BE629609A - - Google Patents

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Publication number
BE629609A
BE629609A BE629609DA BE629609A BE 629609 A BE629609 A BE 629609A BE 629609D A BE629609D A BE 629609DA BE 629609 A BE629609 A BE 629609A
Authority
BE
Belgium
Prior art keywords
sheets
welding
rays
welded
irradiating energy
Prior art date
Application number
Other languages
English (en)
Publication of BE629609A publication Critical patent/BE629609A/fr

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/836Moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined, e.g. transversely to the displacement of the parts to be joined, e.g. using a X-Y table
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/1429Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1435Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. transmission welding
    • B29C65/1438Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. transmission welding focusing the wave energy or particle radiation on the interface
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/1429Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1454Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/1477Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation making use of an absorber or impact modifier
    • B29C65/148Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation making use of an absorber or impact modifier placed at the interface
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/1477Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation making use of an absorber or impact modifier
    • B29C65/1483Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation making use of an absorber or impact modifier coated on the article
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/812General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8126General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/81266Optical properties, e.g. transparency, reflectivity
    • B29C66/81267Transparent to electromagnetic radiation, e.g. to visible light
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/816General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8161General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the mounting of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps said pressing elements being supported or backed-up by springs or by resilient material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2909/00Use of inorganic materials not provided for in groups B29K2803/00 - B29K2807/00, as mould material
    • B29K2909/08Glass

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Description


   <Desc/Clms Page number 1> 
 



   Il est connu de souder entre elles, par différente procédés, des feuilles-de matières plastiques, notamment de polyéthylène. Suivant ces procédés, la chaleur est amenée de l'extérieur ou elle est produite dans le matériau même. Le sou- dage de feuilles épaisses présente d'assez grandes difficul- tés par suite du faible coefficient de conductibilité thermi- que des matières plastiques, on doit, pour porter la ligne de soudure   à   la température nécessaire, chauffer bien plus long- temps que ce n'est le cas pour les objets en métal d'une même épaisseur.

   La matière plastique peut, de ce fait, être   en-     dommagée.   Lorsque, par contre, on opère   à   dea températures plus élevées pour abréger la durée du soudage, les feuilles se ramollissent d'abord sur le côté extérieur, de aorte que la section de la ligne de soudure, ainsi que de ses environs, est réduite par la pression de soudage. La résistance de la liaison est ainsi moins bonne. 



   La présente invention se rapporte à un procédé per- mettant de porter aux températures de soudage   nécessaires,     uniquement   les endroits à souder, sana que les   surfaces   exté-   rieures   et l'intérieur des feuilles soient sensiblement chauf- tés. La structure des   fouilles   n'est ainsi   codifiée   qu'aux endroits à souder, de sorte qu'on obtient des soudures bien solides, sans que les environs soient affaiblie. 



   Conformément à la présente invention, les touilles sont chauffées   à   la température de soudage par énergie   irradian-   te, par exemple lumière à longueur d'ondes appropriée, direc- tement aux surfaces superposées à souder, et sont pressées l'une contre l'autre pendant ou après le chauffage. 

 <Desc/Clms Page number 2> 

 



   Pour ne chauffer que les surfaces à souder, on recou- vre l'une d'elle ou les deux, d'une couche absorbant leu payons. 



     @   Comme couche de ce genre, on peut intercaler entre les feuilles une feuille mince, de préférence noire, obtenue avec la môme   matière     thermoplastique   que ces dernières ou en une matière analogue,   L'énergie   irradiante est amenée aux surfaces à sou- der, en   général     bous   forme d'un faisceau lumineux ponctuel. 



  Les fueilles à souder doivent, dans ce cas, laisser   passer   la lumière utilisée, L'absorption s'obtient alors, comme décrit ci-dessus, au moyen de couches ou de feuilles minces absorbant les rayons- 
On peut toutefois aussi faire agir   l'énergie   ipra- diante sous forme d'un rayon lumineux en fente et   pratiquai-   ainsi toute la ligne de soudure en une seule fois, ce qui abrège sensiblement la durée du travail. 



   Pour obtenir une bonne liaison entre les deux   feuil- ;   les et ainsi un joint très résistant, les feuilles sont pres-       séces l'une contre l'autre, pendant le soudage, au moyen de   pince*   qui n'absorbent pas les   payons.   



   A titre indicatif mais nullement limitatif on a re-      présenté au dessin   annexe un   exemple de   réalisation   du dis- positif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé de soudage   suivant.   la présente invention. 



   Les deux feuilles 1 et 2 sont   prises   entre les   deux ,     mâchoires   4 et 5 de la pince 3. La mâchoire supérieure 4 pos- sède latéralement deux rebords 6   entre lesquels   se trouve la      partie transparente 7. 



   Entre les deux feuilles 1 et 2, on pose la   couche   absorbante 8, par exemple une feuille de matière thermoplasti- que mince et noire. Les deux feuilles 1 et 2, ainsi que la couche absorbante 8 sont   pressées    par la   mâchoire   supérieure 

 <Desc/Clms Page number 3> 

 4 constituée des parties 6 et   7,   sur la mâchoire inférieure 5. 



  Au-dessus de la partie intérieure transparente 7 do la   mâchoi-   re supérieure 4, se trouve la source d'irradiation 10, par exemple un projecteur, pouvant se déplacer au-dessus de la   li-   gne de soudure le long de la glissière de guidage 9, qui peut par exemple avoir la forme d'un fer en T. 



   Les rayons émis par la source lumineuse 10 sont ras- semblés, par exemple par une lentille convergente   11,   et sont projetés sous forme de faisceau   lumineux, à   travers la partie transparente 7 de la mâchoire supérieure, sur la ligne de sou- dure des   feuilles,     o   ils forment le point de soudure 12, étroitement   limité.   Le foyer du faisceau lumineux se trouve donc directement à l'endroit où les feuilles doivent être soudées entre elles. La couche 8 absorbe l'énergie des rayons et chauffe les feuilles, de l'intérieur,   au-delà   de leur point de fusion, de sorte qu'elles se soudent entre elles.

   La   pince        ainsi que les parties   restantes   des feuilles restent pratique- ment froides, du fait qu'elles n'absorbent pas les rayons. 



  L'épaisseur des feuillus devant être coudées, est donc illimi- tée aussi longtemps que la proportion d'énergie parvenant   à   la ligne de soudure suffit pour le chauffage et, par conséquent, pour le soudage. 



     On   peut effectuer le soudage en faisant passer sous le faisceau lumineux les surfaces des feuilles coinces entre la pince transparente ou bien déplaçant la source lumineuse au-dessus de la ligne de soudure. Lorsque le faisceau lumineux a la forme d'une fente, la ligne de soudure   peut-être   irradiée en une seule fois sur toute sa longueur. Cn arrive ainsi à obtenir des durées de soudage particulièrement courtes. 

**ATTENTION** fin du champ DESC peut contenir debut de CLMS **.

Claims (1)

  1. REVENDICATIONS 1.- Procédé pour le soudage de feuilles en matières thermoplastiques, caractérisé en ce que les feuilles sont chauffées à la température do soudage, par énergie irradiante, <Desc/Clms Page number 4> par exemple lumière à longueur d'onde approprié , uniquement aux surfaces supercosées à souder, et en ce qu'allât} sont pressée*} l'une contre l'autre pondant ou après le chauffage.
    2.- Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'une ou les deux surfaces à souder, sont recouve@@@@@ d'une couche absorbant le rayons 3.- Procédé suivant lu rovondication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on intercale entre les feuilles, comme couche absor- bant les rayons, une fouille mince, de préférence noire, constituée de la môme matière thermoplastique que cet.! dernière ou d'une matière thermoplastique analogue.
    4.- Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisa en ce que l'énergie irradiante est amenée aux surfaces à cou- der, sous forme d'un faisceau lumineux ponctuel* 5.- Procéda suivant la revendication 1, caractéri- sé en oe que l'énergie irradiante est amenée nous forme d'un rayon lumineux en forme de tente, toute la ligne de soudure étant ainsi pratiquée en une seule fois.
    6.- Dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé suivant l'une ou l'autre deu revendication*) 1 à 5, caractéri- sé en ce que, pour presser les feuillet pendant la soudage, on dispose sous l'appareil produisant l'énergie irradiante, des pinces qui n'absorbent pas les rayons.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1604703B1 (de) * 1965-10-12 1971-06-03 Raychem Corp Verfahren zum erwaermen einer unter waermeeinwirkung rueck federnden huelle
WO1990003261A1 (fr) * 1988-09-29 1990-04-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procede et dispositif de soudage de matieres thermoplastiques par rayonnement thermique
EP0337776A3 (fr) * 1988-04-15 1991-12-11 The Interlake Companies, Inc. Procédé et appareil pour le soudage par rayonnement d'un ruban en matière plastique
EP0415068A3 (en) * 1989-08-31 1992-10-21 Georg Fischer Aktiengesellschaft Process and apparatus for welding tubular thermoplastic elements

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1604703B1 (de) * 1965-10-12 1971-06-03 Raychem Corp Verfahren zum erwaermen einer unter waermeeinwirkung rueck federnden huelle
EP0337776A3 (fr) * 1988-04-15 1991-12-11 The Interlake Companies, Inc. Procédé et appareil pour le soudage par rayonnement d'un ruban en matière plastique
WO1990003261A1 (fr) * 1988-09-29 1990-04-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procede et dispositif de soudage de matieres thermoplastiques par rayonnement thermique
EP0415068A3 (en) * 1989-08-31 1992-10-21 Georg Fischer Aktiengesellschaft Process and apparatus for welding tubular thermoplastic elements

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