BE558200A - - Google Patents

Description

       

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     This invention, due to Dr. Simon L. RUSKIN, relates to non-metallic and activated metallic oxides and their method of use. It has been found that non-metallic and metallic oxides which have been irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million R can be alloyed with other metals, and non-metallic bodies, or metallic or non-metallic oxides, and with the same metal and non-metallic body, thereby imparting unique properties of hardness, heat resistance, tensile strength, and creep reduction.



   Another object of the invention is the production of new :) chemical compounds by irradiating non-metallic and metallic oxides by means of which severe reaction conditions of heat and pressure can be avoided, and

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 reactions can be performed cold, which otherwise could not be performed as well.



   In order to carry out the invention, the oxide is imparted by irradiation with 100 million to 400 million Rs, the instability of the O2- ions at the extreme outer surface resulting in a non-stoichiometric composition which is favorable to electronic conductivity.



   It has been found that the mode of formation of the metal oxide plays a considerable role in its use in an alloy. Thus, in powder metallurgy, mixing a metal oxide with metal powder may give little or no benefit or may in fact not lead to the formation of powder metallurgy compositions.



  The metal oxide can then be considered to be in static equilibrium. However, it has been found essential that a dynamic equilibrium be maintained on the surface of the oxide whereby electronic conductivity is maintained. Such dynamic equilibrium involves the asymmetric breakdown of the oxygen-metal bond. , whereby one fragment acquires an excess of oxygen as well as an overall negative charge, while the second fragment acquires an overall positive charge. These charged fragments take part in the formation of the outer layer of the surface. As a result, neutral molecules in the atmosphere are attracted, and a dipole moment is produced on them.

   On the other hand, an electron of certain metal ions is easily fixed, and the metal, such as CO2 + for example, becomes CO3 +. Thus a higher outer orbital valence is created, and a greater bond strength is established.



   So also in this dynamic equilibrium, the removal of a proton leaves the oxide fragment with an excess negative charge. The free electron is responsible for the electrostatic charge of the oxide, and its loss leaves the oxygen ion with only 7 outside electrons. This gives a transfer

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 of an electron that changes the CO2 + ion to a CO3 + ion and restores the outer octet layer of the oxygen ion. The net result is the oxidation of the adsorbed ions of the transition elements. So changing from a cobaltous ion to a coblatic ion helps stabilize the O 2- ions in the metal oxide.



   Thus it is possible, by fragmentation of the metallic or non-metallic oxide and irradiation preferably with 100 million R to 400 million R to ensure intrinsic oxidation and to establish a dynamic equilibrium between the two oxide fragments. During this dynamic equilibrium it is possible to modify the lattice structure of the metal, producing a face-centered, cubic structure, and simultaneously allowing voids to appear, leaving gaps and a intersticiality particularly of carbon atoms, which fill the network in clouds, or which fill with atoms of small dimension of metallic elements such as titanium.

   The same is true for the heterogeneous equilibrium and the alloying of metal oxides with the same metals, or. heterogeneous in character, or non-metallic oxides with non-metals or non-metallic oxides with metals and vice versa. In this way, the formation of carbides, horides, nitrides and silicides of metals can be promoted.

   Likewise, the compounds of metals such as iron or steel, the various compounds of transition metals of steel and the elements attached thereto such as titanium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, hafnium, cerium, manganese, lanthanum, beryllium, nickel, cobalt, uranium, thorium, copper and aluminum, can easily be formed by the dynamic equ iliber produced by the use of metal oxides placed in dynamic equilibrium by pushing fragmentation and irradiation by 100 million R to 400 million R.



   In order to establish dynamic equilibrium, we activate

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 changes in atomic orbits leading to higher valence energies. This is done by irradiating metal oxides and increasing entropy. We use from R 100 million to R 400 million.



   The dynamic equilibrium thus created allows the use of the oxide in quantities taking place from 0.5% to 10% of the metal in which it is mixed or of the metal powder with which it is mixed in the metallurgy processes of powders. the dynamic equilibrium of the activated metal oxide mixed with the powder of the same metal can be used, or heterogeneous mixtures of metal and metal oxide can be employed. Instead of powder metallurgy, the dynamic equilibrium metal oxide can be used in the molten state in a molten bath of the same metal or of another metal. Thus one can add copper oxide in dynamic equilibrium in molten aluminum, or aluminum oxide in aluminum.

   It has been found that by this process the surface tension of the melt is increased while the viscosity is lowered. This makes it possible to cast objects of complicated shapes much more efficiently than by the usual methods. In the case of silicates in the formation of glass, the establishment of dynamic equilibrium in the charge is produced by irradiation of the material, usually a mixture of lime, sodium carbonate, sand, dolomite, and cullet , to other similar compositions used as components of the formula used for the preparation of glass, with R100 million to R400 million.

   The composition thus irradiated is then ground into small fragments to bring about the establishment of the dynamic equilibrium, and added in variable amounts of the order of 0.1% to 10% to the molten bath of an ordinary composition, of same formula, or different composition. One can also use a load made entirely of material irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million R. We found that by this

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 The remarkable surface tension increasing properties of the molten bath, combined with lowering viscosity, were produced in glass and metals.



   The great advantage of this determined property is that it makes it possible to mold objects of complicated shapes directly from the molten bath, in which the lowering of the viscosity gives precise filling, and the high surface tension maintains. the desired shape. Thus, subsequent remodeling or machining operations are greatly reduced. This is particularly valid for glass and aluminum, magnesium and transition metals. This is a property which has long been sought after, but not yet achieved.

   Thus, by using irradiations of 100 million R to 400 million R, one achieves a transition state which is unique for the reactivity of the solid state. This property which has been found represents a domain of orbital rearrangements. , which is greater than the order of thermal influences, such as they appear in the molten bath. While the effect of low doses of irradiation wears off rapidly after thermal heating of the molten bath, it has been found that an entirely different set of conditions predominate in the solid state after irradiation of 100 million. from R to 400 million R.

   It is in this irradiation range that a transition state of the reactivity of the solid state is reached, in which other values appear for the surface tension, the viscosity or the creep state. . It appears that the increase in disorganizations of lattice relaxations and vacancies reaches a point at which the usual association of physical-solid-state properties is so altered that a new set of physical relationships predominates that the solid state reactivity is designated as the transition state.

   Likewise also, small amounts of materials in this transient reactive state can affect such

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 hydrogen bonding of a large amount of material in a molten bath, that we observe a drastic alteration of the physical properties of a mass 100 to 1,000 times the mass of the material added in the transition state.

   While we have described the effect of addition of fragments of oxides in the state of dynamic equilibrium such as crushed glass or a crushed metal oxide whose inaction on the properties of large masses has been shown of the molten bath of glass or metal, it has been found that irradiation with 100 million R to 400 million R of the ground glass or the metal oxide, either before grinding or after grinding, whereby l The transition state of the reactivity from the solid state is produced, greatly increasing the utility of the addition. Likewise, the addition of metal oxides or organic compounds containing oxygen umenés by irradiation of 100 million to 400 million R in the state of transition of reactivity of the solid state,

  activates catalytic reactions in organic chemistry reactions and in petroleum cracking, reforming, hydroforming, aromatic forming, changes in viscosity and changes in surface tension. Likewise in the formation of alloys of hitherto difficult to alloy materials, the use of this transition state of reactivity from the solid state produced by irradiation with the aid of 100 million R to 400 million R, has improved not only the formation of the alloy but also the new properties of surface tension and viscosity of the alloys usually used, such as copper and aluminum, or oxide of copper and aluminum, or oxide of aluminum and aluminum, as well as powder agglomerated aluminum.



   In establishing the dynamic equilibrium in metal oxides, in addition to the irradiation per 100 million R to 400 million R, heating to a temperature somewhat below the melting point can be employed.

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  This additional heating can be used before, during, or after irradiation using 100 to 400 million Rs. In some cases, lower doses such as 25 million Rs can be employed, but preferably R100 million to R400 million are used to ensure the dynamic equilibrium of metal oxides and non-metallic oxides.



   Of particular value is the establishment of the dynamic equilibrium of metal oxides in the case of iron. By addition of low grade ore crushed into fine fragments and irradiated using 100 million to 400 million R, a dynamic equilibrium state is established, whereby the low grade ores can be used in the bath. smelting in amounts on the order of 0.1% to 10% or more to produce various compositions, of steel, without using scrap iron in the molten pool. To further increase the activity of low grade ores, irradiation with 100 million R 'to 400 million R can be carried out in the presence of water or vapor.

   If desired, additions of other ores containing metal oxides such as those of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, cerium, lanthanum, nickel, cobalt, tantalum, copper, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, can be used. or mixtures of crude ores such as manganese and iron, ores such as Sudbury, Falconbridge, South African vanadium-molybdenum, and similar ores crushed to the flotation dimension and irradiated in the presence of water or steam with 100 million R to 400 million R.



   The conversion of a neutral oxide such as occurs in ores to a dynamic equilibrium oxide is an important factor in the process of the invention. The free neutral oxide is harmful, and actually reduces hardness and smoothness. tensile strength of metal. To remove the free neutral oxide, it is desirable to grind the oxide to a fine powder, for example to the size necessary for flotation, and to remove the oxide to a fine powder.

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 dier per 100 million R to 400 million R, preferably in the presence of water or steam with or without pressure depending on the conversion rate. Alternatively, a hydrogen stream can be used to further activate the dynamic equilibrium.

   A combination of steam and hydrogen can also be used, simultaneously with the irradiation. In the preparation of steel, the dynamically activated low-grade iron ores can be used to replace the scrap iron in the bath. fusion.



   The current of hydrogen does not affect intrinsic oxidation, but reduces the amount of neutral dioxide present. In fact it improves the dynamic equilibrium of the metal oxide produced @ irradiation using 100 million R to 400 million @ R. Among the metals capable of giving the dynamic equilibrium are the transition metals, particularly of the three heaths series of the periodic table, and more particularly freely iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, aluminum. uanganese, titanium and beryllium, and combinations of the above metals.

   Although the other metal oxides are also capable of establishing dynamic equilibrium, the metals mentioned above are among the most useful. Thus, silica and boron oxide are only usable when they are converted from neutral to dynamic equilibrium by irradiation by 100 million R to 400 million R.



   Yet another aspect of the invention is the use of organometallic compounds, particularly metalloalkyl compounds or alkoxy-metal compounds, to further catalyze the induction of dynamic equilibrium. Thus relatively small amounts of metallo compounds -alkyls or alkoxy-metal compounds of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th series of the periodic system combine with metals as well as with silicates and borates to form coordination compounds sensitive to oxide potentials- reduction

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 and activating a state of dynamic equilibrium in metal oxides.

   In many cases, metal alkyl halides can be used to activate dynamic equilibrium in the formation of metal alloys, glass, ceramics and concrete.



  When these metalloalkyl catalysts are used in conjunction with irradiation with 100 to 400 million R, or less, the formation of a free radical is caused, and the valence orbits are greatly influenced. . Changes in the surface tension and viscosity of the molten pools can thus be produced, so that the unusual combination of high surface tension and low viscosity can be produced in the molten pools.



   Although the state of dynamic equilibrium can be increased when a silicon-aluminum oxide, such as a silicon-aluminum oxide gel, is heated to 750 C. allowed to cool rapidly, and then ground in a granular state irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million R,. and used as a catalyst for polymerizations, depolymerizations, cracking, reforming, ring formation, and reforming of hydrocarbons, the addition thereof of very small amounts of organometallic compounds such as chloride of the titanium ethnic group or its derivatives or the like, can further increase the dynamic equilibrium state.

   In the case of silicon oxide combined with an organometallic compound, particularly the metal-alkyl halide or the metal-alkoxy halide, or the metal-phenyl or metal-phenoxy halide , a valuable component can be formed to cause dynamic equilibrium in metals and glass:
In the preparation of glass, the induction of a state of dynamic equilibrium in the glass components can be produced by irradiating the components of the charge with 100 million R to 400 million R, before the formation of the flux, which directly influences the surface tension of the molten pool as well as the viscosity, leading to a

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 higher surface tension, and lower viscosity.



  This allows greater accuracy for filling complicated shaped molds. Similarly, this property of increased surface tension and lowered viscosity can be achieved when only certain individual elements of the composition are irradiated to prepare a glass flux. Thus, one can irradiate only the cullet of the composition and provide the above effects. Relatively small percentages of the dynamic equilibrium materials irradiated per 100 million R to may also be employed. 400 million R, percentages of the order of 0.1% to the%. of the flow comprising the composition not irradiated.



  Gn can produce a similar effect by adding to a normal glass flux composition 0.5% to 10% of a frit made of crushed glass, which has been irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million B, or sometimes one may employ lower irradiation rates.



   'According to a variant of the invention, in addition to the irradiation with 100 million R to 400 million R of these various elements of the composition, small amounts of metallo-alkyl compounds, metallo-alkyl halides or alkoxy, organometallic compositions, by which coordination compounds are produced. These compounds have a caged structure which gases enter rapidly.

   This facilitates the backfilling of the silicate networks, which gives the glass hardness, tensile strength, and a high degree of flexibility. : In fact, when an alkyl metal-silicon halide or alkoxy-silicon compounds are employed, the resulting melt gives a composition resistant to moisture absorption and improved heat resistance. Instead of metalloalkyl halide, akloxy-metallic compounds, metallo-aryl derivatives or metallo-aryl halides can be used, added:

  ! to the composition of the glass before or during the melting Although the organometallic compounds added to the melt of

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 glass -can be skillfully employed without irradiation, it is preferred to irradiate a frit made of glass containing the compound.
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 posed organo-metallic and 1 v aj or -jer in amounts s âe 0.1% to 10 d in molten glass, or the organometallic compound can be added to the various components of the composition, and the whole is irradiated. with R100 million to R400 million, and add
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 011 bzz at 10% of this mixture at a normal load of molten glass. A technique and a process similar to the preparation of ceramics, concrete,

   and metal alloys
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 16, oc-nts of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th series of the period system. ". E are particularly useful as compounds @ inometallica of 1 alkyl-mei: .au :: c and of aryl-metals. @ high aryls and alkyls of lead are particularly useful @ the preparation of glass, ceramics, and concrete.



  Thorium and uranium can also be used. Furnace provides the resistance of glass to radiation, the use of lead alkyl ethers or aryl lead ethers.
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 lead added to molten glass gives particularly dense compositions. Uranium alkyl or thorium alkyl compounds can also be used.



   Although the elements of the first four series of the periodic system readily form metal alkyl and aryl metal complexes, other metal alkyl compounds and
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 metalo-aryls can also be used.



  The introduction of metals in the form of metal compounds
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 ial1o-alkyls or metallo-aryls in the glass, leads to the presence of completely saturated metal coordination compounds, of high stability, thus creating a greater uniformity between the surface ions and the.:! completely saturated interior ions. This produces a neutral or inert surface layer with decreased hygroscopicity. Irradiation of the
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 composition containing the organo-nietallicuep compound before effecting the fusion, tends to create a free radical capable of giving

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 to determine a degree of polymerization of the silicates giving the advantage of reduced wettability.

   Although it is possible, in accordance with the invention, to use the metallo-alkyl and metallo-aryl compounds in the preparation of glass, ceramics, concrete, and metal alloys without subsidiary irradiation, it is preferred to use the combined action of the organometallic compound. and irradiation using R100 million to R400 million, or less.



   Yet another object of the invention is the formation of metal hydroxides and metal hydrates, more particularly the catalytically active metal halide monohydrates by irradiation in the presence of water, metal oxides or halogenometallic compounds. using 100 initiions of R to 400 million R.

   Thus, by irradiation of molybdenum oxide in the presence of water with 100 million R to @@ O. million R, molybdenum hydroxide in the gaseous phase forms the elm and can be caused to deposit in near monolecular or thicker layers, before reforming to hydrate form, or the hydrate itself can be used for its catalytic properties. Similarly, the metal halide such as SnCl4 can be irradiated with 100 million k or less in the presence of water to force the catalytically active SnCl4 monohydrate.

   The compound is particularly active for the polymerization of isobutene in ethyl chloride even at room temperature without the excess SnCl4 usually required. Thus, by irradiation using 100 million h at 400 million R of various metal oxides such as MoO2, NiO2, TiO2, A12O3, BeO, GeO2, and others, metal hydroxides in the gaseous state can be produced either for its catalytic properties or for their metallic properties.

   As a variant of the invention, the molecularly formed hydrates can be directly neutralized and precipitated by irradiation by 100 million .; of H or less, carried out in the presence of various acids

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 such as silicic acid, hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid.



  By using this process in this embodiment of the invention, the relative instability of the monohydrate compounds is avoided and the uncertain results obtained for the polymerization of styrene and alphamethylstyrene are avoided. 'performed at room temperature.



   Yet another object of the invention is the use of the formation of gaseous metal hydroxides to effect the separation of metals from their ores. Thus, the separation of molybdenum from vanadium can be carried out. In some ores such as those from South Africa, which have a high vanadium content, vanadium is combined with about 5% molybdenum, which is difficult to separate by vanadium refining processes. When these ores are ground into particles of suitable dimensions for flotation. and irradiated in the presence of water or steam with 100 million R to 400 million R, molybdenum readily forms gaseous hydroxide, and under suction can be removed from vanadium, thus leading to relatively pure molybdenum,

  and molybdenum-free vanadium. The entire reaction can be accelerated by heat and pressure, eg, by means of a stream of steam. So too, manganese can be separated from iron in ores, titanium from iron, and other metallic combinations occurring in natural ores. In many cases, high temperatures and pressures can be used to supplement the effect of irradiation by 100 million R to 400 million R, in water, in dilute acids, alkalis, or organic suppension such as glyoerol, or hydrocarbons.



   Yet another function of irradiation with 100 million R is the production of two valence states in the same metal. It has been found that when two valence states are thus produced in the same metal, a great intensity of coloring is produced. Thus, we can bring about changes

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 elements of color in the rates and also impart intense colors to glass, concrete, cement, alloys, and various metals by mixing with metals in this combined valence state.



   Yet another aspect of the invention is the possibility of alloying non-metallic materials at the rates. Thus, by irradiating a mixture of SiO2 with electrolytic iron powder, and compressing these two materials under. 100 tons of pressure, and by sintering a close relationship is established between the silica and the iron molecule, hence. in practice it probably results in a coating of the iron with silica, thus giving a piece of metallic iron having higher heat resistance, better moisture resistance, and better electrical capacitance. Thus, various non-metallic oxides can be used together with a metallic powder to obtain improved properties.

   Aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, nickel, cobalt, silver, uranium, bismuth, or combinations of metals used in powder metallurgy. According to a variant, an object of the invention is to provide improvements in the production of glass, by virtue of the structure and the. glass composition are controlled by gamma radiation, produced by commonly used gamma radiation sources such as cobalt-60, a high voltage device, or. a flow of neutrons under high pressure.



   It is known that glass has a very high breaking strength which, in the dry state, reaches for certain fibers 1000 kg / mm2. However, when exposed to moisture, this strength rapidly decreases and brittleness increases, thus leading to easy breakage, as is usual shown for glass. This is true for fiberglass as well as for sheet glass. This fragility of the verse

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 is associated with the burst of. glass subjected to mechanical forces. An object of the invention is to increase the flexibility of the 'glass' so that the brittleness decreases, and that the tendency to break is reduced.

   To this end, there are molecular conditions of mieroplaticity such that resistance to microflow replaces resistance to rupture.



  Microplasticity and resistance result from the induction of a smaller atomic volume by gamma irradiation, in doses of 100 million R to 400 million R, thus leading to a molecular structure. and atomic more compact. High gamma radiations favor the preponderance of the nucleus, resulting in a smaller atomic volume, while the higher the ionic charge, the more compact the agglomeration in the lattice.



  Thus, the irradiation of the components of the glass, as well as the irradiation of metals for powder metallurgy before melting or sintering, leads to hardness, microplasticity and tensile strength. increased.



   For this purpose, the components of the charge to be melted into a glass are subjected to irradiation by 100 million R to 400 million R, whereby the structure of the network of component materials undergoes deformations, an increased vacuum formation , increased entropy, and electro- effects. magnetic which make the network structure particularly sensitive to high pressures. 08 is thus that in the preparation of molten glass, if high pressures of the order of 50 to 5,000 atmospheres are applied simultaneously to the components irradiated previously, when the irradiation is 100 million to 400 million of R, the resulting glass has lattice structures, highly condensed;

  , forming. - heavy glass, by irra- diation by 100 million to 400 million R, followed by the application of high pressure during melting, it is possible

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 to obtain heavy glass at lower pressures than is otherwise possible.



   Another advantage of combining the R100 million to R400 million irradiation of glass components with pressure is the higher percentage of metals that can be incorporated into the glass. Thus also the resistance of heavy glass to alteration is improved by irradiation. Heavy glass prepared from components irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million R, containing 90% lead oxide, and subjected during fusion At a pressure of 5,000 atmospheres, gives a glass of high resistance to radiation penetration When pressures of 5,000 atmospheres and higher are used, the structure of the network begins to achieve a radiation resistance approaching that of diamond .



   This combination of irradiation by 100 million R to 400 million R and a pressure of 5,000 atmospheres at the melting point of 1,000 C likewise tends to easily form various mineral materials depending on the nature of the components.



  Thus, from SiO2 it can form oristobalite and quartz. Likewise, pyrope can be formed from the following equation:
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 2 M'gO + MgO, 6 Ii.2 + 2 Al (OH) 3 4. 3 $ i02 --T Mg31A.la sio4j3 - ,. <z 3 43
Thus garnet can be formed at lower pressure than the 50,000 atmospheres usually required. Although common minerals can be produced in this way, the heavy quartz and heavy glass obtained by the process are of particular value. The simultaneous use of irradiation of 100 million to 400 million R or more, and pressure of 50 to 5,000 atmospheres or more, increases molecular cohesion at
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 a rate hitherto .nobtens3, ble.



   The addition of heavy glass crushed into a frit, and added in proportions of 1 to 10% to a glass composition,

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 before melting, increases the hardness and the tensile strength in a proportion much greater than that of the rate of addition of heavy glass. Similarly, the addition of heavy quartz increases hardness and tensile strength.



   The tensile strength of glass is much lower than the molecular cohesion which would be calculated from the strength of chemical bonds. Ordinary glass has a tensile strength of 30 to 1000 kg / om2 whereas the resistance values of the chemical bond would correspond to values of cohesion resistance of the order of 1,000,000 Kg / om2. this disproportion between tensile strength and molecular cohesion, which is responsible for the appearance of significant internal stresses when the glass is cooled from the molten state,

   and the hydration of the network structure by humidity
The purpose of the present invention is to establish conditions under which the difference between the mole cohesion. softness and the tensile strength is reduced, thereby lowering the internal tension of the glass, and establishing conditions by which a state of microplasticity is produced with decreased brittleness, and increased resistance to creep
In the glass there are zones of network structure, ideal, and zones of inclusions, disturbances of the network. The production of the rupture phenomenon usually takes place at the location of such faults of the network,

     and no breakage process appears in undisturbed network locations. Ainli, an inequality in / structure of the network leads to conditions favoring the breakage. On the other hand, substances such as diamond, formed from an ideal oristalline lattice structure, have very strong dimensional chemical bonds, and so large that they make

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 fracture resistant material.

   The behavior of these undisturbed lattice areas can then be referred to as mioroplasticity as opposed to the dislocation plasticity of inhomogeneous macrocrystals .Du. Since creep processes take place in areas of ideal lattice, the mechanical forces must produce a very significant weakening and ultimately surpass the chemical bond between the patterns of the Ceei lattice would require, in the absence of input of heat, a mechanical work of the order of the heat of fusion.

   This enormous quantity exceeds in most cases the heat capacity of the quantity of matter considered in such a large way, that the microplasticity is not affected by the thermal vibrations of the network. Thus, overcoming the totality of the forces of the network. network, would require a force of the order of 100,000 kg / cm2, or one gram per square micron.



   The aim of the present invention is thus to provide the glass with a uniform ideal lattice structure, whereby the chemical bonding of the lattice structure is uniform and leaves a degree of microplasticity in contrast to the dislocation plasticity of inhomogeneous macro-coils. .



   To produce the uniformity of the network structure, the metal oxides included in the composition are irradiated with 100 million to 400 million R, before carrying out the melting in the furnace. The subsequent treatment of the molten bath is carried out as usual, which depends on the nature of the mixture used,
The nature of metal oxides, especially when they are in the form of silicates, is such that electron voids form a large part of the defects of the lattice.



  It has been found that gamma radiation of the order of 100 million to 400 million R tends to suppress lattice defects in metal oxides. We found more, when the

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 glass manufactured according to the usual method is exposed to gamma radiations of the order of 100 million to 400 million R, which takes place a deep rearrangement of the structure of the lattice with orientation towards the formation of the crystal) as well as color formation. Crystals appear as small imperfections in the glass.

   This reorientation of the lattice structure can also be put to good use by remelting the glass through which the crystals enter the structure of the lattice. glass by tending to form the ideal network structure associated with microplasticity. According to the invention, it is thus possible according to the invention to irradiate with 100 million to 400 million R, at one time, the metal oxides forming the composition to be melted into glass, or on the other hand the ground glass frit can be irradiated with 100 million to 400 million R.



   Yet another object of the invention is to create suitable molecular conditions for the inclusion in the structure of the glass network of substantially large quantities of heavy metals, particularly those of group III, IV, V and VI. Usually the gaps in the silicate network structure are occupied by ioh. sodium which is a relatively simple ion and of low atomic mass, By irradiation by 100 million to 400 million R, one adorns a tendency of more complete filling of the gaps of the network by the elements of groups III, IV, V and VI.

   This is particularly the case for titanium and zirconium. Thus, the structure of the silicate network can be more easily occupied by the elements of groups III, IV, V and VI after irradiation with 100 million to 400 million R , that when there has been no irradiation This can be described as a homogenization by volume diffusion of metals of groups III, IV, V or VI, in the silioate network structure.



   The improved microplasticity of glass, produced by

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 metal oxides irradiated with 100 militons at 400 million R, give a rate of elasticity to the fiber drawn glass, which improves its tensile strength, especially when woven into fabric, thread or cord.



   Yet another object of the invention is to improve the reactions to coloring, and the ability of the glass to be colored.



  Thus, silicates treated with 100 million to 400 million R react with metal ions, particularly cobalt, chromium, iron, copper, and vanadium, in a more intensive way than unirradiated silicates. again
Another object / of the invention is to produce a glass having a non-reflecting surface. The increased hardness of the glass, and the microplasticity produced by irradiation by 100 million to 400 million R, decrease the refractive index. At the same time, the improved hardness of the glass,

   increases the inalterability of the surface as well as the resistance to pH values exceeding 7
Yet another object of the invention is to use the hardness and the inalterability of glass produced with metal oxide components, irradiated at 100 million to 400 million R, as a more desirable base for the coating with sili- cones Certain organic ohlorosilanes, for example dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) 2 SiC12 'react very easily with the moisture layer adsorbed on the surface of the glass, giving off gaseous hydrochloric acid, and thus leaving on the surface of the glass a layer of methylsiloxane groups.

   This film produces a marked reduction in the electrical conductivity of the surface of the glass, particularly in atmospheres with high humidity. It has been found that the adhesion of the silicone film is more durable and effective when it is applied to a glass whose components have been irradiated.

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 per R100 million to R400 million.



   It has also been found that the efficiency of irradiation is greatly different when the components of the. glass are irradiated before forming the weld pool, or when irradiated after the glass is solidified. When solidified glass is irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R, a brown color and small spots are formed. When examined with a microspope, these spots appear to be crystals The effect of irradiation by 100 million at 400 million R is to produce the formation of solid crystals and thus devitrify the glass. As a result of the formation of crystals, defects occur, which lead to easy breakage of the glass which, under slight pressure, s' crumbles in the hand.

   It has been found when these fragments are remelted and annealed that the resulting glass is resistant to further irradiation and is to some degree more impermeable to irradiation. Thus, when a radiation resistant glass composition is found to be resistant to further irradiation. high lead content or the like is desired, the components can be irradiated at R100 million to R400 million before melting and annealing, or a high content glass composition can be taken. lead or other, which is exposed to 100 million R to 400 million R, and that is crushed, sintered, and remelted in a mold, this operation being followed by annealing,

   Glass produced by this process will be more resistant to radiation and is suitable for the manufacture of windows for equipment used in the production of nuclear energy. One possible explanation for this unique phenomenon is that glass usually contains about 1,000 cracks per square meter of surface. These cracks are dimensionally submincroscopic and not visible to the naked eye. Gamma radiation penetrates these areas very easily. By irradiating the components of the glass by 100 million to 400 million R, or by using a frit

 <Desc / Clms Page number 22>

 which has been irradiated, not only the mioroplasticity is obtained, but also an orientation of the cracks which increases the resistance to radiation.



   Yet another object of the invention is to increase the heat resistance of the glass. Thus, glass fibers having the average percentage composition of: SiO2 69.1, Fe203 0.07 A1203 3.9, CaO 5.6, MgO 1.3 Na2O 19.4, when heated for 15 minutes at the temperature of 520 C, which is the annealing temperature of the glass, shows a very marked reduction in strength, caused by the heat treatment. Similarly, heating for 30 minutes at a temperature of 400 ° C causes a marked reduction in resistance. This is due to the increase in the importance of creep. ..

   The same composition irradiated with 100 million to 400 million R before melting or irradiated after melting and crushed into a frit, and remelted and resurfaced, acquires a mioroplasticity which resists the increase in creep, when it is heated to a temperature of 1. order of the annealing temperature, and increases its resistance to thermal shock,
Thus, to produce a glass of high resistance to both radiation and heat, a composition is chosen which will give the highest refractive index.



  Thus a result can be obtained by using a 2+ 3+ composition of Pb., Bi3 + and Ti, in various proportions such as Pb: 5 Bi: 3, Ti: 1 or., Pb: 5, Bi: 1, Ti: 0.5. These three elements especially after irradiation with 100 million to 400 million R can be introduced into a glass in very high molecular proportions. In general, atoms which after irradiation with 100 million to 400 million R have outer layers of (18 + 2) electrons, become highly usable to be mixed in a glass.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 23>

 titanium, zirconium and hafnium become particularly useful after irradiation, and mix more easily in high molecular proportions in glass.

   The easy deformability and exceptionally high refractivity of ions having outer layers of (18 + 2) electrons are important factors with regard to the microplasticity as well as the hardness of the glass.
100 million to 400 million R increases the normal deformability of ions. This easy deformability tends to the formation of covalent bonds directed for oxygen in the viscous liquid, such formation of bonds being one of the conditions for the formation of glass.

   By irradiation by 100 million to 400 million R, this easy deformability is increased, and explains why larger quantities of lead, bismuth, thallium, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, can be combined with glass, for compared to what could have been obtained otherwise. Since the cooling due to the oxygen bound in the structure of the glasses depends on the way in which it is bound, it appears that the irradiation. per 100 million to 400 million R will materially influence the refractive index when the viscous melt is formed.



   Yet another object of the invention is the improvement of glasses formed by various binary systems such as PbO-SiO2 ′ PbO-B2O3 ′ PbO-P2O5 ′ CdO-B2O3 ′ and ZnO-B2O3, In all these typical systems, glasses are possible, only in restricted areas of compositions. Thus, lead glasses can contain very high percentages of lead oxide such as 91.8%, and lead borate, with up to 94% lead, while in cadmium and carbon glasses. zinc, compositions giving glasses are restricted

 <Desc / Clms Page number 24>

 with molecular percentages of the order of 44-57 and 50-61 of cadmium oxide, or of zinc oxide respectively
By irradiating these binary systems with 100 million to 400 million R, it is possible to vary the admissible compositions,

   particularly with cadmium and zino, so as to achieve a higher cadmium or zinc content. Simultaneously, the refractivity of the glasses can be varied.



   Yet another object of the invention is to control the color stability in glass and to prevent fluorescence. fluorescence from glass has an adverse effect on many food materials stored in glass containers, leading to changes in composition, flavor and stability. It has been found that the fluorescent ion can be inhibited by an ion having a field strong electronics. On irradiation with 100 million R at 400 million R, ions with a strong electron field develop, which inhibit fluorescence. Usually, the replacement of silica by oxides of calcium and sodium increases the electrostatic field in the structure of the glass, these fields disturbing the fluorescent group.

   However, high amounts of sodium and calcium also affect the stability, flavor, and composition of food in glass containers.By irradiation at 100 million R to 400 million R, fluorescence can be inhibited, even for a glass with a high silica content. Thus the color can be maintained, and the fluorescence inhibited. Thus the green corridor in the glass can be favored by the presence of B2O3, TiO2 'and A12O3' irradiated by 100 million R, and the fluorescence maintained at a minimum level.



   . So also the coloring due to. cobalt, chromium, copper, and manganese in glasses depend on the oxidation state and the coordination of oxygen, as well as the type of

 <Desc / Clms Page number 25>

 bond between the dye ion and the surrounding ions. By irradiation at 100 million to 400 million R, the center of fluorescence as well as the staining can be simultaneously counteracted. Thus, it is known that Fe3 + has four coordination bonds with oxygen, as well as in FePO4 as in the ferrite K2Fe2O4, yet the ferric phosphate is colorless and the ferrite is green.

   By irradiation at 100 million to 400 million R, the coordination with oxygen can be controlled. In the case of metals of the rare earth group, the colors depend on the transition electrons in an inner electron shell and the color is independent of the surrounding color ions. By irradiation at 100 million to 400 million R, the color effects of the rare earth group are obtained with definite qualities, not yet attained.



   Yet another object of the invention is the introduction of metals in the metallic state rather than in the form of oxides, into the glass. By irradiating these powdered metals with 100 million R to 400 million R, one obtains an easy deformability of the outer electronic layer which favors a coordination with oxygen in various states of valence according to the temperature and the composition. . So, copper, nickel, oobalt, cadmium, zinc, aluminum, boron, gold, silver and rare earth group metals, can be directly combined in glass, and more particularly titanium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, tungsten, thallium, tellurium, and beryllium.

   Upon irradiation at R100 million to R400 million, metals readily undergo sintering at temperatures below their melting point and are readily wetted by other lower melting point metals. Although it has been found that this is particularly carried out in powder metallurgy,

 <Desc / Clms Page number 26>

 it has been found that a similar reactivity is produced in glass. So just like copper and nickel will more easily wet titanium, molybdenum or tungsten, when all the metals have been irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million R, before being subjected to compression and sintering,

   a similar way of behaving occurs for glass when it is melted and ground before being annealed In the microstructure of metals and glass, the ability of metals to wet each other after irradiation by 100 million to 400 million R makes possible, between the metallic molecules, the formation of bonds which resist breaking and lead to a degree of microplasticity, giving improved properties of hardness, tensile strength, wettability and good resistance to chemical agents.



   Thus, in the case of titanium and zirconium glasses, aluminum, titanium, and zirconium take part in the formation of the silicate networks in the glass, while, at the same time, because of the deformability of the outer electronic layer produced by irradiation with 100 million R to 400 million R, the Si-0 structure is more easily stretched to accommodate the cations of aluminum, titanium and zirconium in the voids in the structure of the lattice. Thus a greater quantity of thallium, beryllium, titanium, zirconium and aluminum or ger- manium can be incorporated into the structure of the glass Thus in the case of ziroonium glass with a composition of SiO2 72.1%, Na2O 16,

  89%, A12O3 0.85%, Tio2 0.21%, zrO2 10.33% either thallium, beryllium, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, or germanium, can be incorporated in larger percentages.



  This inhomogeneous distribution of metallic elements in the various elements of the glass structure prevents a regular atomic arrangement which would lead to devitrification, On the other hand, when the finished glass is exposed to irradiation of

 <Desc / Clms Page number 27>

 100 million R to 400 million R, there is a tendency for regular atomic arrangement, and formation of crystals with the resulting devitrification When such a methodical atomic arrangement, and such devitrification occurs,
 EMI27.1
 the vexer can. still be rendered non-homogeneous by xea.s.o.

   and annealing! as described above,
Yet another object of the invention is to improve the working possibilities of special T'erres whose work is difficult, in particular glasses in which P2O5
 EMI27.2
 is the oxide 7î ',: cifîant Thus, although the iron oxide introduced 5ns the phosphate glasses gives a good absorption of:;:' 1 = a.-red without visible coloration ;. and that it is possible to manufacture '.2' (cs alkali-free phosphate glasses having a high electrical activity, or glass-resistant phosphate ...



  ,. aw, a, u by hydrofluoric acid, all these glasses. :: - Ôcia1: are however difficult to work However, 'i.,':;!. d the components are irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million of A, less heat is required for the job when preparing special equipment from it (these glasses Even borosilioate glasses are made easier to work with.
 EMI27.3
 



  Still another object of the invention is to improve the fussibility of quartz or silica sand with minimum amounts of sodium oxide, whereby a glass can be produced having better electrolytic properties and resistance to pH. By irradiation with 100 million R to 400 million R, the fusion of silica sand, quartz, B2O3 'and alumina is more easily obtained. Thus, a composition
 EMI27.4
 of 96% silica, 3.58% B20 ;, 0.4% d2a: Lumine, and 0.02% sodium oxide, easily melts into a glass when irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million R avent fusion.



   Yet another object of the invention is the preparation

 <Desc / Clms Page number 28>

   of a glass usable in the manufacture of transitore. To get great effects from a germanium filament, it is essential that the filament is small. Thus a very small fragment of germanium is glued to a backing glass plate and is then ground to the desired thickness. . After this, the unwanted parts are removed by sandblasting while the desired parts are protected by wire mesh, adhesive tape, or metal plates. After the sandblasting, the germanium surface is etched. It is thus essential that the glass used as a support is hard, chemically resistant, and has sufficient microplasticity to withstand the various operations of the process.

   By irradiating the components of the glass with 100 million R at 400 million R before melting and re-heating, a glass having sufficient microplassticity to become particularly useful as a carrier for transistor filaments is obtained. Although this is particularly valid for trans- sitors, this is also applicable to glass used in general electrical equipment, such as gas atmosphere lamps, lighting lamps, emissive tubes and the like.

   Also, the glass of improved electrical resistivity as described above can be employed. On the other hand, an impure semiconductor glass can be made by incorporating with the silica atoms such as boron or arsenic, only boron or arsenic having been irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million R, either before forming the molten bath, and re-heating, or by composing a frit from a glass with a high boron content or arsenic which is irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R, remelted- and annealed.



   Similarly, pure metals such as silio crystals can be agglomerated with boron or arsenic irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R, to produce impure semiconductors. Thus also, the photoonduotivity

 <Desc / Clms Page number 29>

 can be produced in glass and metal o
Another object of the invention is to improve the impact strength of glass fibers by combining glass compositions, each of which gives a different modulus of elasticity, whereby the various elasticities improve the strength. impact. Thus, a glass composition which would give a low modulus of elasticity, when added to a glass composition which would give a high modulus of elasticity,

   actually increases resistance to ches.



   It has been found that a composition of glass irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R, when added to a composition. si: glass lion of non-irradiated material, improves the resistance gu impacting in a way as a buffering agent to widen the elasticity range.

   Similar to the binary system of irradiated and non-irradiated glass compositions, a ternary system containing this glass composition irradiated by 100 million R, an unirradiated glass composition and an organic material having a modulus of different elasticity either of the irradiated glass composition or of the non-irradiated glass composition, chosen from the group of organic substances having the property of polymerizing, more particularly alpha-olefins, ethylene, propylene, butylene , and the group of styrenes and acrylic resins; it is also possible to use natural and synthetic rubber latex.



   When a ternary system is employed, the organic polymer can be used either in irradiated form or in non-irradiated form. For irradiation of the organic polymer, an irradiation dose of 3 million to 400 million R.



   When high insulating properties are desired, such a ternary system can be employed, containing as organic polymer, methyl methacrylate.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 30>

 completed is then irradiated by R 3 million to R 100 million. When this glass-plastic fiber is heated to a temperature of 70 C to 110 G, internal foaming results which greatly improves the insulating properties of the glass-plastic fiber and simultaneously gives it significant buoyancy properties.

   Although these insulation and buoyancy properties are induced in ternary systems, as described above, they can also be produced when plastic-glass fibers are formed from unirradiated glass compositions. Thus, the irradiation of the glass-plastic fiber, or the plastic polymer contains a side chain containing a methyl radical or the like capable of forming gas occlusion after irradiation and heating. will produce better insulation and buoyancy properties.



   Yet another object of the invention is the unique effect which has been obtained of providing a low visoocity and a high surface tension in the molten bath of the verne flux when the glass composition has been irradiated by 100 million. from R to 400 million R before forming the flow. low viscosity and high surface tension are very desirable when it comes to molding complicated shapes.

   The low viscosity allows the molten material to fill the complicated shapes of the mold while the high surface tension tends to hold the mass during the annealing period, thus improving the annealing operation. It has been found that this property of - Irradiated glass positions appeared similarly for metals, giving a low viscosity and a higher surface tension in the molten bath.



   Thus, by varying the percentages of the mixtures of the compositions irradiated by 100 million R or more, aveo

 <Desc / Clms Page number 31>

 From non-irradiated compositions, a variety of desirable resulting products can be produced. Although mixtures of composition ranging from 0.5% irradiated material to 20% irradiated material can be employed, any desired percentage can be employed. or up to 100% irradiated material Similarly, when metallic components are added to the glass composition, varying percentages of irradiated metallic components can be employed per 100 million to 400 million R, or more,

    to promote heterogeneous equilibrium Various percentages of the Mg Al and Mg Zr binary systems irradiated with 100 million R can be added to the glass composition, and added to the composition of. glass flux The binary aluminum-zirconium system is formed in the lattice structure of glass. This gives a radiation resistant glass of increased strength.

   The addition of small amounts of cerium oxide, further improves the radiation resistance o
When heterogeneous systems of binary or ternary metals, irradiated with 100 million to 400 million R, are added to glass compositions before melting, proportions of the order of 0.5% to 20% or more can be employed.
The oxides of aluminum, magnesium and zirconium are of particular importance for this purpose When these oxides:

   are irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million R or by higher doses the high entropy produced prevents the formation of large crystals, thus making these more suitable for addition to a Ceei glass flux is a particular advantage of the metallic components irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R or more. Thus one obtains a more uniform flow rate of the molten glass, than that hitherto obtainable. If desired, the formation of small particles can be further increased by grinding the irradiated material in a ball mill.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 32>

 



   Thus also by the addition of the metal-metal oxide system irradiated by 100 million to 400 million R, a higher rate of multicomponent compositions is achieved, resulting in a harder structure.



   Yet another object of the invention is the mixture of irradiated glass and of ceramic compositions irradiated with 100 million to 400 million R or more, in various percentages, with a glass composition before or after formation of the flux.



   Yet another object of the invention is the formation of conductive or non-conductive glass of heat, by addition to the composition of light cations which transmit heat better than heavy cations. The irradiation by 100 million in to 400 million R, further favors this ratio by bringing the cations to higher states of prevalence. When we are looking for the non conduction of heat, we can use heavy cations.



   The following examples are given for illustrative purposes only and can in no way be construed as limiting the scope and spirit of the present invention.



   Example 1. -
The following composition is subjected to irradiation with 100 million R.
 EMI32.1
 
<tb>



  ,Analysis
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Soda <SEP> to <SEP> the <SEP> lime <SEP> 50 <SEP> G. <SEP> SiO2 <SEP> 70,78
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Feldspar <SEP> 2, <SEP> 3 <SEP> g. <SEP> Na2O <SEP> 12.65
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Cullet <SEP> 25 <SEP> g. <SEP> K20 <SEP> 0, <SEP> 64 <SEP>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Sand <SEP> 23 <SEP> g. <SEP> A12O3 <SEP> 2.30
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Calcair <SEP> very <SEP> pure <SEP> 3.8 <SEP> g. <SEP> MgO <SEP> 2.65
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Carbonate <SEP> neutral <SEP> 8,1 <SEP> g. <SEP> Ba0 <SEP> 0.52
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> of <SEP> sodium <SEP> .anhydrous
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Dolomite <SEP> 4,5 <SEP> g.

   <SEP> CaO <SEP> 10.06
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> SO3 <SEP> 0.15
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Fe2O3 <SEP> 0.06
<tb>
 

 <Desc / Clms Page number 33>

 
The whole is melted. A part of the calcined mass - removed from the irradiated mass is ground in a crucible, and is then stretched into fibers in a platinum apparatus for
 EMI33.1
 1stretching of fibers. A control mass of the unirradiated specimen is prepared in a similar fashion. The fibers obtained have a diameter of 12 microns. It is observed that the surface tension of the irradiated glass is markedly higher than that of the control sample. At the same time, the viscosity is significantly lower, and the drawing temperature is 80 ° C below the control sample.



   The unusual concomitance of high surface tension, low viscosity, and lower drawing temperature 9 significantly differentiates material irradiated with 100 million R from the unirradiated sample.
Example 2 a-
10 g. of glass prepared as described in Example 1 are finely ground and added to a non-irradiated composition corresponding to the following formula
 EMI33.2
 
<tb> sio2 <SEP> 72
<tb>
 
 EMI33.3
 Na 2003 24 t 22.

   
 EMI33.4
 
<tb> NA2SO4 <SEP> 2.29
<tb>
<tb> K2C3 <SEP> 0.4
<tb> Dolomite <SEP> 17.32
<tb>
<tb> Caco3 <SEP> 2.62
<tb>
<tb> BaCO3 <SEP> 0.28
<tb>
<tb> Alumina <SEP> 2.52
<tb>
<tb> As2O3 <SEP> 0.1
<tb>
<tb> Sb2O3 <SEP> 0.1
<tb>
<tb> TiO2 <SEP> 0.04
<tb>
   the whole is melted into a solid glass casting

 <Desc / Clms Page number 34>

   Example 3.-
100 g. of the following composition are irradiated using 400 million R. The composition and analysis are as given below:

   
 EMI34.1
 
<tb> Composition <SEP> Analysis
<tb>
<tb> If <SEP> 02 <SEP> 72 <SEP> 'If <SEP> 2 <SEP> 71,77
<tb>
<tb> NaCO3 <SEP> 24.21 <SEP> Na2O <SEP> 15.16
<tb>
 
 EMI34.2
 Na 2 BO 4 2.29 0 0.27 K2Co3 0.4 cào 6, 80 Dolomite. 17.32 Ngo 3.68 GaGtJ 5 2.62 Ba0 0.22 Baao 3 0.28 Fe 203 0.07 Alumina z A120 3 l, 65 As 203 0.1 rA.s2 03 0.41 Bb203 0.1 = b p3 bzz Ti02 0, 04 Tio2 0, 04
 EMI34.3
 
<tb> SO3 <SEP> 0.27
<tb>
 
After irradiation, the whole is finely ground, melted in a melting tank, and poured into a mold.



    Example 4- .-
1 g. of a glass prepared as described in Example 3 is finely ground and added to 100 g. of an irradiated composition of formula as described in Example 3. The whole is melted in a melting tank and is poured into a mold.



   Example 5 .-
1 g. of a composition prepared as described in Example 3, is finely ground and added before melting in a - glass. This is added to 100 g. of an irradiated composition of the same formula. The whole is melted in a melting tank and poured into a mold.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 35>

 



  Example 6.-
10 g. of a composition of formula as given in Example 3 are irradiated using 200 million R and
 EMI35.1
 added to 100 g .. of a composition having the following formula:, 8ir G991 2 5 'A120 :; 3.9? CaO 5, MgO 1.3; NaSO 19.4.



   The whole is melted, and poured into a mummy-
Example 7
The preparation as described in Example - 6, in which the whole of the composition is finely ground before melting it, and is poured into a mold.
Example 8 =
100g. of a composition of the following formula are irradiated with 400 million R, and are melted, then poured into
 EMI35.2
 a mold . e 8.0 721% 9 NaO 16.89 /, A120 0.85 / '. e3 Oy21 j r0] LOp33%
Example 9. -
10 g of the composition as described in Example 8 are finely ground before being subjected to melting and are added to 100 gb of unirradiated composition as described in Example 3:

  Example 10
10 gb of a composition as described in Example 8, irradiated with 400 million R, are finely ground and added to 100 g. of a composition as described in Example 8 the whole is melted and is poured into a mold
Example on 11 s.-
10 g. of sintered aluminum powder ;, irradiated with 400 million R, are added to 100 g. of aluminum powder and subjected to a compression of 7.75 T / om2. The sample is agglomerated and crushed before shaping

 <Desc / Clms Page number 36>

 example 12.-
10 g of SiO2 are irradiated with 200 million R and are mixed with 100 g. of electrolytic iron. The whole is compressed into a wafer under 7.75 T / cm2 of pressure and agglomerated.



  The sample is then sharpened with a cutting tool.



   Example 13.-
100 g. of South African vanadium-molybdenum ore, crushed to particle size for flotation, is irradiated with 400 million R in a continuous stream of high temperature steam. the outgoing vapor is condensed in a condensation chamber, in which the molybdenum hydrate precipitates. The water is removed through an overflow pipe. The remaining vanadium is virtually free of molybdenum which can be recovered in a very pure form.



   Example 14 .-
100 g. of low grade iron ore, ground to particle size for flotation is irradiated with 400 million R in the presence of high temperature steam. This material is then added to 1,000 g. a bath, smelting a high grade iron ore, to produce steel
The use of low grade ore prepared as described above dispenses with the need to employ iron shot in the manufacture of steel.



     : Example 15, -
100 g. Iron ore and manganese (red) are ground to particle size for flotation and irradiated at 400 million R in the presence of high temperature steam. This material is then added to 1,000 g. of high-grade iron ore melted in steel preparation.



   Example 16.-
100 g. iron ore and titanium are crushed to

 <Desc / Clms Page number 37>

 particle size for flotation and irradiated by 400 million R in the presence of high temperature steam.



  This material is then added to 1,000 g. of * high grade iron ore melted during steel preparation
 EMI37.1
 3xem-ple l7 ..-- :: A composition of 1 69'2 g. of: Si02, 12 g. of K 20? 0.9 g. of Na20, 11.8 gb of A1203e 4.5 g. of CaO, and zou9 ge of h.2 is irradiated by 100 million R.

   The whole is melted at a temperature other sufficient to melt all the ingredients, usual-
 EMI37.2
 ment 1093 to 1371 (30 and Inensmb1e is melted the composition 8t poured into a container heated to 3â, and is placed in 1 '::': 1. furnace in annealing at a -orapéxwW.xe of 704.oC sa. 815 0 then -a ":: ode gently o If desired!) 1" together melted, can be '': '' .; iré in fibers of high mioroplasticity '', aYmî, ''. ? .8 "- An ooiBposition formed of 70gaz of: @ i02 21 g. Of Ns'2! L and 9 g. Of OP-0 9 is mixed thoroughly and irradiated with 100 million R. The whole is melted at a temperature sufficient to melt all the ingredients;

   usually between
 EMI37.3
 1093 0 and 13710C When the totality of the composition is melted it is 1 n erlr1-lde and poured into -a mold which has been pre-cheu ff 6 to 537 C, then allowed to cool gradually while keeping the whole in an oven annealing The resulting glass is hard
 EMI37.4
 and has high micropastcimity.



    Example, 19 ¯or
Three brown glass bottles that had been irradiated by. @ millions of R are crushed into a frit and remelted at a temperature of 13171 C. The melt is poured into a container preheated to 537 C.

   and is annealed for 6 hours
 EMI37.5
 in an annealing furnace After cooling the vew e is, smooth and less fluorescent than the IS bottles -). 1.Gi- .àéàQde1iéÀ5. "the glass is prepared

 <Desc / Clms Page number 38>

 
Example 20.-
In preparing the glass resistant to hydrofluoric acid, it is usual to avoid the use of alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, barium, strontium and calcium, since they tend To form fluorides Thus, in practice, zinc oxide, beryllium oxide or lead oxide have been used.



   Zirconium oxide is insoluble in phosphate glasses, and titanium dissolves in very small amounts.



  However, the corrosion resistance of titanium and zirconium is so important with respect to resistance to chemicals that their addition to phosphate glasses is particularly valuable.



   A compositional formula of this glass is prepared by mixing 6 g. of titanium oxide, 0.5 g. of zirconium oxide 68 g. of P2O5, 18 g. Al2O3, 7.5 G. of ZnO, and irradiated by 100 million R. The whole is then melted in a platinum vessel at a temperature of 1371 C to 1426 C. The molten bath is kept at this temperature for 6 hours and the temperature is then lowered to about 1204 C, the molten bath is maintained , for 2 hours at this temperature, and is then put in an annealing oven for 5 hours, then cooled, The resulting glass has high chemical resistance and good corrosion resistance
Example 21.-
A mixture of, 20 g. yarn oxide, 20 g.

   of zirconium oxide, 20 g, of tantalum oxide, 20 g. of silica, and 10 g. of K2O, is irradiated with 100 million R, and is melted at a temperature of 137100, the molten bath is then poured into a platinum vessel, heated to 537 C, and is placed in an annealing furnace. for 5 hours at a temperature of 815 C. After slow cooling, a glass is obtained which is particularly

 <Desc / Clms Page number 39>

 valuable for its high refractive index and its microplasticity.

   It is especially suitable for 1.use as optical glass or for lenses
Example 22.-
A mixture of .42 g is prepared. of lanthanum oxide, 6 g. of zirconium oxide, 12 g. of titanium oxide, 28 g. of tantalum oxide, 12 g. boric oxide. The whole is irradiated with 100 million R and is melted at a temperature of 1371 C. When all the ingredients are melted, the fusion is maintained for 3 hours, the product is then transferred to a platinum container and preheated to a temperature by 537 C.

   This is placed in an annealing furnace at a temperature of 815 0 for 4 hours o When the cooling is carried out slowly, a glass is formed having a high refractive index, resistant to corrosion, resistant to the chemical point of view. and suitable for optical equipment: Example 23.-
Mix perfectly, 40 g. of P2O5 '30 g. of B2O3 '10 g. A12O3.10 g. of K2O, 9.8 g. of MgO, and 02, g. of FeO, and irradiated with 100 million R. The whole is melted in a reducing atmosphere in a hydrogen flame oven until the ingredients have melted between 1204 C and 1371 C. ..

   The molten product is kept under a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 649 C for 4 hours, and cooled gradually, and continued to cool under a hydrogen atmosphere. The resulting glass has particularly heat-absorbing properties. high.



   Example 24.-
A mixture of, 67 g of P2O5 ', 5.9 g of CaO, 20 g. of BeC, 4 g 'of A12O3'2 g. of CoO, 1 g. of NiO, is perfectly mixed with 1 go of sugar, and the whole is irradiated with 100 million R. The composition is then melted at the temperature of 1204 C to 1371 C and ent subjected to annealing at a

 <Desc / Clms Page number 40>

 temperature from 5370 to 7040, and this for 4 hours. After cooling, a phosphate glass is obtained, 1 smoked, of microplasticity, of hardness, and of chemical resistance greater than for an ordinary smoked phosphate glass.



   Example 25. -
A composition for the preparation of glass is prepared, formed as follows:
 EMI40.1
 
<tb> .Sweld <SEP> to <SEP> the <SEP> lime <SEP> 50 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb>



  Cullet <SEP> 25 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb>



  Feldspar <SEP> 2,3 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb>



  Sand <SEP> 23 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb>



  Limestone <SEP> very <SEP> pure <SEP> 3.9 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb> Carbonate <SEP> of <SEP> soda <SEP> anhydrous <SEP> 8,1 <SEP> g.
<tb>
<tb>



  Dolomite <SEP> 4,5 <SEP> g.
<tb>
 



   Analysis of the composition gives the following results:
 EMI40.2
 
<tb> SiO2 <SEP> 70.78
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Na2O <SEP> 12.65
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> K2O <SEP> 0.64
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> A12O3 <SEP>, <SEP> 230
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> MgO <SEP> 2, <SEP> 65 <SEP>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> BaO <SEP> 0.52
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> CaO <SEP> 10.06
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> SO3 <SEP> 0.15
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Fe2O3 <SEP> 0.06
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb>
<tb> Total <SEP> 99.81
<tb>
 
The whole is irradiated by 100 million R. A portion of the composition is melted, and a comparison of the surface tensions and viscosities between the irradiated composition, and the portion of the composition which has not been irradiated.

   The irradiated composition has a lower viscosity at high temperatures, and a higher surface tension.

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   At 10 g. of the composition irradiated with 100 million R, 90 g are now added. of unirradiated composition, and the whole is melted and poured into a mold.



   The resulting glass has greater impact strength and flexibility than the control sample which has not been mixed with the irradiated material Example 26. A composition for the preparation of glass, prepared as described. in Example 25, irradiated with 400 million R from a source of cobalt 60, is melted and subjected to a pressure of 1000 atmospheres at a temperature of 900 to
1000 C. Annealing is carried out at a temperature of 500 C. for 2 to 24 hours. The resulting glass has a great hardness and a high breaking strength.



   Example 27.-
At 50 g. of a composition for the preparation of glass, prepared according to the formula of Example 25, 500 g are added. lead oxide. The whole is irradiated with 400 million R supplied by a source of cobalt 60, and is melted under a pressure of 1000 atmospheres. The resulting glass is left to anneal for 2 hours.
Example 28.-
50 g. of a composition for the preparation of glass, prepared as described in Example 26, are ground to a frit and added to 500 g. of a glass composition according to the formula described in Example 25. The whole is melted and annealed in a glass plate.



   Example 29.-
The glass composition is prepared as described in Example 25, and irradiated with 100 million R. 10 gb of the irradiated glass composition is finely ground and added to 90 g. of non-irradiated composition. The whole is then melted and poured into a mold. Glass has better impact resistance and flexibility than the prepared control sample

 <Desc / Clms Page number 42>

 without the addition of irradiated and ground material.



   Example 30.-
The glass composition is prepared as described in Example 25 and irradiated with 400 million R. The irradiated material is ground in a ball mill. One gram of this irradiated and ground material is added to 99 g. of non-irradiated composition, and the whole is melted and poured into a mold. Glass has improved impact resistance and flexibility.



   Example 31.-
100 g. glass beads are placed in a platinum crucible and passed through a machine for making glass fibers. For lubrication and sizing, molten methyl methacrylate is added so that the fiber has a coating. of methyl methacrylate before reaching the winding spool. The fiber is twisted according to the usual method.



   50 g. of this methyl methacrylate coated fiber are exposed to 10 million R and heated to a temperature of 70 to 110 C, until swelling of the fiber is observed. The resulting fiber has insulation and improved buoyancy.



   Example 32
100 g. of fiberglass fabric reinforced with. methyl methacrylate, are irradiated with 100 million R The sheet is then heated to a temperature of 70 C to 110 C, until swelling of the sheet results During the period of swelling, the sheet is compressed to obtain a multi-cell structure inside, with a hard outer coating The fabric, fiberglass reinforced with plastic has good insulation and buoyancy properties.



   Example 33: Add to 100 g. of the composition of Example 17, 5 g. of Mg A1, and 5 g. by Mg Zr. The whole is irradiated by

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100 million R. The composition is then darkened, and poured into a mold.



   Example 34.-
10 g. of a glass composition as described in Example 33 are ground in a ball mill and added to 90 g. of a composition as described in Example 17.



   The whole is melted and is poured into a mold.



   Example 35.-
A glass composition is prepared as described in Example 34, and is spun to form fiberglass in a fiberglass machine.



    CLAIMS
1.- A process for activating metallic and non-metallic oxides consisting in subjecting them to irradiation at 100 million to 400 million R or more.


    

Claims (1)

20- A process according to claim 1 wherein the irradiation is carried out in the presence of steam at elevated temperature and / or hydrogen. 3. - A method according to claim 1 wherein the irradiated oxides are added to metallic and / or non-metallic compositions. 4.- A process as described in claim 3 in which the proportion of activated oxides relative to the metallic or non-metallic compositions is at least 0.1% to 10%. 5.- A process as described in claim 3 wherein the activated oxides are ground into fine particles before addition to a metallic or non-metallic composition. 6. - The implementation of the method according to the claims 1 to 5 in which the irradiated oxides. are sintered under pressure 7.- The implementation of the method according to the claims 1 to 5 for the separation of metals from a common ore. <Desc / Clms Page number 44> consisting of crushing the ore to the size of flotation particles and irradiating the particles in the presence of water or steam, one of the metals being separated in the vacuum in gaseous form. 8.- The separation of molybdenum and vanadium from their common ore. according to the process described in claim 7 .- 9.- The implementation of the process according to claims 1 to 5 for the preparation of glass comprising one or more of the following characteristics taken either separately or in combinations a) the irradiated oxides are added to a molten bath of non-irradiated glass b) all of the glass components are irradiated by R100 million to R400 million or more, c) solid glass is irradiated by R100 million to. 400 million R or more, and is ground into a frit, and the frit is remelted to form a glass, d) a glass composition is irradiated by 100 million R to 400 million R or more and is subjected to temperature of injury, and at an elevated pressure of 50 atmospheres to 5,000 atmospheres, e) a glass composition containing 90% lead oxide is irradiated with 400 million R, and the whole is melted. under 1,000 atmospheres of pressure and the glass is annealed in a container. 10. As new industrial products, glass products prepared by the process according to claims 1 to 5, and in particular? a) the product of a frit produced by grinding a glass which has been irradiated with 100 million R to 400 million R, melting the frit and forming the glass from the molten bath <Desc / Clms Page number 45> b) the product resulting from irradiation with R 100 million to R 400 million or more of compositions containing metals of the rare earth group capable of forming a glass o) the product consisting of glass fibers reinforced with a plastic material , irradiated by R100 million to R400 million or more, d) the product consisting of a glass composition containing aluminum and zirconium, produced by the addition of MgA1 and Mgzr, to a glass composition irradiated by 100 million R and added, in an amount of 1% to 20% to an irradiated or non-irradiated composition, melted in a lesion bath and poured into a mold, e) glass fibers prepared from a composition as described in Example 15, f) glass fibers prepared by the method according to claim 9 - d