ATE395013T1 - Chirurgische prothese zum stützen eines organs - Google Patents
Chirurgische prothese zum stützen eines organsInfo
- Publication number
- ATE395013T1 ATE395013T1 AT03758281T AT03758281T ATE395013T1 AT E395013 T1 ATE395013 T1 AT E395013T1 AT 03758281 T AT03758281 T AT 03758281T AT 03758281 T AT03758281 T AT 03758281T AT E395013 T1 ATE395013 T1 AT E395013T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- sling
- organ
- support
- traction component
- surgical prosthesis
- Prior art date
Links
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 title 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 206010046543 Urinary incontinence Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/0004—Closure means for urethra or rectum, i.e. anti-incontinence devices or support slings against pelvic prolapse
- A61F2/0031—Closure means for urethra or rectum, i.e. anti-incontinence devices or support slings against pelvic prolapse for constricting the lumen; Support slings for the urethra
- A61F2/0036—Closure means for urethra or rectum, i.e. anti-incontinence devices or support slings against pelvic prolapse for constricting the lumen; Support slings for the urethra implantable
- A61F2/0045—Support slings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
- A61B17/0401—Suture anchors, buttons or pledgets, i.e. means for attaching sutures to bone, cartilage or soft tissue; Instruments for applying or removing suture anchors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
- A61B17/06—Needles ; Sutures; Needle-suture combinations; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
- A61B17/06066—Needles, e.g. needle tip configurations
- A61B17/06109—Big needles, either gripped by hand or connectable to a handle
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
- A61B17/3403—Needle locating or guiding means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B2017/00743—Type of operation; Specification of treatment sites
- A61B2017/00805—Treatment of female stress urinary incontinence
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
- A61B17/0401—Suture anchors, buttons or pledgets, i.e. means for attaching sutures to bone, cartilage or soft tissue; Instruments for applying or removing suture anchors
- A61B2017/0409—Instruments for applying suture anchors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
- A61B17/0401—Suture anchors, buttons or pledgets, i.e. means for attaching sutures to bone, cartilage or soft tissue; Instruments for applying or removing suture anchors
- A61B2017/0417—T-fasteners
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0210761A FR2843876B1 (fr) | 2002-08-30 | 2002-08-30 | Dispositif formant prothese chirurgicale, pour l'implantation d'un soutenement d'un organe d'un mammifere |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE395013T1 true ATE395013T1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
Family
ID=31503009
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT03758281T ATE395013T1 (de) | 2002-08-30 | 2003-08-27 | Chirurgische prothese zum stützen eines organs |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7229404B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1531756B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE395013T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003274291A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE60321003D1 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2843876B1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004019813A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (77)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2811218B1 (fr) * | 2000-07-05 | 2003-02-28 | Patrice Suslian | Dispositif implantable destine a corriger l'incontinence urinaire |
| US20060205995A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2006-09-14 | Gyne Ideas Limited | Apparatus and method for treating female urinary incontinence |
| US8167785B2 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2012-05-01 | Coloplast A/S | Urethral support system |
| GB0025068D0 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2000-11-29 | Browning Healthcare Ltd | Apparatus and method for treating female urinary incontinence |
| GB0108088D0 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2001-05-23 | Browning Healthcare Ltd | Surgical implant |
| ES1058519Y (es) * | 2004-10-06 | 2005-04-01 | Maroto Jesus Romero | Malla para el tratamiento quirurgico de la incontinencia urinaria. |
| DE60334919D1 (de) | 2002-08-02 | 2010-12-23 | Bard Inc C R | Selbstverankerndes schlingen- und einführsystem |
| GB0307082D0 (en) | 2003-03-27 | 2003-04-30 | Gyne Ideas Ltd | Drug delivery device and method |
| GB0411360D0 (en) | 2004-05-21 | 2004-06-23 | Mpathy Medical Devices Ltd | Implant |
| WO2007002012A1 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2007-01-04 | Ams Research Corporation | Apparatus for securing a urethral sling to pubic bone |
| US20100094079A1 (en) | 2005-06-21 | 2010-04-15 | Ams Research Corporation | Method and Apparatus for Securing a Urethral Sling to Pubic Bone |
| WO2007008209A1 (en) | 2005-07-13 | 2007-01-18 | Boston Scientific Scimed Inc. | Snap fit sling anchor system and related methods |
| EP1909691B1 (de) * | 2005-07-25 | 2015-09-16 | Boston Scientific Limited | Beckenboden-reparatursystem |
| EP1912590A1 (de) | 2005-07-26 | 2008-04-23 | AMS Research Corporation | Verfahren und systeme zur behandlung von prolaps |
| US7878970B2 (en) | 2005-09-28 | 2011-02-01 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Apparatus and method for suspending a uterus |
| US9144483B2 (en) | 2006-01-13 | 2015-09-29 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Placing fixation devices |
| WO2007097994A2 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-30 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical articles and methods for treating pelvic conditions |
| JP5317954B2 (ja) | 2006-03-16 | 2013-10-16 | ボストン サイエンティフィック リミテッド | 組織壁脱出症を治療するためのシステムおよび方法 |
| WO2007137226A2 (en) | 2006-05-19 | 2007-11-29 | Ams Research Corporation | Method and articles for treatment of stress urinary incontinence |
| US8834350B2 (en) | 2006-06-16 | 2014-09-16 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical implants, tools, and methods for treating pelvic conditions |
| AU2007261254B2 (en) | 2006-06-22 | 2013-12-12 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Adjustable tension incontinence sling assemblies |
| CA2665374C (en) | 2006-10-03 | 2015-06-02 | Boston Scientific Limited | Pelvic floor repair implants and methods |
| CA2666494A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 | 2008-05-15 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical articles and methods for treating pelvic conditions |
| US8951185B2 (en) | 2007-10-26 | 2015-02-10 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical articles and methods for treating pelvic conditions |
| CA2668699C (en) | 2006-11-06 | 2014-01-07 | Caldera Medical, Inc. | Implants and procedures for treatment of pelvic floor disorders |
| JP2010524635A (ja) * | 2007-04-28 | 2010-07-22 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ リーランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティ | 動的および調整可能な支持機器 |
| AU2008287326A1 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-19 | Curant, Inc. | Devices for supporting, elevating, or compressing internal structures |
| EP2194913A1 (de) | 2007-09-21 | 2010-06-16 | AMS Research Corporation | Beckenbodenbehandlungen und relevante werkzeuge und implantate |
| US9078728B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2015-07-14 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Devices and methods for delivering female pelvic floor implants |
| US8430807B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2013-04-30 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Devices and methods for treating pelvic floor dysfunctions |
| US8920306B2 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2014-12-30 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Devices and methods for delivering a pelvic implant |
| US9282958B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2016-03-15 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Devices and method for treating pelvic dysfunctions |
| US8211004B1 (en) | 2008-06-11 | 2012-07-03 | Bandula Wijay | Adjustable device for the treatment of female urinary incontinence |
| US8727963B2 (en) | 2008-07-31 | 2014-05-20 | Ams Research Corporation | Methods and implants for treating urinary incontinence |
| US9017243B2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2015-04-28 | Ams Research Corporation | Minimally invasive implant and method |
| KR101651634B1 (ko) | 2008-08-25 | 2016-08-26 | 에이엠에스 리서치 코포레이션 | 최소 침수성 임플란트 조합 |
| US20100063351A1 (en) * | 2008-09-04 | 2010-03-11 | Coloplast A/S | System for surgical treatment of urinary incontinence and method of use |
| US8944990B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2015-02-03 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical needle and anchor system with retractable features |
| CA2747607C (en) | 2009-01-05 | 2017-05-23 | Caldera Medical, Inc. | Implants and procedures for supporting anatomical structures for treating conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse |
| WO2010093421A2 (en) | 2009-02-10 | 2010-08-19 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical articles and methods for treating urinary incontinence |
| US9125716B2 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2015-09-08 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Delivery sleeve for pelvic floor implants |
| KR100947552B1 (ko) * | 2009-07-02 | 2010-03-12 | 이정윤 | 요실금 치료용 압력 전환 긴장장치 |
| AU2010339416B2 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2013-10-17 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Implantable sling systems and methods |
| AU2010339575B2 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2013-04-18 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Elongate implant system and method for treating pelvic conditions |
| WO2011082287A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2011-07-07 | Ams Research Corporation | Implant systems with tensioning feedback |
| US9393091B2 (en) | 2009-12-31 | 2016-07-19 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Suture-less tissue fixation for implantable device |
| WO2011106419A1 (en) | 2010-02-23 | 2011-09-01 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical articles and methods |
| US9445881B2 (en) | 2010-02-23 | 2016-09-20 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Surgical articles and methods |
| WO2011108911A2 (ko) * | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-09 | Yi Jeong Yoon | 폐쇄공하 긴장전환장치 |
| US10028813B2 (en) | 2010-07-22 | 2018-07-24 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Coated pelvic implant device and method |
| US8911348B2 (en) | 2010-09-02 | 2014-12-16 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Pelvic implants and methods of implanting the same |
| US9468512B2 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2016-10-18 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Implants with absorbable and non-absorbable features for the treatment of female pelvic conditions |
| US9572648B2 (en) | 2010-12-21 | 2017-02-21 | Justin M. Crank | Implantable slings and anchor systems |
| KR101082762B1 (ko) * | 2011-02-18 | 2011-11-10 | 이정삼 | 복강경 수술용 견인기구 시스템 |
| US9125717B2 (en) | 2011-02-23 | 2015-09-08 | Ams Research Corporation | Implant tension adjustment system and method |
| US8808162B2 (en) | 2011-03-28 | 2014-08-19 | Ams Research Corporation | Implants, tools, and methods for treatment of pelvic conditions |
| AU2012238105B2 (en) | 2011-03-28 | 2017-04-06 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Implants, tools, and methods for treatments of pelvic conditions |
| US20120253108A1 (en) | 2011-03-28 | 2012-10-04 | Fischer Brian G | Implants, tools, and methods for treatment of pelvic conditions |
| US9492259B2 (en) | 2011-03-30 | 2016-11-15 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Expandable implant system |
| CA2831434A1 (en) | 2011-03-30 | 2012-10-04 | Ams Research Corporation | Implants, tools, and methods for treatment of pelvic conditions |
| US9636201B2 (en) | 2011-05-12 | 2017-05-02 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Delivery members for delivering an implant into a body of a patient |
| US10058240B2 (en) | 2011-06-29 | 2018-08-28 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Systems, implants, tools, and methods for treatments of pelvic conditions |
| US20130006049A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2013-01-03 | Alexander James A | Implants, tools, and methods for treatments of pelvic conditions |
| US9351723B2 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2016-05-31 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Implants, tools, and methods for treatments of pelvic conditions |
| EP2734148B1 (de) | 2011-07-22 | 2019-06-05 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Beckenimplantatsystem |
| US9414903B2 (en) | 2011-07-22 | 2016-08-16 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Pelvic implant system and method |
| US9492191B2 (en) | 2011-08-04 | 2016-11-15 | Astora Women's Health, Llc | Tools and methods for treatment of pelvic conditions |
| US20130035555A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-07 | Alexander James A | Systems, implants, tools, and methods for treatment of pelvic conditions |
| US10098721B2 (en) | 2011-09-01 | 2018-10-16 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Pelvic implant needle system and method |
| USD736382S1 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2015-08-11 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical indicator with backers |
| USD721175S1 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2015-01-13 | Ams Research Corporation | Backers for surgical indicators |
| USD721807S1 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2015-01-27 | Ams Research Corporation | Surgical indicators |
| US9168120B2 (en) | 2011-09-09 | 2015-10-27 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical device and methods of delivering the medical device |
| US10265152B2 (en) | 2011-10-13 | 2019-04-23 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Pelvic implant sizing systems and methods |
| US9192458B2 (en) | 2012-02-09 | 2015-11-24 | Ams Research Corporation | Implants, tools, and methods for treatments of pelvic conditions |
| US9814555B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2017-11-14 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Medical device for pelvic floor repair and method of delivering the medical device |
| US12245792B2 (en) * | 2020-08-24 | 2025-03-11 | Leonard Cedars | Cervical cerclage with surgical buttons |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8611129D0 (en) | 1986-05-07 | 1986-06-11 | Annis D | Prosthetic materials |
| US5322501A (en) * | 1992-10-02 | 1994-06-21 | Mahmud Durrani Ayaz | Continent urethral stent for treating and preventing urethral stricture after surgery |
| WO1994026215A1 (en) * | 1993-05-17 | 1994-11-24 | Uromed Corporation | Expandable urethral plug |
| CA2124651C (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 2004-09-28 | David T. Green | Apparatus and method for applying and adjusting an anchoring device |
| US5713829A (en) * | 1996-07-08 | 1998-02-03 | Fuji Tsu Limited | Female urinary incontinence device |
| DE69808614T2 (de) | 1997-02-13 | 2003-06-18 | Boston Scientific Ltd., St. Michael | Stabilisationsschlinge zum gebrauch in der minimal-invasiven beckenchirurgie |
| US6599235B2 (en) * | 1997-03-18 | 2003-07-29 | American Medical Systems Inc. | Transvaginal bone anchor implantation device |
| US6908473B2 (en) * | 2000-04-14 | 2005-06-21 | Jeffry B. Skiba | Tissue anchoring devices, biological vessel suspending devices and systems and methods utilizing same |
| GB0025068D0 (en) | 2000-10-12 | 2000-11-29 | Browning Healthcare Ltd | Apparatus and method for treating female urinary incontinence |
| US6595911B2 (en) * | 2001-04-03 | 2003-07-22 | Lovuolo Michael | Method and device for anchor implantation and support of bodily structures |
-
2002
- 2002-08-30 FR FR0210761A patent/FR2843876B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-08-27 AT AT03758281T patent/ATE395013T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-27 EP EP03758281A patent/EP1531756B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-27 DE DE60321003T patent/DE60321003D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-27 AU AU2003274291A patent/AU2003274291A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-27 WO PCT/FR2003/002589 patent/WO2004019813A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-08-27 US US10/524,861 patent/US7229404B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2843876A1 (fr) | 2004-03-05 |
| FR2843876B1 (fr) | 2004-11-26 |
| US7229404B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
| AU2003274291A1 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
| DE60321003D1 (de) | 2008-06-26 |
| US20050261547A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| EP1531756A1 (de) | 2005-05-25 |
| WO2004019813A1 (fr) | 2004-03-11 |
| EP1531756B1 (de) | 2008-05-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| ATE395013T1 (de) | Chirurgische prothese zum stützen eines organs | |
| ATE308937T1 (de) | Ausdehnbare schlinge zur behandlung von harninkontinenz | |
| ATE343352T1 (de) | Chirurgisches instrument | |
| BR0116812A (pt) | Dispositivo cirúrgico para tratamento de um paciente, método de tratamento de incontinência urinária em um paciente, e, método de implantação de uma presilha para tratar incontinência urinária em um paciente | |
| BRPI0416638A (pt) | dispositivos para implantação em uma pelve e para tratamento de prolapso de um órgão pélvico, dispositivo implantável sem sutura para suportar um órgão pélvico, e, método para tratamento de prolapso de um órgão pélvico | |
| GB2382993A (en) | Apparatus and method for treating female urinary incontinence | |
| EP2881082A3 (de) | Systeme und Vorrichtungen zur Behandlung von Erkrankungen des Beckenbodens | |
| WO2007078531A3 (en) | Stress urinary incontinence implant and device for deploying same | |
| BR0314016A (pt) | Dispositivo para incontinência urinária intravaginal e método de alìvio de incontinência urinária feminina | |
| WO2004069335A3 (en) | Magnetic implants to treat body tissue structures | |
| ATE536198T1 (de) | Endourethrale vorrichtung | |
| ZA200703055B (en) | System and method for surgical implant | |
| GB2364647B (en) | Surgical distraction device | |
| DE60318052D1 (de) | Implantierbare prothese | |
| BRPI0712194A2 (pt) | Implantes pélvico e cirúrgico combinação ferramenta cirúrgica útil para implantar um implante pélvico métodos de tratamento de uma condição pélvica, e de prolapso vaginal, e, método para manipular um implante cirúrgico | |
| WO2007087355A3 (en) | Devices and methods for tissue transplant and regeneration | |
| EP1935373A3 (de) | Mit einem elektromagnetischen Marker versehene Protheseneinsatzvorrichtung | |
| ATE424769T1 (de) | Operationsinstrument zur behandlung der weiblichen harninkontinenz | |
| EP1608299A4 (de) | Implantatablage-technologien | |
| ATE348579T1 (de) | Harninkontinenzbehandlungsvorrichtung | |
| ATE320775T1 (de) | System zum einbringen eines harnröhrenstents | |
| CN201048974Y (zh) | 胫骨交锁髓内钉手术牵引复位架 | |
| ATE336963T1 (de) | Hybrid-stentvorrichtung | |
| MX2007013397A (es) | Cabestrillo implantable para el tratamiento de la incontinencia y metodo de uso del mismo. | |
| ATE434417T1 (de) | Chirurgische prothese zum stützen eines organs |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |