ATE325264T1 - Verfahren und system zur motorbremsung in einem verbrennungsmotor - Google Patents

Verfahren und system zur motorbremsung in einem verbrennungsmotor

Info

Publication number
ATE325264T1
ATE325264T1 AT02737034T AT02737034T ATE325264T1 AT E325264 T1 ATE325264 T1 AT E325264T1 AT 02737034 T AT02737034 T AT 02737034T AT 02737034 T AT02737034 T AT 02737034T AT E325264 T1 ATE325264 T1 AT E325264T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
engine
methods
systems
braking
present
Prior art date
Application number
AT02737034T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Zhou Yang
Neil Fuchs
Brian Ruggiero
Original Assignee
Jacobs Vehicle Systems Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/960,386 external-priority patent/US6594996B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/101,629 external-priority patent/US6866017B2/en
Application filed by Jacobs Vehicle Systems Inc filed Critical Jacobs Vehicle Systems Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE325264T1 publication Critical patent/ATE325264T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0002Controlling intake air
    • F02D41/0007Controlling intake air for control of turbo-charged or super-charged engines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L13/00Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
    • F01L13/06Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for braking
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/12Control of the pumps
    • F02B37/24Control of the pumps by using pumps or turbines with adjustable guide vanes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/0257Independent control of two or more intake or exhaust valves respectively, i.e. one of two intake valves remains closed or is opened partially while the other is fully opened
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/0273Multiple actuations of a valve within an engine cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D13/00Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing
    • F02D13/02Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation
    • F02D13/04Controlling the engine output power by varying inlet or exhaust valve operating characteristics, e.g. timing during engine operation using engine as brake
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D23/00Controlling engines characterised by their being supercharged
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1448Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/04Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits concerning exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/06Exhaust brakes
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/01Internal exhaust gas recirculation, i.e. wherein the residual exhaust gases are trapped in the cylinder or pushed back from the intake or the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber without the use of additional passages
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/06Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/09Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine
    • F02M26/10Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine having means to increase the pressure difference between the exhaust and intake system, e.g. venturis, variable geometry turbines, check valves using pressure pulsations or throttles in the air intake or exhaust system
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02Valve drive
    • F01L1/04Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
    • F01L1/08Shape of cams
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L2760/00Control of valve gear to facilitate reversing, starting, braking of four stroke engines
    • F01L2760/003Control of valve gear to facilitate reversing, starting, braking of four stroke engines for switching to compressor action in order to brake
    • F01L2760/004Control of valve gear to facilitate reversing, starting, braking of four stroke engines for switching to compressor action in order to brake whereby braking is exclusively produced by compression in the cylinders
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L2800/00Methods of operation using a variable valve timing mechanism
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0025Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D41/0047Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/02Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits concerning induction conduits
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/05High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/07Mixed pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is either taken out upstream of the turbine and reintroduced upstream of the compressor, or is taken out downstream of the turbine and reintroduced downstream of the compressor
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
AT02737034T 2001-05-22 2002-05-22 Verfahren und system zur motorbremsung in einem verbrennungsmotor ATE325264T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US29231901P 2001-05-22 2001-05-22
US09/960,386 US6594996B2 (en) 2001-05-22 2001-09-24 Method and system for engine braking in an internal combustion engine with exhaust pressure regulation and turbocharger control
US10/101,629 US6866017B2 (en) 2001-05-22 2002-03-21 Method and system for engine braking in an internal combustion engine using a stroke limited high pressure engine brake

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE325264T1 true ATE325264T1 (de) 2006-06-15

Family

ID=27379215

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT02737034T ATE325264T1 (de) 2001-05-22 2002-05-22 Verfahren und system zur motorbremsung in einem verbrennungsmotor

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1389270B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2004527686A (de)
AT (1) ATE325264T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60211144T2 (de)
WO (1) WO2002095203A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8640672B2 (en) 2006-12-20 2014-02-04 Volvo Lastvagnar Ab Engine brake for vehicle
DE102008032774A1 (de) * 2008-07-11 2010-01-14 Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag Motorbremseinrichtung und Verfahren zur Motorbremsung mit einer Ventil-Zusatzsteuereinheit
US9068479B2 (en) 2009-12-16 2015-06-30 Volvo Lastvagnar Ab Veb excenter reset
AT510237B1 (de) 2010-07-26 2015-12-15 MAN Truck & Bus Österreich AG Verfahren zur motorbremsung
DE102014201910A1 (de) * 2014-02-04 2015-08-06 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Aktuator für einen elektrohydraulischen Gaswechselventiltrieb einer Brennkraftmaschine
EP3194734B1 (de) 2014-09-18 2020-08-12 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Kiphebelanordnung für motorbremse
CN105089822A (zh) * 2015-08-10 2015-11-25 莫嘉林 汽车发动机制动缓速系统
US10669901B2 (en) * 2015-10-15 2020-06-02 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Rocker arm assembly for engine brake
CN110998072B (zh) * 2017-08-03 2021-11-09 雅各布斯车辆系统公司 用于增强式内燃机制动中的逆流管理和阀运动排序的系统及方法
US11162438B2 (en) 2020-04-02 2021-11-02 Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. Valve actuation and sequencing for cylinder deactivation and high-power density (HPD) braking
US11162437B2 (en) * 2020-04-03 2021-11-02 Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. Single actuator valve sequencing in cylinder deactivation and high-power density (HPD) braking engine environments
CN112539110B (zh) * 2020-11-25 2023-05-23 潍柴动力股份有限公司 发动机缸内制动控制方法
US11619149B2 (en) 2021-03-25 2023-04-04 Pacbrake Company Compact engine brake with pressure-control reset
SE544927C2 (en) * 2021-05-27 2023-01-10 Scania Cv Ab Method of Controlling Inlet valves and Exhaust Valves of an Internal Combustion Engine, Control Arrangement, Combustion Engine, and Vehicle
NL2028589B1 (en) 2021-06-30 2023-01-09 Daf Trucks Nv A method for controlling a compression release brake mechanism in a combustion engine
CN114962011B (zh) * 2022-06-09 2023-09-12 一汽解放汽车有限公司 排气制动控制方法、装置、设备、介质和程序产品
NL2032348B1 (en) 2022-07-01 2024-01-18 Daf Trucks Nv Method and system of controlling a vehicle on a downslope route
US11608775B1 (en) * 2022-07-26 2023-03-21 Garrett Transportation I Inc. Control method for variable turbine nozzle of turbocharger during engine braking
CN115355093B (zh) * 2022-08-31 2024-02-02 东风商用车有限公司 一种发动机制动控制系统、方法、存储介质及汽车
NL2033855B1 (en) 2022-12-27 2024-07-08 Daf Trucks Nv A method for controlling a compression release brake mechanism in a combustion engine

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4395884A (en) * 1981-02-26 1983-08-02 The Jacobs Manufacturing Company Method and apparatus for improved engine braking and operation
US4793307A (en) * 1987-06-11 1988-12-27 The Jacobs Manufacturing Company Rocker arm decoupler for two-cycle engine retarder
US4932372A (en) * 1988-05-02 1990-06-12 Pacific Diesel Brake Co. Apparatus and method for retarding a turbocharged engine
JPH0771264A (ja) * 1993-03-12 1995-03-14 Mitsubishi Motors Corp 機械式過給機付きエンジン
US5410882A (en) * 1993-08-26 1995-05-02 Jacobs Brake Technology Corporation Compression release engine braking systems
US5813231A (en) * 1994-07-29 1998-09-29 Caterpillar Inc. Engine compression braking apparatus utilizing a variable geometry turbocharger
US6000374A (en) * 1997-12-23 1999-12-14 Diesel Engine Retarders, Inc. Multi-cycle, engine braking with positive power valve actuation control system and process for using the same
DE19808832C2 (de) * 1998-03-03 2000-04-13 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zur Regelung des Ladeluftmassenstroms einer aufgeladenen Brennkraftmaschine
US6223846B1 (en) * 1998-06-15 2001-05-01 Michael M. Schechter Vehicle operating method and system
DE19840639C1 (de) * 1998-09-05 2000-03-09 Daimler Chrysler Ag Brennkraftmaschine mit einer Motorbremseinrichtung
DE19844573A1 (de) * 1998-09-29 2000-03-30 Daimler Chrysler Ag Motorbremsverfahren für eine aufgeladene Brennkraftmaschine
EP1156193A1 (de) * 1999-01-27 2001-11-21 Hino Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Ventilöffnungsvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2002095203A1 (en) 2002-11-28
DE60211144D1 (de) 2006-06-08
EP1389270B1 (de) 2006-05-03
EP1389270A4 (de) 2004-12-01
EP1389270A1 (de) 2004-02-18
JP2004527686A (ja) 2004-09-09
DE60211144T2 (de) 2006-09-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE325264T1 (de) Verfahren und system zur motorbremsung in einem verbrennungsmotor
KR101574668B1 (ko) 동압 판독값에 기초하여 엔진 파라미터를 추정하는 방법 및 시스템
WO2007076038A3 (en) Controlling exhaust gas recirculation in a turbocharged compression-ignition engine system
EP1024262A3 (de) Verfahren zur Schätzung des Luftmassenstroms bei einem turboaufgeladenen Dieselmotor mit Abgasrückführung
DE50010404D1 (de) Verfahren zur regelung des ladedrucks an einer kolbenbrennkraftmaschine mit turbolader
WO2004059131A3 (en) Engine braking methods and apparatus
DE69921023D1 (de) Turboladersteuersystem für aufgeladene Verbrennungsmotoren, die mit einem geregelten Abgasrückführungssystem ausgerüstet sind
SE9401651L (sv) Förbränningsmotor av turbocompoundtyp med avgasbroms
EP0640750A3 (de) Motor-Auspuffbremsvorrichtungen
SE9404258D0 (sv) Arrangemang för återledning av avgaser i överladdade motorer med seriella turbiner
DE60029474D1 (de) Regelung der abgasrückführung und ereignisüberwachung in einer selbstgezündeten brenkraftmaschine
SE9704489L (sv) Arrangemang vid förbränningsmotor
SE9702612D0 (sv) A turbocharger and a method of installation of turbocharger
CA2516394A1 (en) Strategy employing exhaust back-pressure for burning soot trapped by a diesel particulate filter
DE59807544D1 (de) Vorrichtung zur Ladedruckregelung und Abgasrückführungsregelung bei einer Brennkraftmaschine, insbesondere einem Dieselmotor
SE8305180L (sv) Virvelovergangsledning
WO2002055856A3 (en) Method/apparatus for controlling engine exhaust gas recirculation
MXPA05009188A (es) Metodo y aparato para determinar una posicion de operador de valvula.
DE50310803D1 (de) Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Abgasturbolader und einem Abgasrückführsystem
Serrano et al. Analysis of the capabilities of a two-stage turbocharging system to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution directive for heavy duty diesel engines
ATE108245T1 (de) Verfahren zur betätigung einer in der abgasleitung einer luftverdichtenden einspritzbrennkraftmaschine angeordneten drosselklappe.
WO2005001253A3 (en) System and method of gas recirculation in an internal combustion engine
ATE333584T1 (de) Turboaufgeladener dieselmotor mit langwegigem abgasrückführsystem
Kovacs et al. Potentials of miller cycle on HD diesel engines using a 2-stage turbocharging system
SE9901058D0 (sv) Förfarande för laddtryckreglering vid en förbrän ningsmotor

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
RER Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties