AR036026A1 - Uso de espectroscopia infrarroja para el control en linea de procesos y para detectar la terminacion de los mismos - Google Patents
Uso de espectroscopia infrarroja para el control en linea de procesos y para detectar la terminacion de los mismosInfo
- Publication number
- AR036026A1 AR036026A1 ARP020101898A ARP020101898A AR036026A1 AR 036026 A1 AR036026 A1 AR 036026A1 AR P020101898 A ARP020101898 A AR P020101898A AR P020101898 A ARP020101898 A AR P020101898A AR 036026 A1 AR036026 A1 AR 036026A1
- Authority
- AR
- Argentina
- Prior art keywords
- phosphonomethyl
- acid
- product
- infrared spectroscopy
- termination
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- MGRVRXRGTBOSHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid Chemical compound NCP(O)(O)=O MGRVRXRGTBOSHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyphosate Chemical compound OC(=O)CNCP(O)(O)=O XDDAORKBJWWYJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- HSMRCPIZVMDSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylaminomethylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CNCP(O)(O)=O HSMRCPIZVMDSHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- -1 phosphonomethyl Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- SGVDYFNFBJGOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[methyl(phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(C)CP(O)(O)=O SGVDYFNFBJGOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
- C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
- C07F9/3808—Acyclic saturated acids which can have further substituents on alkyl
- C07F9/3813—N-Phosphonomethylglycine; Salts or complexes thereof
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3577—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing liquids, e.g. polluted water
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N2021/3595—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using FTIR
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/11—Automated chemical analysis
- Y10T436/117497—Automated chemical analysis with a continuously flowing sample or carrier stream
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/16—Phosphorus containing
- Y10T436/163333—Organic [e.g., chemical warfare agents, insecticides, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/200833—Carbonyl, ether, aldehyde or ketone containing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/200833—Carbonyl, ether, aldehyde or ketone containing
- Y10T436/201666—Carboxylic acid
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/200833—Carbonyl, ether, aldehyde or ketone containing
- Y10T436/202499—Formaldehyde or acetone
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Método analítico para medir la concentración de un sustrato ácido N-(fosfonometil)imindiacético (''NPMIDA''), un producto de N-(fosfonometil)glicina, formaldehido, ácido fórmido, N-metil-N-(fosfonometil)glicina (''NMG''), ácido N-metil-aminometilfosfónico (MAMPA) o ácido aminometilfosfónico (''AMPA'') en una mezcla acuosa de los mismos, usando espectroscopía de infrarrojo. También se refiere a un proceso para oxidar un sustrato ácido N-(fosfonometil)imindiacético para formar un producto N-(fosfonometil)glicina y, como parte del proceso, medir la concentración de por lo menos un reactivo, producto o producto secundario de la reacción de oxidación usando el método analítico mencionado y controlar el proceso de oxidación como respuesta a la medición tomada.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US29265901P | 2001-05-22 | 2001-05-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AR036026A1 true AR036026A1 (es) | 2004-08-04 |
Family
ID=23125624
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ARP020101898A AR036026A1 (es) | 2001-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Uso de espectroscopia infrarroja para el control en linea de procesos y para detectar la terminacion de los mismos |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6818450B2 (es) |
| AR (1) | AR036026A1 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2002095373A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6901334B2 (en) * | 2001-12-17 | 2005-05-31 | Rohm And Haas Company | Methods and systems for high throughput analysis |
| FR2840406B1 (fr) * | 2002-06-03 | 2005-02-25 | Aventis Pharma Sa | Methode de determination de profils de concentration a partir de profils infrarouges et de donnees clhp |
| GB2402471B (en) * | 2003-06-02 | 2006-01-18 | Teraview Ltd | An analysis method and apparatus |
| DE102004040774B3 (de) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-04-27 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Online-Regelung eines Batch-Prozesses in einem Bioreaktor |
| WO2006096617A2 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-14 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Mitigating necrosis in transgenic glyphosate-tolerant cotton plants treated with herbicidal glyphosate formulations |
| AU2006232348B2 (en) | 2005-04-01 | 2010-11-25 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Control of N-(phosphonomethyl) iminodiacetic acid conversion in manufacture of glyphosate |
| US10914698B2 (en) | 2006-11-16 | 2021-02-09 | General Electric Company | Sensing method and system |
| US9052263B2 (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2015-06-09 | General Electric Company | Methods for analyte detection |
| US9538657B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2017-01-03 | General Electric Company | Resonant sensor and an associated sensing method |
| US9589686B2 (en) | 2006-11-16 | 2017-03-07 | General Electric Company | Apparatus for detecting contaminants in a liquid and a system for use thereof |
| US9536122B2 (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2017-01-03 | General Electric Company | Disposable multivariable sensing devices having radio frequency based sensors |
| US9658178B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2017-05-23 | General Electric Company | Sensor systems for measuring an interface level in a multi-phase fluid composition |
| US7680553B2 (en) * | 2007-03-08 | 2010-03-16 | Smp Logic Systems Llc | Methods of interfacing nanomaterials for the monitoring and execution of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes |
| US7750302B2 (en) * | 2008-09-09 | 2010-07-06 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus for detecting naphthenic acids |
| US8542023B2 (en) | 2010-11-09 | 2013-09-24 | General Electric Company | Highly selective chemical and biological sensors |
| US10598650B2 (en) | 2012-08-22 | 2020-03-24 | General Electric Company | System and method for measuring an operative condition of a machine |
| DE112013004129T5 (de) | 2012-08-22 | 2015-05-21 | General Electric Company | Drahtloses System und Verfahren zum Messen einer Betriebsbedingung einer Maschine |
| US10684268B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2020-06-16 | Bl Technologies, Inc. | Sensor systems for measuring an interface level in a multi-phase fluid composition |
| US10393638B2 (en) * | 2014-01-29 | 2019-08-27 | Jp3 Measurement, Llc | System and method for determining vapor pressure of produced hydrocarbon streams via spectroscopy |
| CN104316366A (zh) * | 2014-09-25 | 2015-01-28 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种高温高湿强稳性克劳斯脱硫过控h2s、so2在线测量气体采集装置 |
| CN104458647A (zh) * | 2014-12-10 | 2015-03-25 | 华润三九医药股份有限公司 | 利用近红外光谱在线检测复方醋酸地塞米松乳膏的方法 |
| CN107621507B (zh) * | 2017-08-28 | 2020-01-21 | 湘潭大学 | 一种二乙醇胺脱氢产物中同时定量甘氨酸与亚氨基二乙酸的液相色谱分析方法 |
| CN120943884A (zh) * | 2018-03-27 | 2025-11-14 | 百时美施贵宝公司 | 使用紫外线信号实时监测滴度 |
| WO2019235542A1 (ja) * | 2018-06-07 | 2019-12-12 | 横河電機株式会社 | 光学分析システム及び光学分析方法 |
| JP7087696B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-07 | 2022-06-21 | 横河電機株式会社 | 光学分析システム及び光学分析方法 |
| JP7192473B2 (ja) * | 2018-12-17 | 2022-12-20 | 横河電機株式会社 | 光学分析システム及び光学分析方法 |
| JP7087697B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-07 | 2022-06-21 | 横河電機株式会社 | 光学分析システム及び光学分析方法 |
| WO2021037875A1 (en) * | 2019-08-28 | 2021-03-04 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for assessing specimen fixation duration and quality using vibrational spectroscopy |
| EP4081203A4 (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2024-05-08 | Kemira OYJ | FTNIR SPECTROSCOPY FOR REACTION MONITORING IN ACRYLAMIDE SYNTHESIS |
| US11460400B2 (en) * | 2020-07-07 | 2022-10-04 | Sakura Finetek U.S.A., Inc. | Use of IR spectroscopy to evaluate penetration of reagents into biological specimen |
| CN116157671B (zh) * | 2020-07-31 | 2025-08-19 | 雪佛龙美国公司 | 用于在烃转化过程中在线预测混合聚合物浓度的方法 |
| CN114486805B (zh) * | 2020-10-23 | 2024-01-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种确定过氧化氢生产过程的过程参数的方法 |
| GB202114308D0 (en) * | 2021-10-06 | 2021-11-17 | Nicoventures Trading Ltd | Quantification method |
| CN118359982B (zh) * | 2024-06-14 | 2024-09-03 | 深圳市丽冠卓宏科技有限公司 | 一种可以紫外光固化耐水性玻璃涂料的制备方法 |
| CN118777255B (zh) * | 2024-06-14 | 2025-04-01 | 镇江江南化工有限公司 | 一种基于近红外光谱的草甘膦产品及其副产物检测方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3799758A (en) | 1971-08-09 | 1974-03-26 | Monsanto Co | N-phosphonomethyl-glycine phytotoxicant compositions |
| US3950402A (en) * | 1972-05-31 | 1976-04-13 | Monsanto Company | Process for producing N-phosphonomethyl glycine |
| US3969398A (en) | 1974-05-01 | 1976-07-13 | Monsanto Company | Process for producing N-phosphonomethyl glycine |
| US4454043A (en) * | 1980-11-17 | 1984-06-12 | Monsanto Company | Column switching procedure |
| US4624937A (en) | 1984-05-10 | 1986-11-25 | Monsanto Company | Process for removing surface oxides from activated carbon catalyst |
| US4582650A (en) | 1985-02-11 | 1986-04-15 | Monsanto Company | Oxidation with encapsulated co-catalyst |
| US4696772A (en) | 1985-02-28 | 1987-09-29 | Monsanto Company | Amine oxidation using carbon catalyst having oxides removed from surface |
| ES2021229A6 (es) * | 1990-03-12 | 1991-10-16 | Ercros Sa | Perfeccionamientos introducidos en un procedimiento de obtencion de n-fosfonometilglicina por oxidacion de n-fosfonometiliminodiacetico. |
| US5900634A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1999-05-04 | Soloman; Sabrie | Real-time on-line analysis of organic and non-organic compounds for food, fertilizers, and pharmaceutical products |
| US5606107A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1997-02-25 | Monsanto Company | Formic acid and formaldehyde destruction in waste streams |
| US5889683A (en) | 1996-04-22 | 1999-03-30 | Ismail; Ashraf A. | Method and apparatus for continuous oil monitoring and treatment |
| GB9718139D0 (en) | 1997-08-27 | 1997-10-29 | Zeneca Ltd | Agrochemical Formulation |
| US6096553A (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2000-08-01 | Heald; Randall L. | On-line analysis of acid catalyst in an alkylation process |
| US6049762A (en) | 1997-12-18 | 2000-04-11 | Perkin Elmer Llc | Standardizing a spectrometric instrument |
| US6417133B1 (en) | 1998-02-25 | 2002-07-09 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Deeply reduced oxidation catalyst and its use for catalyzing liquid phase oxidation reactions |
| WO2000001707A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 2000-01-13 | Syngenta Participations Ag. | Preparation of n-phosphonomethylglycine salts |
-
2002
- 2002-05-17 US US10/150,030 patent/US6818450B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-05-17 WO PCT/US2002/015894 patent/WO2002095373A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-05-22 AR ARP020101898A patent/AR036026A1/es active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6818450B2 (en) | 2004-11-16 |
| WO2002095373A1 (en) | 2002-11-28 |
| US20020197725A1 (en) | 2002-12-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| AR036026A1 (es) | Uso de espectroscopia infrarroja para el control en linea de procesos y para detectar la terminacion de los mismos | |
| DE50214069D1 (de) | Verfahren zur Steuerung der Oxidation von Propen mit H2O2 | |
| FI98569B (fi) | Heteropolyhapon vaikealiukoisen suolan käyttö analyytin määritykseen, vastaava määritysmenetelmä sekä tähän sopiva aine | |
| PL1776464T3 (pl) | System badania analitu do określania stężenia analitu w płynie fizjologicznym lub wodnym | |
| EP1243925A3 (en) | Biochemical examination method | |
| DE60042738D1 (de) | Verfahren zum nachweis von analyten mit hilfe von halbleiternanokrystallen | |
| ATE246356T1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum vorhersagen von physiologischen messwerten | |
| Pozebon et al. | Bioimaging of metals in thin mouse brain section by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: novel online quantification strategy using aqueous standards | |
| NO871221D0 (no) | Forsoeksinnretning med kontrollert farge. | |
| DE602004004955D1 (de) | Probenanalysegerät und eine Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Nukleinsäuren | |
| Thongkam et al. | A simple paper-based analytical device using UV resin screen-printing for the determination of ammonium in soil | |
| EP1515144A4 (en) | ASSAY PROCESS MADE WITH A SULFONIC ACID COMPOUND AND NITONE COMPOUND | |
| TW200730567A (en) | Method of monitoring and controlling of mixing processes | |
| AU2001293699A1 (en) | Direct assessment of analyte to reference molecule ratios | |
| Li et al. | Study of the catalytic effect of copper (II)–protein complexes on luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence reaction and its analytical application | |
| DE69208465D1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum spektralphotometrischen dosieren von wässerigen flüssigkeiten | |
| EP3155438B1 (en) | Quantitative peptide or protein assay | |
| CN105784687A (zh) | 一种基于自发光激发的过氧化氢光电化学传感器的制备方法及应用 | |
| ES2084628T3 (es) | Metodo enzimatico para determinar las concentraciones del producto analizado. | |
| AU2003235973A1 (en) | Method of assay by oxidation-reduction reaction with formazan | |
| Mokhtari et al. | Chemiluminescence determination of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine in pharmaceuticals and human serum using tris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) | |
| Zhuoer | Silicon measurement in bone and other tissues by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry | |
| DE3161318D1 (en) | Process and reagent for determining beta-lactamases | |
| JP2005345316A5 (es) | ||
| WO2000063420A3 (en) | Biological fluid assay methods |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FG | Grant, registration |