ATE481130T1 - Automatische erregungsbestätigung und restladungsableitung - Google Patents

Automatische erregungsbestätigung und restladungsableitung

Info

Publication number
ATE481130T1
ATE481130T1 AT00989365T AT00989365T ATE481130T1 AT E481130 T1 ATE481130 T1 AT E481130T1 AT 00989365 T AT00989365 T AT 00989365T AT 00989365 T AT00989365 T AT 00989365T AT E481130 T1 ATE481130 T1 AT E481130T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
heart
patient
capture verification
evoked response
confirmation
Prior art date
Application number
AT00989365T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Mark Gryzwa
Qingsheng Zhu
Original Assignee
Cardiac Pacemakers Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cardiac Pacemakers Inc filed Critical Cardiac Pacemakers Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE481130T1 publication Critical patent/ATE481130T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61NELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/37Monitoring; Protecting
    • A61N1/371Capture, i.e. successful stimulation
    • A61N1/3712Auto-capture, i.e. automatic adjustment of the stimulation threshold
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S128/00Surgery
    • Y10S128/901Suppression of noise in electric signal

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
AT00989365T 1999-12-22 2000-12-20 Automatische erregungsbestätigung und restladungsableitung ATE481130T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/470,269 US6473649B1 (en) 1999-12-22 1999-12-22 Rate management during automatic capture verification
PCT/US2000/034796 WO2001045792A1 (en) 1999-12-22 2000-12-20 Automatic capture verification and afterpotential reduction

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE481130T1 true ATE481130T1 (de) 2010-10-15

Family

ID=23866921

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT00989365T ATE481130T1 (de) 1999-12-22 2000-12-20 Automatische erregungsbestätigung und restladungsableitung

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6473649B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1239919B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE481130T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2587501A (de)
DE (1) DE60044978D1 (de)
WO (1) WO2001045792A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (61)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7158831B2 (en) * 2002-09-13 2007-01-02 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for cardiac pacing with variable safety margin
US7082335B2 (en) * 2002-09-30 2006-07-25 Medtronic, Inc. Multipolar pacing method and apparatus
US7031764B2 (en) * 2002-11-08 2006-04-18 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Cardiac rhythm management systems and methods using multiple morphology templates for discriminating between rhythms
US7349738B1 (en) * 2003-02-19 2008-03-25 Pacesetter, Inc. Detecting atrial evoked response
EP1515441B1 (de) * 2003-09-05 2010-01-20 Biotronik GmbH & Co. KG Spannungsfester MOS-Schalter
US7813799B2 (en) 2003-12-08 2010-10-12 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Adaptive safety pacing
US7181284B2 (en) * 2004-03-17 2007-02-20 Medtronic, Inc. Apparatus and methods of energy efficient, atrial-based Bi-ventricular fusion-pacing
US7627366B1 (en) 2004-05-17 2009-12-01 Pacesetter, Inc. Analysis of polarization information
US7212849B2 (en) * 2004-10-28 2007-05-01 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Methods and apparatuses for arrhythmia detection and classification using wireless ECG
DE102004059973A1 (de) * 2004-12-13 2006-06-22 Imi Intelligent Medical Implants Ag Vorrichtung zur Steuerung der elektrischen Ladung an Stimulationselektroden
US7908006B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2011-03-15 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Cardiac pacing response classification using an adaptable classification interval
US7587240B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2009-09-08 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Atrial capture verification
US7734347B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2010-06-08 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Cardiac pacing response classification based on waveform feature variability
US7330761B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2008-02-12 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Baseline adaptation for cardiac pacing response classification
EP2404639B1 (de) * 2004-12-15 2013-05-29 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Verifizierung der Erfassung eines Herzsignals und retrograde Behandlung
US7930029B2 (en) * 2004-12-15 2011-04-19 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Template initialization for evoked response detection
US8229561B2 (en) 2004-12-15 2012-07-24 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Atrial retrograde management
US7457666B2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2008-11-25 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Retrograde atrial sensing for identifying sub-threshold atrial pacing
US7657314B2 (en) 2005-06-28 2010-02-02 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Methods and systems for selecting capture verification modes
WO2007133130A1 (en) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 St. Jude Medical Ab An implantable heart stimulating device and method
US8290590B2 (en) * 2006-11-17 2012-10-16 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Dynamic morphology based atrial automatic threshold
US7801610B2 (en) * 2006-11-17 2010-09-21 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Methods and systems for management of atrial retrograde conduction and pacemaker mediated tachyarrhythmia
US8406879B2 (en) 2006-12-20 2013-03-26 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Rate adaptive cardiac pacing systems and methods
US8340768B2 (en) * 2007-12-12 2012-12-25 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Sensing threshold control to limit amplitude tracking
US8452405B2 (en) * 2009-05-05 2013-05-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Methods and systems for mitigating the occurrence of arrhythmia during atrial pacing
US8700153B2 (en) 2009-12-08 2014-04-15 St. Jude Medical Ab Cardiac stimulating device
US8521276B2 (en) * 2010-01-12 2013-08-27 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Use of significant point methodology to prevent inappropriate therapy
US8565879B2 (en) 2010-03-30 2013-10-22 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Method and apparatus for pacing safety margin
US8725261B2 (en) 2010-12-23 2014-05-13 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Rate initialization and overdrive pacing for capture threshold testing
US8744556B2 (en) 2011-02-04 2014-06-03 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Noise detection in implantable medical devices
DK3357533T3 (da) 2011-05-13 2021-11-15 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Apparat til kontrol af en neural stimulus
US9872990B2 (en) 2011-05-13 2018-01-23 Saluda Medical Pty Limited Method and apparatus for application of a neural stimulus
US9386934B2 (en) * 2011-05-13 2016-07-12 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd. Method and apparatus for measurement of neural response
WO2012155190A1 (en) 2011-05-13 2012-11-22 National Ict Australia Ltd Method and apparatus for measurement of neural response
US9974455B2 (en) 2011-05-13 2018-05-22 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd. Method and apparatus for estimating neural recruitment
EP3434324B1 (de) 2011-05-13 2022-11-02 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Vorrichtung zum anlegen eines neuronalen stimulus
WO2012155185A1 (en) 2011-05-13 2012-11-22 National Ict Australia Ltd Method and apparatus for measurement of neural response
US9008772B2 (en) 2011-11-29 2015-04-14 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Hybrid autothreshold
US9295850B2 (en) * 2012-04-24 2016-03-29 Medtronic, Inc. Charge-balancing during electrical stimulation
WO2014071446A1 (en) 2012-11-06 2014-05-15 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Method and system for controlling electrical conditions of tissue ii
DK2908904T3 (da) 2012-11-06 2020-12-14 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd System til styring af vævs elektriske tilstand
US11103172B2 (en) * 2013-10-28 2021-08-31 Medtronic, Inc. Devices and methods for sensing physiological signals during stimulation therapy
ES3033225T3 (en) 2013-11-15 2025-07-31 Closed Loop Medical Pty Ltd Monitoring brain neural potentials
CA2929874C (en) 2013-11-22 2023-06-13 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Method and device for detecting a neural response in a neural measurement
US9339656B2 (en) * 2014-02-28 2016-05-17 Medtronic, Inc. Methods and systems for identifying reasons for ineffective left ventricular capture in cardiac resynchronization therapy based on EGM morphology
EP3122247B1 (de) 2014-03-28 2025-05-07 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Beurteilung des neutralen zustands aus aktionspotential
WO2015168735A1 (en) * 2014-05-05 2015-11-12 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Improved neural measurement
EP3838331B1 (de) 2014-07-25 2024-05-22 Saluda Medical Pty Limited Neurostimulationsdosierung
US11006846B2 (en) 2014-11-17 2021-05-18 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Method and device for detecting a neural response in neural measurements
WO2016090420A1 (en) 2014-12-11 2016-06-16 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Implantable electrode positioning
AU2015362091B2 (en) 2014-12-11 2020-11-26 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Method and device for feedback control of neural stimulation
WO2016115596A1 (en) 2015-01-19 2016-07-28 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Method and device for neural implant communication
EP3280487B1 (de) 2015-04-09 2021-09-15 Saluda Medical Pty Limited Kalkulation des abstands zwischen elektrode und nerv
JP7071257B2 (ja) 2015-05-31 2022-05-18 クローズド・ループ・メディカル・ピーティーワイ・リミテッド 脳神経刺激装置電極の取付け
CN107613860B (zh) 2015-05-31 2022-01-11 闭环医疗私人有限公司 脑神经活动监测
AU2016269843B2 (en) 2015-06-01 2021-03-04 Closed Loop Medical Pty Ltd Motor fibre neuromodulation
AU2017246242B2 (en) 2016-04-05 2022-06-23 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Improved feedback control of neuromodulation
JP6791659B2 (ja) 2016-06-16 2020-11-25 日本光電工業株式会社 生体電位測定装置
WO2017219096A1 (en) 2016-06-24 2017-12-28 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Neural stimulation for reduced artefact
CN111417434B (zh) * 2017-11-29 2024-09-17 美敦力公司 用于减少来自组织传导通信发射的伪影的设备和方法
ES2993811T3 (en) 2018-04-27 2025-01-09 Saluda Medical Pty Ltd Neurostimulation of mixed nerves

Family Cites Families (59)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE791120A (de) 1971-11-11 1973-03-01 Medtronic Inc
US3920024A (en) 1973-04-16 1975-11-18 Vitatron Medical Bv Threshold tracking system and method for stimulating a physiological system
US4253466A (en) 1978-11-06 1981-03-03 Medtronic, Inc. Temporary and permanent programmable digital cardiac pacemaker
US4401120A (en) 1978-11-06 1983-08-30 Medtronic, Inc. Digital cardiac pacemaker with program acceptance indicator
US4273133A (en) 1978-11-06 1981-06-16 Medtronic, Inc. Programmable digital cardiac pacemaker with means to override effects of reed switch closure
US4233985A (en) 1978-11-06 1980-11-18 Medtronic Inc. Multi-mode programmable digital cardiac pacemaker
US4273132A (en) 1978-11-06 1981-06-16 Medtronic, Inc. Digital cardiac pacemaker with threshold margin check
US4373531A (en) 1979-04-16 1983-02-15 Vitafin N.V. Apparatus for physiological stimulation and detection of evoked response
US4337776A (en) 1980-08-29 1982-07-06 Telectronics Pty. Ltd. Impedance measuring pacer
US4399818A (en) 1981-04-06 1983-08-23 Telectronics Pty. Ltd. Direct-coupled output stage for rapid-signal biological stimulator
FR2533432A1 (fr) 1982-09-23 1984-03-30 Europ Propulsion Procede et dispositif de detection de la reponse du coeur a une impulsion electrique de stimulation
US4686988A (en) 1984-10-19 1987-08-18 Sholder Jason A Pacemaker system and method for measuring and monitoring cardiac activity and for determining and maintaining capture
US4674508A (en) 1985-05-28 1987-06-23 Cordis Corporation Low-power consumption cardiac pacer based on automatic verification of evoked contractions
US4895152A (en) 1985-12-11 1990-01-23 Telectronics N.V. System for cardiac pacing
EP0236562B2 (de) 1985-12-11 2006-06-07 Telectronics N.V. Apparat zur Herzstimulation mit Erfassung von hervorgerufenen Herzpotentialen
US4762136A (en) 1987-02-19 1988-08-09 Intermedics, Inc. Low polarization pacing electrodes for capture verification
US4821724A (en) 1986-08-01 1989-04-18 Telectronics N.V. Pacing pulse compensation
US4779617A (en) 1986-10-06 1988-10-25 Telectronics N.V. Pacemaker noise rejection system
US5161529A (en) 1988-12-02 1992-11-10 Intermedics, Inc. Cardiac pacemaker with capture verification
US5097832A (en) 1990-03-09 1992-03-24 Siemens-Pacesetter, Inc. System and method for preventing false pacemaker pvc response
US5103820A (en) 1990-08-14 1992-04-14 Medtronic, Inc. VDD pacemaker with selectable post-ventricular atrial refractory periods
US5222493A (en) 1990-10-01 1993-06-29 Siemens Pacesetter, Inc. Verification of capture using an indifferent electrode mounted on the pacemaker connector top
EP0578748B1 (de) 1991-04-05 1996-05-01 Medtronic, Inc. Erfassungssystem mit subkutanen mehrfachelektroden
US5374282A (en) 1991-10-31 1994-12-20 Medtronic, Inc. Automatic sensitivity adjust for cardiac pacemakers
US5243979A (en) 1991-11-15 1993-09-14 Medtronic, Inc. Method and apparatus for implementing activity sensing in a pulse generator
US5271395A (en) 1992-04-17 1993-12-21 Medtronic, Inc. Method and apparatus for rate-responsive cardiac pacing
US5231986A (en) 1992-04-27 1993-08-03 Medtronic, Inc. Method and system for optimizing activity threshold in activity based rate adaptive pacemakers
US5312453A (en) 1992-05-11 1994-05-17 Medtronic, Inc. Rate responsive cardiac pacemaker and method for work-modulating pacing rate deceleration
US5324310A (en) 1992-07-01 1994-06-28 Medtronic, Inc. Cardiac pacemaker with auto-capture function
US5312446A (en) 1992-08-26 1994-05-17 Medtronic, Inc. Compressed storage of data in cardiac pacemakers
US5320643A (en) 1992-10-06 1994-06-14 Medtronic, Inc. Automatic cardiac capture restoration and threshold-seeking method and apparatus
US5342406A (en) 1992-10-07 1994-08-30 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensor based capture detection for a pacer
US5336244A (en) 1992-10-07 1994-08-09 Medtronic, Inc. Temperature sensor based capture detection for a pacer
US5350410A (en) 1992-11-23 1994-09-27 Siemens Pacesetter, Inc. Autocapture system for implantable pulse generator
US5312454A (en) 1992-12-14 1994-05-17 Medtronic, Inc. Apparatus and method of automatically adjusting a sensor signal comparator threshold for an oxygen sensing pacemaker
US5441524A (en) 1993-08-30 1995-08-15 Medtronic, Inc. Energy efficient multiple sensor cardiac pacemaker
US5365932A (en) 1993-09-02 1994-11-22 Telectronics Pacing System, Inc. Cardiac signal sensing device having sensitivity automatically controlled in response to metabolic demand
FR2712500B1 (fr) 1993-11-17 1996-02-09 Ela Medical Sa Procédé de commande automatique du seuil de détection du rythme cardiaque dans un appareil implantable.
US5431693A (en) 1993-12-10 1995-07-11 Intermedics, Inc. Method of verifying capture of the heart by a pacemaker
US5391192A (en) 1994-03-04 1995-02-21 Telectronics Pacing Systems, Inc. Automatic ventricular pacing pulse threshold determination utilizing an external programmer and a surface electrocardiogram
DE4427845A1 (de) * 1994-07-30 1996-02-01 Biotronik Mess & Therapieg Verfahren zur Aufnahme von für Herzaktionen charakteristischen Signalen und Vorrichtung zu dessen Durchführung
US5601615A (en) 1994-08-16 1997-02-11 Medtronic, Inc. Atrial and ventricular capture detection and threshold-seeking pacemaker
US5486201A (en) 1994-09-12 1996-01-23 Pacesetter, Inc. Active discharge of a coupling capacitor in an implantable medical device
US5540729A (en) 1994-12-19 1996-07-30 Medtronic, Inc. Movement powered medical pulse generator having a full-wave rectifier with dynamic bias
US5674258A (en) 1995-03-08 1997-10-07 Medtronic, Inc. Packaged integrated accelerometer
US5683431A (en) 1996-03-27 1997-11-04 Medtronic, Inc. Verification of capture by sensing evoked response across cardioversion electrodes
US6067472A (en) * 1997-03-12 2000-05-23 Medtronic, Inc. Pacemaker system and method with improved evoked response and repolarization signal detection
US5755738A (en) 1997-04-22 1998-05-26 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Automatic sensing level adjustment for implantable cardiac rhythm management devices
US5873898A (en) * 1997-04-29 1999-02-23 Medtronic, Inc. Microprocessor capture detection circuit and method
US5855594A (en) 1997-08-08 1999-01-05 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Self-calibration system for capture verification in pacing devices
US5891171A (en) * 1997-10-22 1999-04-06 Pacesetter Incorporated Apparatus with noise classification in an implantable cardiac device by using an amplifier with a variable threshold
US5843136A (en) * 1997-11-24 1998-12-01 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing output circuitry for automatic capture threshold detection in cardiac pacing systems
US6044296A (en) * 1997-11-24 2000-03-28 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Pacing output coupling capacitor for automatic capture threshold detection in cardiac pacing systems
US6192273B1 (en) * 1997-12-02 2001-02-20 The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Non-programmable automated heart rhythm classifier
US6169921B1 (en) * 1998-12-08 2001-01-02 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Autocapture determination for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator
US6249701B1 (en) * 1999-02-12 2001-06-19 Medtronic, Inc. Implantable device with automatic sensing adjustment
US6192275B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2001-02-20 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Adaptive evoked response sensing for automatic capture verification
US6427085B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2002-07-30 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Cardiac sense amplifier for capture verification
US6226551B1 (en) * 1999-05-11 2001-05-01 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Wide-band evoked response sensing for capture verification

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60044978D1 (de) 2010-10-28
EP1239919B1 (de) 2010-09-15
AU2587501A (en) 2001-07-03
EP1239919A1 (de) 2002-09-18
WO2001045792A1 (en) 2001-06-28
US6473649B1 (en) 2002-10-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE481130T1 (de) Automatische erregungsbestätigung und restladungsableitung
ATE315422T1 (de) Anpassbare evozierte herzreaktionsmessvorrichtung für automatische erregungsbestätigung
JP4165684B2 (ja) 心臓律動管理装置のための自動しきい値感度調整
EP0857493B1 (de) Herzschrittmacher mit variabler Stimulationsenergie
JP2808363B2 (ja) ペースメーカー用電子的捕捉探知
EP0089014B1 (de) Physiologischer implantierbarer Herzschrittmacher dessen Stimulationsfrequenz durch die Atemfrequenz des Patienten geregelt wird
US6044294A (en) Methods and apparatus for measuring impedance in the body
EP0998328B1 (de) Mikroprozessorschaltkreis zur stimulationsschwellwertkontrolle
SE9703600D0 (sv) Heart stimulator
SE9700396D0 (sv) Heart stimulating device
WO2006036667A1 (en) Implantable medical lead
AU622078B2 (en) Automatically adjustable energy controlled rate-responsive pacemaker
ES482260A1 (es) Perfeccionamientos en los marcapasos cardiacos fisiologica- mente adaptables.
SE9903205D0 (sv) Hjärtstimulator
SE9802151D0 (sv) Heart stimulator
FR2806808B1 (fr) Circuit de detection de la presence d'un aimant permanent au voisinage d'un dispositif medical actif, notamment d'un stimulateur cardiaque, defibrillateur, cardioverteur et/ou dispositif multisite
SE9802152D0 (sv) Heart stimulator
SE9802150D0 (sv) Heart stimulator
US6850800B1 (en) Evoked response detector, averaging the value of the amplitude of the picked-up electrode signal
EP1087819B1 (de) Detektor für evozierte reaktion durch mittelwertbildung des amplitudenwertes des aufgenommenen signals
US6944500B1 (en) Method and circuit for monitoring an oscillator in a medical implant
US4337779A (en) Physiological event detector
ATE248623T1 (de) Aktive implantierbare medizinische vorrichtung, insbesondere herzstimulator, defibrillator und/oder kardiovertierer mit mitteln zur detektion des zusammenfalls des reizungpulsklopfens
FR2845293B1 (fr) Dispositif medical implantable actif, notamment stimulateur cardiaque, defibrillateur, cardioverteur et/ou dispositif multisite, a discrimination des extrasystoles ventriculaires deleteres ou non
EP1180054A1 (de) Implantierbarer herzschrittmacher

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
RER Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties