ATE182632T1 - Phosphatierverfahren ohne nachspülung - Google Patents

Phosphatierverfahren ohne nachspülung

Info

Publication number
ATE182632T1
ATE182632T1 AT95932747T AT95932747T ATE182632T1 AT E182632 T1 ATE182632 T1 AT E182632T1 AT 95932747 T AT95932747 T AT 95932747T AT 95932747 T AT95932747 T AT 95932747T AT E182632 T1 ATE182632 T1 AT E182632T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
pct
date mar
solution
sec
ions
Prior art date
Application number
AT95932747T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Reinhard Seidel
Bernd Mayer
Melanie Joppen
Melita Krause
Joerg Riesop
Original Assignee
Henkel Kgaa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Henkel Kgaa filed Critical Henkel Kgaa
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE182632T1 publication Critical patent/ATE182632T1/de

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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/07Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
    • C23C22/08Orthophosphates
    • C23C22/18Orthophosphates containing manganese cations
    • C23C22/182Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also zinc cations
    • C23C22/184Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also zinc cations containing also nickel cations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/07Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
    • C23C22/08Orthophosphates
    • C23C22/12Orthophosphates containing zinc cations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/07Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
    • C23C22/08Orthophosphates
    • C23C22/12Orthophosphates containing zinc cations
    • C23C22/17Orthophosphates containing zinc cations containing also organic acids
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/07Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
    • C23C22/08Orthophosphates
    • C23C22/18Orthophosphates containing manganese cations
    • C23C22/182Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also zinc cations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/34Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
    • C23C22/36Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
    • C23C22/362Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also zinc cations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/34Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
    • C23C22/36Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
    • C23C22/364Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations
    • C23C22/365Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations containing also zinc and nickel cations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/73Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals characterised by the process
    • C23C22/76Applying the liquid by spraying

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Mattresses And Other Support Structures For Chairs And Beds (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
AT95932747T 1994-09-23 1995-09-14 Phosphatierverfahren ohne nachspülung ATE182632T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4433946A DE4433946A1 (de) 1994-09-23 1994-09-23 Phosphatierverfahren ohne Nachspülung

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE182632T1 true ATE182632T1 (de) 1999-08-15

Family

ID=6528963

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT95932747T ATE182632T1 (de) 1994-09-23 1995-09-14 Phosphatierverfahren ohne nachspülung

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5976272A (de)
EP (1) EP0774016B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH10505881A (de)
KR (1) KR100347405B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE182632T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2200893A1 (de)
DE (2) DE4433946A1 (de)
ES (1) ES2135090T3 (de)
WO (1) WO1996009422A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19639597C2 (de) * 1996-09-26 2000-01-20 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren zur Phosphatierung von laufenden Bändern aus kalt- oder warmgewalztem Stahl in schnellaufenden Bandanlagen
US6179934B1 (en) 1997-01-24 2001-01-30 Henkel Corporation Aqueous phosphating composition and process for metal surfaces
JPH10204649A (ja) * 1997-01-24 1998-08-04 Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd 金属表面のりん酸塩処理水溶液及び処理方法
US5968240A (en) * 1997-08-19 1999-10-19 Sermatech International Inc. Phosphate bonding composition
DE19749508A1 (de) * 1997-11-08 1999-05-12 Henkel Kgaa Korrosionsschutz von verzinkten und legierungsverzinkten Stahlbändern
DE19844391C2 (de) 1998-09-28 2003-01-09 Chemetall Gmbh Verfahren zur Vorbereitung von Werkstücken für die Kaltumformung
US6162508A (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-12-19 Nortel Networks Limited Molybdenum phosphate based corrosion resistant conversion coatings
RU2160324C1 (ru) * 1999-03-11 2000-12-10 Закрытое акционерное общество "Мультисервис" Состав для защиты от коррозии металлических поверхностей из черных металлов
TW500827B (en) * 1999-08-06 2002-09-01 Sms Demag Ag Process and installation for hot galvanizing of hot rolled steel strip
DE10010355A1 (de) * 2000-03-07 2001-09-13 Chemetall Gmbh Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Phosphatüberzuges und Verwendung der derart phosphatierten Metallteile
JP2001295063A (ja) * 2000-04-10 2001-10-26 Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd 非鉄金属材料およびめっき鋼板へのりん酸塩被膜の形成方法
RU2174161C1 (ru) * 2000-10-30 2001-09-27 Танасиенко Сергей Юрьевич Антикоррозионный состав и способ нанесения его на металлическую поверхность
DE10110833B4 (de) * 2001-03-06 2005-03-24 Chemetall Gmbh Verfahren zum Aufbringen eines Phosphatüberzuges und Verwendung der derart phosphatierten Metallteile
DE10110834B4 (de) * 2001-03-06 2005-03-10 Chemetall Gmbh Verfahren zur Beschichtung von metallischen Oberflächen und Verwendung der derart beschichteten Substrate
US20020164425A1 (en) * 2001-04-27 2002-11-07 Rivard Douglas Charles Method for treating iron based parts
RU2221082C2 (ru) * 2001-06-13 2004-01-10 Межрегиональный общественный фонд "Социально-духовное развитие" Способ антикоррозионной обработки металла
US20040187967A1 (en) * 2002-12-24 2004-09-30 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Chemical conversion coating agent and surface-treated metal
DE102005023023B4 (de) * 2005-05-19 2017-02-09 Chemetall Gmbh Verfahren zur Vorbereitung von metallischen Werkstücken zum Kaltumformen, mit dem Verfahren beschichtete Werkstücke und ihre Verwendung
JP5114834B2 (ja) * 2005-09-21 2013-01-09 Jfeスチール株式会社 冷延鋼板およびその製造方法
US20080283152A1 (en) * 2007-05-17 2008-11-20 Jeffrey Allen Greene Rinse conditioner bath for treating a substrate and associated method
WO2009017535A2 (en) * 2007-06-07 2009-02-05 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa High manganese cobalt-modified zinc phosphate conversion coating
KR101016915B1 (ko) * 2007-11-28 2011-02-22 가부시키가이샤 고베 세이코쇼 표면 안정성이 우수한 알루미늄 합금재 및 그 제조 방법
RU2630109C2 (ru) * 2013-03-06 2017-09-05 Квакер Кемикал Корпорейшн Высокотемпературное конверсионное покрытие на подложках из стали и железа
EP3161176B1 (de) * 2014-06-27 2018-12-19 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Trockenschmiermittel für verzinkten stahl
KR101769302B1 (ko) * 2016-06-08 2017-08-18 현대자동차주식회사 망간 함량을 최적화시킨 인산염 피막 조성물 및 아연계 전기도금강판의 인산염 처리 방법
US10465292B2 (en) 2016-10-07 2019-11-05 Goodrich Corporation Anti-corrosion and/or passivation composition for metal-containing substrates and methods for making, enhancing, and applying the same
DE102017207591A1 (de) * 2017-05-05 2018-11-08 Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH Stahlkolben mit einer Phosphat-Schicht
WO2022232815A1 (en) * 2021-04-30 2022-11-03 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Methods of making inorganic coating layers and substrates having same coating layers

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US3819425A (en) * 1972-10-18 1974-06-25 Diamond Shamrock Corp Composite coating adherent under shear condition
JPS50139039A (de) * 1974-04-26 1975-11-06
US3939014A (en) * 1974-11-20 1976-02-17 Amchem Products, Inc. Aqueous zinc phosphating solution and method of rapid coating of steel for deforming
IT1065925B (it) * 1976-09-03 1985-03-04 Pirelli Apparato per riunire tra di loro dei filamenti sottili
JPS5339945A (en) * 1976-09-25 1978-04-12 Nippon Packaging Kk Surface treatment of zinc or zinc alloy
DE2905535A1 (de) * 1979-02-14 1980-09-04 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur oberflaechenbehandlung von metallen
US4316751A (en) * 1980-04-14 1982-02-23 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. Electrical resistance coating for steel
DE3023479A1 (de) * 1980-06-24 1982-01-14 Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Phosphatierverfahren
GB2148950B (en) * 1983-10-26 1987-02-04 Pyrene Chemical Services Ltd Phosphating composition and processes
DE3636390A1 (de) * 1986-10-25 1988-04-28 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zur erzeugung von phosphatueberzuegen auf metallen
DE3800834A1 (de) * 1988-01-14 1989-07-27 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren und mittel zum gleichzeitigen gleitschleifen, reinigen und passivieren metallischer werkstuecke
ES2058464T3 (es) * 1988-02-03 1994-11-01 Metallgesellschaft Ag Procedimiento para la generacion de recubrimiento de fosfato sobre metales.
GB9207725D0 (en) * 1992-04-08 1992-05-27 Brent Chemicals Int Phosphating solution for metal substrates
DE4241134A1 (de) * 1992-12-07 1994-06-09 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren zur Phosphatierung von Metalloberflächen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR100347405B1 (ko) 2002-12-05
KR970706420A (ko) 1997-11-03
JPH10505881A (ja) 1998-06-09
EP0774016A1 (de) 1997-05-21
DE59506484D1 (de) 1999-09-02
WO1996009422A1 (de) 1996-03-28
ES2135090T3 (es) 1999-10-16
DE4433946A1 (de) 1996-03-28
CA2200893A1 (en) 1996-03-28
EP0774016B1 (de) 1999-07-28
US5976272A (en) 1999-11-02

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