1-3 hours.
  • the temperature is then raised to 850-950°C at a heating rate of 5-8°C/min, and kept at that temperature for 10-20 hours.
  • M includes at least one of Zn, Mg, Sn, Sb, Y and Cu.
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is one or more of Na 0.95 Ni 0.45 Mn 0.3 Cu 0.05 Ti 0.2 O 1.9 5 F 0.05 , NaNi 0.48 Mn 0.4 Y 0.02 Ti 0.1 O 1.999 F 0.001 and Na 0.9 Ni 0.48 Mn 0.39 Cu 0.02 Mg 0.01 Ti 0.1 O 2 .
  • the solvent used for the coarse grinding in step A) is water and/or alcohol
  • the solid content of the first slurry is 10-40%
  • the clogging of the coarse grinder, the sand mill and the connecting pipes is avoided while ensuring the output.
  • the particle size of the first slurry is D100 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m, and the particles in the slurry are prevented from clogging the sand mill filter.
  • the particle size of the second slurry is D50 ⁇ 3 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 8 ⁇ m, so as to ensure that the particle size distribution of the first powder obtained after spray drying is more concentrated and avoid the appearance of large particles; the slurry is uniform, and the particle size of the second slurry is smaller, which does not allow sufficient contact between the particles, which is conducive to ensuring the uniformity of the cation distribution in the finished product.
  • the first powder meets the above-mentioned indicators to ensure that less water vapor is generated during sintering of the first powder, thereby avoiding sodium precipitation.
  • the small particle size and large BET of the first powder ensure more complete contact between particles during sintering, which facilitates ion exchange and migration, thereby ensuring that the sintered material has higher crystallinity, more uniform cation distribution, and fewer impurities.
  • the oxygen content is 20-35%
  • the moisture content is less than 3%
  • the carbon dioxide concentration is less than 1%.
  • the moisture, oxygen content and carbon dioxide content in the high temperature furnace are detected online during the sintering process, and the gas intake, exhaust, oxygen and nitrogen intake are adjusted in time. Ratio, controlling the moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the high-temperature furnace within the control range, can avoid excessive oxygen content and the formation of too many impurities during the sintering process.
  • rapid cooling is performed after calcination to obtain the second powder; the rapid cooling is a quenching treatment.
  • accelerating the cooling rate during the cooling process after calcination is helpful to form a metastable phase containing more Mn 3+ and a higher interlayer sodium content, thereby improving the reversible capacity of the electrode material.
  • the present invention provides a positive electrode plate, comprising the sodium ion layered metal oxide material described above or the sodium ion layered metal oxide material prepared by the preparation method described above.
  • the positive electrode plate includes the above-mentioned sodium ion layered metal oxide material, and thus has better structural stability, higher discharge specific capacity and higher capacity retention rate.
  • the present invention provides a sodium ion battery comprising the positive electrode sheet described above.
  • the sodium ion battery includes the above-mentioned positive electrode plate, and thus has a higher discharge specific capacity and higher cycle performance.
  • FIG1 is a SEM image of the sodium ion layered metal oxide material in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG2 is an XRD diagram of the sodium ion layered metal oxide material in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG3 is a charge and discharge curve of the button battery in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • multiple refers to more than two (including two).
  • multiple groups refers to more than two groups (including two groups), and “multiple pieces” refers to more than two pieces (including two pieces).
  • O3-type high-nickel materials have a higher specific capacity.
  • it when charged to a higher voltage, it not only causes multiphase transformation leading to a larger volume deformation, but also promotes the decomposition of the electrolyte to induce the co-embedding of solvent molecules, ultimately leading to serious structural deterioration and capacity attenuation of the electrode material during the charge and discharge process.
  • M includes at least one of Zn, Mg, Sn, Sb, Y and Cu.
  • 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0 preferably, 0.92 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.98, such as x is 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.0, preferably a range value with any of the above values as the upper or lower limit.
  • 0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, preferably, 0.35 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.45, such as a is 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, preferably a range value with any of the above values as the upper or lower limit.
  • 0.3 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.4 preferably, 0.32 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.38, such as b is 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, preferably a range value with any of the above values as the upper or lower limit.
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is one or more of Na 0.95 Ni 0.45 Mn 0.3 Cu 0.05 Ti 0.2 O 1.95 F 0.05 , NaNi 0.48 Mn 0.4 Y 0.02 Ti 0.1 O 1.999 F 0.001 and Na 0.9 Ni 0.48 Mn 0 . 39 Cu 0.02 Mg 0.01 Ti 0.1 O 2 .
  • the capacity retention rate of the material after 100 cycles of 1C is increased by 10% to 15%.
  • the present invention further provides a method for preparing a sodium ion layered metal oxide material, comprising the following steps:
  • the Na source is preferably one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, sodium oxalate and sodium citrate;
  • the Ni source is preferably one or more of nickelous oxide (NiO), nickel oxide (Ni 2 O 3 ), nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH) 2 ], nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH) 3 ], nickel carbonate and nickel oxalate;
  • the Mn source is preferably one or more of manganese tetraoxide, manganese dioxide, manganese trioxide, manganese monoxide, manganese carbonate and manganese oxalate;
  • the Ti source is preferably titanium dioxide and/or metatitanate (H 2 TiO 3 );
  • the M source is preferably at least one of M oxide, M hydroxide, M carbonate, M oxalate and M citrate.
  • the M element is yttrium (Y)
  • the M source is preferably Y oxide
  • the F source is preferably sodium fluoride.
  • the Na source, Ni source, Mn source, Ti source, M source and F source are weighed and mixed according to the molar number of the metal elements in the chemical formula shown in Formula I, which is a common technical means in the field and will not be described in detail in the present invention.
  • the solvent used for coarse grinding is preferably water and/or alcohol, more preferably deionized water and/or alcohol, the coarse grinding time is preferably 1 to 3 hours, more preferably 1 to 2 hours; the working frequency of the coarse grinding is preferably 10 to 50 Hz, more preferably 20 to 40 Hz.
  • the solid content of the first slurry obtained after rough grinding is preferably 10-40%, more preferably 20-30%, such as 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, preferably a range value with any of the above values as the upper or lower limit;
  • the particle size of the first slurry is preferably D100 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m, more preferably D100 ⁇ 5 ⁇ m.
  • the present invention grinds the first slurry in a sand mill in an inverted jar circulation manner using an A/B jar circulation method to obtain a second slurry.
  • the grinding time is preferably 2 to 5 hours, more preferably 3 to 4 hours
  • the rotation speed of the sand mill is preferably 200 to 1500 r/min, more preferably 500 to 1000 r/min
  • the particle size of the second slurry is preferably D50 ⁇ 3 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 8 ⁇ m, preferably, D50 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 5 ⁇ m.
  • the present invention spray-dries the second slurry to obtain the first powder.
  • the particle size of the first powder obtained by spray drying is preferably 2 ⁇ m ⁇ D50 ⁇ 15 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 40 ⁇ m, the moisture content is less than 1.5%, and BET>15 m 2 /g, more preferably, 5 ⁇ m ⁇ D50 ⁇ 12 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 30 ⁇ m, the moisture content is less than 1.0%, and BET>15 m 2 /g.
  • the heating rate is preferably 3-5°C/min, more preferably 3-4°C/min;
  • the calcination temperature is preferably 110-130°C, more preferably 115-125°C, such as 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, preferably a range value with any of the above values as the upper or lower limit;
  • the insulation time is preferably 2-4 hours, more preferably 2-3 hours.
  • the process of crushing, screening and iron removal of the second powder is a continuous operation, which is connected by a pipeline and transported under negative pressure.
  • the finished product enters the crushing equipment after degassing. Dry nitrogen is introduced into the crushing, screening and iron removal processes for protection to prevent the material from contacting water and carbon dioxide and producing impurities.
  • the present invention provides a sodium ion battery, including the positive electrode sheet described above.
  • the present invention does not impose any special restrictions on other materials used in the sodium ion battery, such as the negative electrode, the separator, etc., and conventional raw materials for preparing sodium ion batteries commonly used in the art can be used.
  • the chemical formula of sodium ion layered metal oxide material is: Na 0.95 Ni 0.45 Mn 0.3 Cu 0.05 Ti 0.2 O 1.95 F 0. 05,
  • the first slurry was ground and mixed in a sand mill by using an A/B tank cycle method for 3 hours at a sand mill speed of 1000 r/min to obtain a second slurry (particle size: D50 ⁇ 3 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 8 ⁇ m).
  • the second powder is crushed, screened and iron-removed to obtain a sodium ion layered metal oxide material, the humidity of the crushing and screening environment is controlled to be lower than 15%, and the particle size range of the obtained sodium ion layered metal oxide material is: D50 is 8.5 ⁇ m, D100 is 36 ⁇ m, the content of magnetic foreign matter is lower than 150 ppm, the manganese dissolution is lower than 0.5 ppm, the free sodium is lower than 100 ppm, and the water content is lower than 1000 ppm;
  • the SEM of the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is shown in Figure 1.
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide exhibits a typical layered structure, with large particles formed by agglomeration of small particles, and the primary particle size is 0.7 to 7 um.
  • the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 138mAh/g. Before Cu and F are not doped, the capacity retention rate of the material after 100 cycles of 1C is about 80%. After doping with F and Cu elements, compared with undoped, the discharge capacity at 0.1C is basically unchanged, but the capacity retention rate of the material after 100 cycles of 1C is 91.2%, an increase of about 11%, compared with the capacity retention rate of 85.3% of the material doped with only Cu element after 100 cycles of 1C, an increase of about 5%.
  • the introduction of M element is also conducive to improving the environmental stability of layered metal oxides. Compared with materials without M element doping, the discharge capacity of the material after doping with M element is increased by 5%-10% when placed in the same air atmosphere for the same time.
  • a button cell was prepared according to the method in Example 1 and electrochemical performance was tested. The results showed that the discharge specific capacity in the 2-4.0 V charge and discharge range was 125 mAh/g.
  • sodium bicarbonate, nickel oxide, manganese tetraoxide, titanium oxide, sodium fluoride, yttrium oxide and a certain amount of deionized water are put into a coarse grinder and mixed evenly.
  • the mixing time is 2 hours and the working frequency is 30 Hz to obtain a first slurry (solid content is 30%, particle size is: D100 ⁇ 7 ⁇ m);
  • the first slurry was ground and mixed in a sand mill by using an A/B tank circulation method for 3 hours at a sand mill speed of 1000 r/min to obtain a second slurry (particle size: D50 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 7 ⁇ m).
  • the temperature is kept at 120°C for 2h, mainly to reduce the moisture content of the first powder, to avoid excessive moisture content in the high-temperature furnace atmosphere during the subsequent rapid heating process, to avoid side reactions, and to cause excessive impurities in the finished product;
  • the maximum sintering temperature is 850°C, which can improve the compatibility of Y with other elements, making the distribution of Y elements in the finished product more uniform, improving the uniformity of the material, and ensuring the stability of the product. Otherwise, the Y element is unevenly distributed in the finished product, resulting in inconsistent electrical properties of samples taken at different points in the finished product, and poor consistency of the final product.
  • the sintering temperature of 850°C can prevent the primary particles of the finished product from being too large, resulting in reduced electrical properties.
  • the SEM of the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is shown in FIG5 .
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide exhibits a typical layered structure, with large particles formed by agglomeration of small particles, and a primary particle size of 0.2 to 4.5 ⁇ m.
  • a button cell was prepared.
  • the charge and discharge curves in the range of 2-4.0V are shown in Figure 4.
  • the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 135mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles at 1C is about 85.2%.
  • the capacity retention rate of the material after 100 cycles at 1C is about 80%, and the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 135.5mAh/g.
  • the discharge capacity at 0.1C is slightly reduced compared to that of undoped materials, but the capacity retention rate of the material after 100 cycles at 1C is increased by about 5%.
  • the chemical formula of sodium ion layered metal oxide material is: Na 0.9 Ni 0.48 Mn 0.39 Cu 0.02 Mg 0.01 Ti 0.1 O 2 ,
  • sodium carbonate, nickel hydroxide, manganese dioxide, titanium oxide and alcohol are put into a coarse grinder and mixed evenly.
  • the mixing time is 2 hours and the working frequency is 30 Hz to obtain a first slurry (solid content is 20%, particle size is: D100 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m);
  • the second slurry is spray-dried to obtain a first powder (particle size: 3 ⁇ m ⁇ D50 ⁇ 8 ⁇ m, D100 ⁇ 35 ⁇ m, moisture content is less than 1%, BET is 30 m 2 /g);
  • the first powder is placed in a high-temperature furnace for calcination, and the calcination temperature curve is: from room temperature to 120°C at 4°C/min, and kept warm for 3 hours, then increased to 450°C at 7°C/min, and kept warm for 1 hour, and then increased to 950°C at 8°C/min, and kept warm for 15 hours, and the atmosphere in the high-temperature furnace is dry oxygen, and then quickly cooled to room temperature to obtain a second powder, and the rapid cooling method can be liquid nitrogen cooling or chilled water cooling;
  • the 120°C temperature is kept for 3 hours, mainly to reduce the water content of the first powder, to avoid excessive moisture content in the high-temperature furnace atmosphere during the subsequent rapid heating process, to avoid side reactions, and to cause excessive impurities in the finished product;
  • the 450°C temperature is kept for 3 hours, mainly to promote the decomposition and melting of copper oxide, to improve the compatibility of copper with other elements, to make the distribution of copper in the finished product more uniform, to improve the uniformity of the material, and to ensure the stability of the product.
  • the copper element in the finished product is unevenly distributed, resulting in inconsistent electrical properties of samples taken at different points in the finished product, and low product stability; or the copper element has poor compatibility with other elements, and the copper oxide impurities in the finished product are high, resulting in poor electrical properties.
  • the water content in the high temperature furnace is controlled to be less than 2%, and the concentration of carbon dioxide is controlled to be less than 1%.
  • the water content and carbon dioxide content in the high temperature furnace are detected online during the sintering process, and the gas flow rate and exhaust rate are adjusted in time to control the water content and carbon dioxide content in the high temperature furnace within the control range.
  • the second powder is crushed, screened and iron-removed to obtain a sodium ion layered metal oxide material, and the humidity of the crushing and screening environment is controlled to be lower than 10%.
  • the particle size range of the obtained sodium ion layered metal oxide material is The diameter range is: 3 ⁇ m ⁇ D50 ⁇ 10 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m ⁇ D100 ⁇ 40 ⁇ m, the content of magnetic foreign matter is less than 150ppm, manganese dissolution is less than 0.5ppm, free sodium is less than 100ppm, and water is less than 1000ppm.
  • the SEM of the sodium ion layered metal oxide material is shown in FIG7 .
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide exhibits a typical layered structure, with large particles formed by agglomeration of small particles, and a primary particle size of 0.5-5 ⁇ m.
  • the sodium ion layered metal oxide material with the chemical formula of Na 0.9 Ni 0.48 Mn 0.39 Cu 0.02 Mg 0.01 Ti 0.1 O 2 was used as the positive electrode to prepare a button cell.
  • the charge and discharge curves in the range of 2-4.0V are shown in Figure 6.
  • the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 129mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of 1C cycle 100 weeks is 92.1%.
  • the capacity retention rate of the material at 1C cycle 100 weeks is about 80%, and the discharge capacity at 0.1C is 135.5mAh/g.
  • the discharge capacity at 0.1C is reduced compared to that of undoped materials, but the capacity retention rate of the material at 1C cycle 100 weeks is increased by about 12%.
  • Doping Mg on the basis of doping Cu element is equivalent to using divalent magnesium ions to replace trivalent manganese ions, which can increase the interlayer distance, thereby promoting the diffusion of sodium ions, and can also reduce the lattice strain caused by the sodium ion deintercalation process to enhance the stability of the layered structure; in addition, divalent magnesium ion doping can reduce the structural deformation or volume change caused by the sodium ion battery charge and discharge cycle, inhibit irreversible phase change, and have an important impact on improving the reversible specific capacity of the material.
  • Mg is non-electrochemically active in this material and does not participate in the redox reaction, but the amount of magnesium oxide added in this product is small and will not have a negative impact on the electrical properties.

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Abstract

一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池,属于钠离子电池技术领域,钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,具有式I所示化学式:Na xNi aMn bTi (0.5-b)M (0.5-a)O (2-y)F y式I;0.9≤x≤1.0,0.3≤a<0.5,0.3≤b≤0.4,0.1≤1-a-b≤0.35,0≤y<0.1,M包括Zn、Mg、Sn、Sb、Y和Cu中的至少一种。通过掺杂F元素和M元素,有助于提高材料的结构稳定性,能够减少杂相的生成,同时使成品中M元素的分布更加均匀,从而使含有该钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的正极极片和钠离子电池具有较高的放电比容量和循环性能。

Description

一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池 技术领域
本发明属于钠离子电池技术领域,尤其涉及一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池。
背景技术
电化学电源,尤其是锂离子电池(LIBs)的商业化开启了便携式电子产品和电动汽车的新时代,极大地方便了日常生活。然而,对锂资源耗竭的担忧和锂、镍、钴原材料价格动荡的推动下,钠离子电池(NIBs)受到了深入研究,成为国家电网、家用储能等储能领域的有力竞争者。正极是NIBs不可或缺的一部分,直接决定了NIBs的所有关键性能,例如成本、安全、能量密度、功率密度以及循环寿命。此外,理想的正极材料应该对环境相对友好,易于规模化生产、运输和储存。
成本是推动钠离子电池与锂离子电池竞争的核心要素。锰具有环境友好,价格低,年产量高的优势。富锰层状钠离子过渡金属氧化物材料(Mn基NaxTMO2)拥有Mn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Co、Cr、Ir、Ru和O等众多具有电化学氧化还原活性的元素,化学组成可灵活设计。且其比容量高,安全性能好,是商业化钠离子电池正极材料的有力竞争者。
目前钠离子层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料的通式为NaxTMO2,随着Na+含量的变化形成不同结构,常见的结构有O3,P3,O'3和P2相,层状氧化物中的过渡金属位置可以由各种金属离子(如Li,Na,Mg,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Sn,Ir,Ru等)占据,这些金属离子的核外电子排布、氧化态、TM-O键能差异很大,并随着Na+含量的变化构成了不同结构的层状氧化物正极材料。O3型高镍材料的比容量较高,但其充电到较高电压时不仅引起多相转变导致较大的体积形变,还会促进电解液分解诱导溶剂分子共嵌入,最终导致电极材料在充放电过程中严重的结构恶化和容量衰减。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的技术问题,本发明提供了一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池,旨在解决正极材料在充放电过程中严重的结构恶化和容量衰减的技术问题。
第一方面,本发明提供一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,具有式I所示化学式:
NaxNiaMnbTi(0.5-b)M(0.5-a)O(2-y)Fy     式I;
其中,0.9≤x≤1.0,0.3≤a<0.5,0.3≤b≤0.4,0.1≤1-a-b≤0.35,0≤y<0.1,M包括Zn、Mg、Sn、Sb、Y和Cu中的至少一种。
在本发明的实施例中,M元素有助于提高材料的稳定性,F-半径和O2-半径相近,F取代O具有可行性,通过控制F的掺杂量,可以避免由于掺杂F所导致的成品中杂质过多;F的强的电负性能够改变晶格中氧元素的结合能,从而提高Na+的扩散速率,抑制Mn3+等活性离子Jahn-Teller效应引起得晶格畸变,提高结构的稳定性。
优选的,所述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料为O3型锰基层状氧化物材料。
第二方面,本发明提供如上文所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
A)将Na源,Ni源、Mn源、Ti源、M源和F源按照式I中的化学计量比与溶剂混合后进行粗磨,得到第一浆料;
B)将所述第一浆料进行研磨,得到第二浆料;
C)将所述第二浆料喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末;
D)将所述粉末按照以下程序进行煅烧,得到第二粉末,
在含氧气氛下,以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温10~20小时;
E)将第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁,得到具有式I化学式的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料;
NaxNiaMnbTi(0.5-b)M(0.5-a)O(2-y)Fy     式I;
其中,0.9≤x≤1.0,0.3≤a<0.5,0.3≤b≤0.4,0.1≤1-a-b≤0.35,0≤y<0.1,M包括Zn、Mg、Sn、Sb、Y和Cu中的至少一种。
在本发明的实施例中,采用特定的程序升温对第二粉末进行煅烧,能够减少副反应的发生,减少杂相的生成,同时使成品中铜的分布更加均匀,提升材料的均一性和产品的稳定性,进一步升电化学性能。
优选的,所述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料为Na0.95Ni0.45Mn0.3Cu0.05Ti0.2O1.9 5F0.05,NaNi0.48Mn0.4Y0.02Ti0.1O1.999F0.001和Na0.9Ni0.48Mn0.39Cu0.02Mg0.01Ti0.1O2中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述煅烧程序具体为:
在含氧气氛下,以4~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至120~125℃,保温2~3小时,再以5~7℃/min的升温速率升温至450~455℃,保温1~2小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温13~20小时。
优选的,所述步骤A)中粗磨所使用的溶剂为水和/或醇,所述第一浆料的固含量为10~40%,在保证产量的同时避免粗磨机、砂磨机及连接管道堵塞,所述第一浆料的粒径为D100<10μm,避免浆料中的颗粒堵塞砂磨机滤网。
优选的,所述第二浆料的粒径为D50<3μm,D100<8μm,以保证喷雾干燥后得到的第一粉末的粒径分布更集中,避免出现大颗粒;浆料的均一,同时第二浆料粒径较小,不容颗粒物之间充分接触,有利于保证成品中阳离子分布的均匀性。
在本发明的实施例中,粗磨之后进行研磨能够保证浆料中的每一不溶颗粒得到充分研磨,保证浆料的均一性,并提高研磨效率,
优选的,所述第一粉末的粒径为2μm<D50<15μm,D100<40μm,水分低于1.5%,BET>15m2/g。
在本发明的实施例中,所述第一粉末满足上述指标能够保证第一粉末烧结时产生的水蒸气较少,避免钠析出,第一粉末的小粒径和大BET,保证烧结时颗粒之间接触更充分,便于进行离子交换和迁移,从而保证烧结的物料结晶性更高,阳离子分布更加均匀,杂质更少。
优选的,所述煅烧过程中,含氧量为20~35%,水分含量低于3%,二氧化碳浓度低于1%。
在本发明的实施例中,烧结过程中在线检测高温炉中的水分、氧含量和二氧化碳含量,并及时调整气体通入量、排除量、通入气体的氧气和氮气的 比例,控制高温炉中的水分、氧含量和二氧化碳含量在控制范围内,能够避免氧含量过高,造成的烧结过程中形成过多杂相。
优选的,在煅烧结束后进行快速冷却,得到第二粉末;所述快速冷却为淬火处理。
在本发明的实施例中,煅烧后的冷却过程中加快降温速度,有助于形成含有更多Mn3+且层间钠含量较高的亚稳相,从而提高该电极材料的可逆容量。
第三方面,本发明提供一种正极极片,包括上文所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料或者上文所述的制备方法制得的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料。
在本发明的实施例中,正极极片包含有上述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,因而具有较好的结构稳定性、较高的放电比容量和较高的容量保持率。
第四方面,本发明提供一种钠离子电池,包括上文所述的正极极片。
在本发明的实施例中,钠离子电池包含有上述正极极片,因而具有较高的放电比容量和较高的循环性能。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例1中钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM图;
图2为本发明实施例1中钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的XRD图;
图3为本发明实施例1中扣电池的充放电曲线;
图4为本发明实施例2中扣电池的充放电曲线;
图5为本发明实施例2中钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM图;
图6为本发明实施例3中扣电池的充放电曲线;
图7为本发明实施例3中钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案,因此只作为示例,而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同;本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本申请;本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形,意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中,技术术语“第一”“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。在本申请实施例的描述中,“多个”的含义是两个以上,除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着,结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例,也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是,本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请实施例的描述中,术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系,表示可以存在三种关系,例如A和/或B,可以表示:单独存在A,同时存在A和B,单独存在B这三种情况。另外,本文中字符“/”,一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中,术语“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个),同理,“多组”指的是两组以上(包括两组),“多片”指的是两片以上(包括两片)。
在本申请实施例的描述中,技术术语“中心”“纵向”“横向”“长度”“宽度”“厚度”“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”“竖直”“水平”“顶”“底”“内”“外”“顺时针”“逆时针”“轴向”“径向”“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中,除非另有明确的规定和限定,技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解,例如,可以是固定连 接,也可以是可拆卸连接,或成一体;也可以是机械连接,也可以是电连接;可以是直接相连,也可以通过中间媒介间接相连,可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
目前钠离子层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料的结构中,O3型高镍材料的比容量较高,但其充电到较高电压时不仅引起多相转变导致较大的体积形变,还会促进电解液分解诱导溶剂分子共嵌入,最终导致电极材料在充放电过程中严重的结构恶化和容量衰减。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极极片和钠离子电池,其中,通过掺杂F元素和M元素,有助于提高材料的稳定性,且F强的电负性能够改变晶格中氧元素的结合能,从而提高Na+的扩散速率,抑制Mn3+等活性离子Jahn-Teller效应引起得晶格畸变,提高结构的稳定性。另外,本发明通过采用特定的程序升温对第二粉末进行煅烧,能够减少副反应的发生,减少杂相的生成,同时使成品中铜的分布更加均匀,提升材料的均一性和产品的稳定性,进一步升电化学性能。从而使使用该钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的正极极片和钠离子电池具有较高的放电比容量和较高的循环性能。
第一方面,本发明提供了一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,为O3型锰基层状氧化物材料,具有式I所示化学式:
NaxNiaMnbTi(0.5-b)M(0.5-a)O(2-y)Fy    式I;
其中,0.9≤x≤1.0,0.3≤a<0.5,0.3≤b≤0.4,0.1≤1-a-b≤0.35,0≤y<0.1,M包括Zn、Mg、Sn、Sb、Y和Cu中的至少一种。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0.9≤x≤1.0,优选的,0.92≤x≤0.98,如x为0.9、0.91、0.92、0.93、0.94、0.95、0.96、0.97、0.98、0.99、1.0,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0.3≤a<0.5,优选的,0.35≤a≤0.45,如a为0.3、0.31、0.32、0.33、0.34、0.35、0.36、0.37、0.38、0.39、0.4、0.41、0.42、0.43、0.44、0.45、0.46、0.47、0.48、0.49,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0<(0.5-a)≤0.2,优选的,0.01≤(0.5-a)≤0.05,在该范围内,能够避免M元素占比过高,由于M元素在烧结过程与Ni、Mn、Ti等元素的氧化物相容性差,导致成品中杂相较多,进而致使材料的能量密度过低。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0.3≤b≤0.4,优选的,0.32≤b≤0.38,如b为0.3、0.31、0.32、0.33、0.34、0.35、0.36、0.37、0.38、0.39、0.4、优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0.1≤1-a-b≤0.35,优选的,0.2≤1-a-b≤0.3。
在本发明的一个实施例中,0≤y<0.1,优选的,0.01≤y≤0.08,如y为0、0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05、0.06、0.07、0.08、0.09,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值。y值在上述范围内,能够避免F元素占比过高,导致成品中杂相(如氧化镍)较多,而致使的材料的能量密度过低、结构稳定性变差。
具体的,在本发明的实施例中,所述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料为Na0.95Ni0.45Mn0.3Cu0.05Ti0.2O1.95F0.05,NaNi0.48Mn0.4Y0.02Ti0.1O1.999F0.001和Na0.9Ni0.48Mn0.39Cu0.02Mg0.01Ti0.1O2中的一种或几种。
本发明在掺杂F和M元素后,材料的1C循环100周的容量保持率提升10%~15%。
第二方面,本发明还提供了一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
A)将Na源,Ni源、Mn源、Ti源、M源和F源按照式I中的化学计量比与溶剂混合后进行粗磨,得到第一浆料;
B)将所述第一浆料进行研磨,得到第二浆料;
C)将所述第二浆料喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末;
D)将所述粉末按照以下程序进行煅烧,得到第二粉末,
在含氧气氛下,以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温10~20小时;
E)将第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁,得到具有式I化学式的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料;
NaxNiaMnbTi(0.5-b)M(0.5-a)O(2-y)Fy    式I。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述Na源优选为碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠、乙酸钠、草酸钠和柠檬酸钠中的一种或几种;所述Ni源优选为氧化亚镍(NiO)、氧化镍(Ni2O3)、氢氧化镍[Ni(OH)2]、氢氧化高镍[Ni(OH)3]、碳酸镍和草酸镍中的一种或几种;所述Mn源优选为四氧化三锰、二氧化锰、三氧化二锰、一氧化锰、碳酸锰和草酸锰中的一种或几种;所述Ti源优选为二氧化钛和/或偏钛酸H2TiO3);M源优选为M的氧化物、M的氢氧化物、M的碳酸盐、M的草酸盐和M的柠檬酸酸盐中的至少一种,当M元素为钇(Y)时,M源优选为Y的氧化物;F源优选为氟化钠。本发明中Na源,Ni源、Mn源、Ti源、M源和F源均按照式I所示化学式中的金属元素的摩尔数进行称取混合,为本领域的常用技术手段,本发明在此不再赘述。
在本发明的一个实施例中,粗磨所使用的溶剂优选为水和/或醇,更优选为去离子水和/或醇,所述粗磨的时间优选为1~3小时,更优选为1~2小时;所述粗磨的工作频率优选为10~50Hz,更优选为20~40Hz。
在本发明的一个实施例中,粗磨后得到第一浆料的固含量优选为10~40%,更优选为20~30%,如10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值;所述第一浆料的粒径优选为D100<10μm,更优选为D100<5μm.
得到第一浆料后,本发明将第一浆料在砂磨机中采用A/B罐循环的方式倒罐循环研磨,得到第二浆料。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述研磨的时间优选为2~5小时,更优选为3~4小时,所述砂磨机的转速优选为200~1500r/min,更优选为500~1000r/min,所述第二浆料的粒径优选为D50<3μm,D100<8μm,优选的,D50<2μm,D100<5μm。
得到第二浆料后,本发明将所述第二浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末。
在本发明的一个实施例中,喷雾干燥得到的第一粉末的粒径优选为2μm<D50<15μm,D100<40μm,水分低于1.5%,BET>15m2/g,更优选的,5μm<D50<12μm,D100<30μm,水分低于1.0%,BET>15m2/g.
得到第一粉末后,本发明将器进行煅烧,所述煅烧优选按照以下程序进行:
在含氧气氛下,以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至890~910℃,保温10~20小时。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述含氧气氛优选为干燥氧气或干燥空气,或干燥的氧气与氮气的混合气体,以避免材料降温过程中材料接触水和二氧化碳发生变质。优选的,所述含氧气氛为干燥的氧气与氮气的混合气体,其中氧气的体积分数优选为25~35%,更优选为30%,在控制高温炉中的氧气含量的同时,以避免通入气体中的水和二氧化碳对成品的不利影响,有助于降低成品中游离钠的含量和成品的PH,避免材料的游离钠含量和PH过高,导致电池制作过程中出现浆料凝胶化。
在本发明的一个实施例中,第一阶段首先以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,该阶段的目的主要是为了降低第一粉末的含水量,避免后续快速升温过程中高温炉气氛中水分含量过量,发生副反应,导致成品杂相过高。
在该阶段中,升温速率优选为3~5℃/min,更优选为3~4℃/min;煅烧温度优选为110~130℃,更优选为115~125℃,如110℃,115℃,120℃,125℃,130℃,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值;所述保温的时间优选为2~4小时,更优选为2~3小时。
完成第一阶段的煅烧后,以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,进行第二阶段的煅烧。该阶段主要是为了促进M元素的化合物分解熔融,提高M元素与其他元素的相容性,使得成品中M元素的分布更均匀,提升材料的均一性,保证产品的稳定性。否则,成品中M元素分布不均一,导致成品中不同点取样测试的电性能不一致,产品的稳定性较低;或者M元素与其他元素的相容性差,成品中M元素的氧化物杂质较高,导致电性能较差。
在本发明的一个实施例中,第二阶段的烧结的升温速率优选为5~8℃/min,更优选为6~7℃/min;煅烧的温度优选为440~460℃,更优选为445~455℃,如440℃,445℃,450℃,455℃,460℃,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值;所述保温的时间优选为1~3小时,更优选为1~2小时。
完成第二阶段的煅烧后,本发明以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至890~910℃,保温10~20小时,进行第三阶段的煅烧。在该温度和时间下煅烧有利于避免温度过高或过低所造成的烧结过程中形成过多杂相,有助于提高成品的结晶性和纯度,从而提升充放电比容量。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述升温速率优选为5~8℃/min,更优选为6~7℃/min;煅烧的温度优选为850~950℃,更优选为860~940℃,如850℃,860℃,870℃,880℃,890℃,900℃,910℃,920℃,930℃,940℃,950℃,优选为以上述任意数值为上限或下限的范围值,所述保温的时间优选为10~20小时,更优选为15~16小时。
在上述整个煅烧过程中,控制高温炉中水含量低于3%,二氧化碳的浓度低于1%,氧含量在20%~50%,避免氧含量过高,造成的烧结过程中形成过多杂相。烧结过程中在线检测高温炉中的水分、氧含量和二氧化碳含量,并及时调整气体通入量、排除量、通入气体的氧气和氮气的比例,控制高温炉中的水分、氧含量和二氧化碳含量在控制范围内。
煅烧完毕后,冷却至室温,得到第二粉末。可自然冷却,本发明优选将煅烧后的产物进行快速冷却至室温,如淬火处理,加快降温速度,有助于形成含有更多Mn3+且层间钠含量较高的亚稳相,从而提高该电极材料的可逆容量。在本发明中,所述淬火处理优选为采用冷冻水冷却或液氮冷却。
得到第二粉末后,本发明将其进行粉碎、筛分和除铁,得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,控制粉碎筛分的环境湿度低于15%,所得钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的粒径范围为:0.5μm<D50<12μm,D100<40μm,磁性异物的含量低于150ppm,锰溶出低于0.5ppm,游离钠低于100ppm,水分低于1000ppm。
在本发明的一个实施例中,粉碎方式优选为气流粉碎机或机械粉碎机;筛分时物料至少经过两级筛网,第一级筛网的目数优选为80~100目,第二级筛网的目数优选为120~320目。
粉碎和筛分能够提高成品的均一性,避免成品中的大颗粒对电性能产生不利影响;控制粉碎筛分的环境湿度低于15%,避免样品吸水造成材料变质,生产杂质,电性能降低。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述第二粉末的粉碎、筛分和除铁的过程为连续化作业,中间通过管道连接,采用负压进行输送,成品脱气处理后进入粉碎设备,粉碎、筛分和除铁工序中均通入干燥的氮气进行保护,避免材料接触到水和二氧化碳,生产杂质。
第三方面,本发明提供了一种正极极片,包括上文所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,本发明对所述正极极片所使用的其他材料如集流体、导电剂、粘合剂等不做特殊限定,采用本领域常用的正极极片的常规制备原料即可。
第三方面,本发明提供了一种钠离子电池,包括上文所述的正极极片。本发明对钠离子电池所使用的其他材料如负极、隔膜等不做特殊限制,采用本领域常用的钠离子电池的常规制备原料即可。
下面列举了一些具体实施例,需说明的是,下面描述的实施例是示例性的,仅用于解释本申请,而不能理解为对本申请的限制。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
实施例1
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的化学式为:Na0.95Ni0.45Mn0.3Cu0.05Ti0.2O1.95F0.05,
按照材料化学式中金属元素摩尔数计量比,将碳酸钠、氧化镍、四氧化三锰、氧化钛、氧化铜、氟化钠与去离子水投入粗磨机中混合均匀,混料时间为2h,工作频率为30Hz,得到第一浆料(固含量为25%,粒径为:D100<8.5μm);
将第一浆料在砂磨机中采用A/B罐循环的方式倒罐研磨混合,研磨时间3h,砂磨机转速1000r/min,得到第二浆料(粒径为:D50<3μm,D100<8μm),
对第二浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末(粒径为:D50<10μm,D100<35μm,水分为0.5%,BET为30m2/g);
将所述第一粉末置于高温炉中煅烧,煅烧温度曲线为:由室温以5℃/Min,升高至120℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min,升高至450℃,保温2h,再以5℃/min,升高至900℃,保温13h,高温炉中的气氛干燥的氧气与氮气的混合气体(其 中氧气比例在25%),然后采用冷冻水对煅烧后的粉末快速冷却至室温,得到第二粉末;
在本烧结过程中120℃保温2h,主要是为了降低第一粉末的含水量,避免后续快速升温过程中高温炉气氛中水分含量过量,发生副反应,导致成品杂相过高;450℃保温2h,主要是为了促进氧化铜分解熔融,提高铜与其他元素的相容性,使得成品中铜的分布更均匀,提升材料的均一性,保证产品的稳定性。否则,成品中铜元素分布不均一,导致成品中不同点取样测试的电性能不一致,产品的稳定性较低;或者铜元素与其他元素的相容性差,成品中氧化铜杂质较高,导致电性能较差。
在本烧结过程中控制高温炉中水含量低于3%,二氧化碳的浓度低于1%,氧含量在20%-35%。
对第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁的到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,控制粉碎筛分的环境湿度低于15%,所得钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的粒径范围为:D50为8.5μm,D100为36μm,磁性异物的含量低于150ppm,锰溶出低于0.5ppm,游离钠低于100ppm,水分低于1000ppm;
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM如图1所示,钠离子层状金属氧化物表现出典型的层状结构,由小颗粒团聚形成大颗粒,一次粒径在0.7~7um。
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的XRD如图2所示;
将钠离子层状金属氧化物材料作为正极,制备扣电池,在2-4.0V区间内的充放电曲线如图3所示,0.1C的放电比容量为138mAh/g,未掺杂Cu和F之前,材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为80%。掺杂F和Cu元素后,相较于未掺杂,0.1C的放电比容量基本不变,但材料的1C循环100周的容量保持率为91.2%,提升约11%,相较于仅掺杂Cu元素的材料的1C循环100周的容量保持率为85.3%,提升约5%。M元素的引入也有利于提高层状金属氧化物的环境稳定性,相比未掺杂M元素的材料,在相同的空气氛围下放置相同时间,掺杂M元素后材料的放电比容量提高5%-10%。
对比例1
按照实施例1中的方法制备得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料并组装扣电池,不同的是,钠离子层状金属氧化物材料化学式为Na0.95Ni0.5Mn0.3Ti0.2O2
按照实施例1中的方法制备扣电池,进行电化学性能测试,结果显示,0.1C的放电比容量为135.5mAh/g,材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为80%。
对比例2
按照实施例1中的方法制备得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料并组装扣电池,不同的是,钠离子层状金属氧化物材料化学式为Na0.95Ni0.45Mn0.3Cu0.05Ti0.2O2
按照实施例1中的方法制备扣电池,进行电化学性能测试,结果显示,0.1C的放电比容量为137mAh/g,材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为85.3%。
对比例3
按照实施例1中的方法制备得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料并组装扣电池,不同的是,钠离子层状金属氧化物材料化学式为Na0.95Ni0.5Mn0.3Ti0.2O1.95F0.05
按照实施例1中的方法制备扣电池,进行电化学性能测试,结果显示,0.1C的放电比容量为136mAh/g,材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为82.4%。
对比例4
按照实施例1中的方法制备得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料并组装扣电池,不同的是,没有第一阶段的升温过程,直接以5℃/min,升高至450℃,保温3h,再以5℃/min,升高至900℃,保温13h。
按照实施例1中的方法制备扣电池,进行电化学性能测试,结果显示,在2-4.0V充放电区间内的放电比容量为125mAh/g。
对比例5
按照实施例1中的方法制备得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料并组装扣电池,不同的是,没有第一阶段的升温过程,直接以5℃/min,升高至900℃,保温13h,在2-4.0V充放电区间内的放电比容量为121mAh/g。
实施例2
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的化学式为:NaNi0.48Mn0.4Y0.02Ti0.1O1.999F0.001
按照材料化学式中金属元素摩尔数计量比,将碳酸氢钠、氧化镍、四氧化三锰、氧化钛、氟化钠、氧化钇与一定量的去离子水投入粗磨机中混合均匀,混料时间为2h,工作频率为30Hz,得到第一浆料(固含量为30%,粒径为:D100<7μm);
第一浆料在砂磨机中采用A/B罐循环的方式倒罐研磨混合,研磨时间3h,砂磨机转速1000r/min,得到第二浆料(粒径为:D50<2μm,D100<7μm),
对第二浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末(粒径为:3μm<D50<10μm,D100<30μm,水分低于1%,BET为30m2/g);
将所述第一粉末置于高温炉中煅烧,煅烧温度曲线为:由室温以4℃/Min,升高至120℃,保温2h,再以6℃/min,升高至455℃,保温2h,再以7℃/min,升高至850℃,保温20h,然后对煅烧后的材料进行快速冷却,快速冷却的方式可以为液氮冷却或冷冻水冷却;
在本烧结过程中120℃保温2h,主要是为了降低第一粉末的含水量,避免后续快速升温过程中高温炉气氛中水分含量过量,发生副反应,导致成品杂相过高;最高烧结温度在850℃可以提高Y与其他元素的相容性,使得成品中Y元素的分布更均匀,提升材料的均一性,保证产品的稳定性。否则,成品中Y元素分布不均一,导致成品中不同点取样测试的电性能不一致,最终产品的一致性较差,此外,烧结温度850℃可以避免成品的一次颗粒过大,导致电性能降低。
在本烧结过程中控制高温炉中水含量低于2%,二氧化碳的浓度低于1%,氧含量在20%-50%。
对第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁的到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,控制粉碎筛分的环境湿度低于10%,所得钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的粒径范围为:2μm<D50<10μm,25μm<D100<35μm,磁性异物的含量低于150ppm,锰溶出低于0.5ppm,游离钠低于100ppm,水分低于1000ppm。
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM如图5所示,钠离子层状金属氧化物表现出典型的层状结构,由小颗粒团聚形成大颗粒,一次粒径在0.2~4.5μm。
将钠离子层状金属氧化物材料作为正极,制备扣电池,在2-4.0V区间内的充放电曲线如图4所示,0.1C的放电比容量为135mAh/g,1C循环100周的容量保持率约为85.2%。未掺杂Y和F之前(NaNi0.5Mn0.4Ti0.1O2),材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为80%,0.1C的放电比容量为135.5mAh/g。掺杂Y和F元素后,相较于未掺杂,0.1C的放电比容量略有降低,但材料的1C循环100周的容量保持率提升约5%。Y掺杂后,层状金属氧化物材料具有很强的Y-O键,形成稳定的结构,并且材料被Y2O3保护层包围。膨胀的 Na层还导致Na离子不仅插入表面,而且插入本体。因此,Y掺杂材料后材料的循环性能提升。此外,氧化钇在850℃下不分解、熔融,相当于引入少量杂相,但本产品中氧化钇的添加量较少,不会电性能产生负面影响。
实施例3
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的化学式为:Na0.9Ni0.48Mn0.39Cu0.02Mg0.01Ti0.1O2
按照材料化学式中金属元素摩尔数计量比,将碳酸钠、氢氧化镍、二氧化锰、氧化钛与醇投入粗磨机中混合均匀,混料时间为2h,工作频率为30Hz,得到第一浆料(固含量为20%,粒径为:D100<10μm);
第一浆料在砂磨机中采用A/B罐循环的方式倒罐研磨混合,研磨时间3h,砂磨机转入1000r/min,得到第二浆料(粒径为:D50<3μm,D100<10μm),
对第二浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末(粒径为:3μm<D50<8μm,D100<35μm,水分低于1%,BET为30m2/g);
将所述第一粉末置于高温炉中煅烧,煅烧温度曲线为:由室温以4℃/Min,升高至120℃,保温3h,再以7℃/min,升高至450℃,保温1h,再以8℃/min,升高至950℃,保温15h,高温炉中的气氛干燥的氧气,然后快速冷却至室温,得到第二粉末,快速冷却的方式可以为液氮冷却或冷冻水冷却;
在本烧结过程中120℃保温3h,主要是为了降低第一粉末的含水量,避免后续快速升温过程中高温炉气氛中水分含量过量,发生副反应,导致成品杂相过高;450℃保温3h,主要是为了促进氧化铜分解熔融,提高铜与其他元素的相容性,使得成品中铜的分布更均匀,提升材料的均一性,保证产品的稳定性。否则,成品中铜元素分布不均一,导致成品中不同点取样测试的电性能不一致,产品的稳定性较低;或者铜元素与其他元素的相容性差,成品中氧化铜杂质较高,导致电性能较差。
在本烧结过程中控制高温炉中水含量低于2%,二氧化碳的浓度低于1%。烧结过程中在线检测高温炉中的水分和二氧化碳含量,并及时调整气体通入量、排除量,控制高温炉中的水分和二氧化碳含量在控制范围内。
对第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁的到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,控制粉碎筛分的环境湿度低于10%,所得钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的粒径范 围为:3μm<D50<10μm,25μm<D100<40μm,磁性异物的含量低于150ppm,锰溶出低于0.5ppm,游离钠低于100ppm,水分低于1000ppm。
钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的SEM如图7所示,钠离子层状金属氧化物表现出典型的层状结构,由小颗粒团聚形成大颗粒,一次粒径在0.5-5um。
将化学式为Na0.9Ni0.48Mn0.39Cu0.02Mg0.01Ti0.1O2的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料作为正极,制备扣电池,在2-4.0V区间内的充放电曲线如图6所示,0.1C的放电比容量为129mAh/g,1C循环100周的容量保持率为92.1%,而未掺杂Cu、Mg之前(也即Na0.9Ni0.5Mn0.4Ti0.1O2),材料1C循环100周的容量保持率约为80%,0.1C的放电比容量为135.5mAh/g。掺杂Cu、Mg元素后,相较于未掺杂,0.1C的放电比容量有所降低,但材料的1C循环100周的容量保持率提升约12%。在掺杂Cu元素的基础上掺杂Mg,相当于用于二价镁离子取代三价锰离子,可以增加层间距,从而促进钠离子的扩散,而且还可以减轻钠离子脱嵌过程中引起的晶格应变,以增强层状结构的稳定性;此外二价镁离子掺杂可以减轻钠离子电池充放电循环过程中所造成的结构形变或体积变化,抑制不可逆相变,对提高材料的可逆比容量产生了重要的影响。此外,Mg在该材料中体现为非电化学活性,不参与氧化还原反应,但本产品中氧化镁的添加量较少,不会电性能产生负面影响。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料,所述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料为O3型锰基层状氧化物材料;所述钠离子层状金属氧化物材料为Na0.95Ni0.45Mn0.3Cu0.05Ti0.2O1.95F0.05,NaNi0.48Mn0.4Y0.02Ti0.1O1.999F0.001和Na0.9Ni0.48Mn0.39Cu0.02Mg0.01Ti0.1O2中的一种或几种;
    所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
    A)将Na源,Ni源、Mn源、Ti源、M源和F源按照式I中的化学计量比与溶剂混合后进行粗磨,得到第一浆料;
    B)将所述第一浆料进行研磨,得到第二浆料;
    C)将所述第二浆料喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末;
    D)将所述粉末按照以下程序进行煅烧,得到第二粉末,
    在含氧气氛下,以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温10~20小时;
    E)将第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁,得到具有式I化学式的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
    A)将Na源,Ni源、Mn源、Ti源、M源和F源按照式I中的化学计量比与溶剂混合后进行粗磨,得到第一浆料;
    B)将所述第一浆料进行研磨,得到第二浆料;
    C)将所述第二浆料喷雾干燥,得到第一粉末;
    D)将所述粉末按照以下程序进行煅烧,得到第二粉末,
    在含氧气氛下,以3~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至110~130℃,保温2~4小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至440~460℃,保温1~3小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温10~20小时;
    E)将第二粉末进行粉碎、筛分和除铁,得到钠离子层状金属氧化物材料。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤A)中粗磨所使用的溶剂为水和/或醇,所述第一浆料的固含量为10~40%,所述第一浆料的粒径为D100<10μm。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述煅烧程序具体为:
    在含氧气氛下,以4~5℃/min的升温速率由室温升温至120~125℃,保温2~3小时,再以5~7℃/min的升温速率升温至450~455℃,保温1~2小时,再以5~8℃/min的升温速率升温至850~950℃,保温13~20小时。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述煅烧过程中,含氧量为20~35%,水分含量低于3%,二氧化碳浓度低于1%。
  6. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在煅烧结束后进行快速冷却,得到第二粉末;
    所述快速冷却为淬火处理。
  7. 一种正极极片,其特征在于,包括权利要求1所述的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料或者权利要求2~6任意一项所述的制备方法制得的钠离子层状金属氧化物材料。
  8. 一种钠离子电池,其特征在于,包括权利要求7所述的正极极片。
PCT/CN2024/123720 2023-12-22 2024-10-09 一种钠离子层状金属氧化物材料、其制备方法、正极材料和钠离子电池 Pending WO2025130266A1 (zh)

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