BR9812331A - Métodos para reciclar catalisador nas oxidações de hidrocarbonetos - Google Patents
Métodos para reciclar catalisador nas oxidações de hidrocarbonetosInfo
- Publication number
- BR9812331A BR9812331A BR9812331-9A BR9812331A BR9812331A BR 9812331 A BR9812331 A BR 9812331A BR 9812331 A BR9812331 A BR 9812331A BR 9812331 A BR9812331 A BR 9812331A
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- methods
- removal
- catalyst
- water
- recycling catalyst
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title abstract 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title abstract 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/31—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/31—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting
- C07C51/313—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation of cyclic compounds with ring-splitting with molecular oxygen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/009—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping in combination with chemical reactions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
- B01D3/143—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column by two or more of a fractionation, separation or rectification step
- B01D3/146—Multiple effect distillation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
- B01D3/343—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances the substance being a gas
- B01D3/346—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances the substance being a gas the gas being used for removing vapours, e.g. transport gas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J10/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor
- B01J10/002—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor carried out in foam, aerosol or bubbles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0053—Details of the reactor
- B01J19/006—Baffles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/26—Nozzle-type reactors, i.e. the distribution of the initial reactants within the reactor is effected by their introduction or injection through nozzles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/215—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of saturated hydrocarbyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/255—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of compounds containing six-membered aromatic rings without ring-splitting
- C07C51/265—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of compounds containing six-membered aromatic rings without ring-splitting having alkyl side chains which are oxidised to carboxyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2208/00274—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2208/00283—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/0061—Controlling the level
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00054—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
- B01J2219/00056—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
- B01J2219/00058—Temperature measurement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00054—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
- B01J2219/00056—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
- B01J2219/00065—Pressure measurement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00054—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system
- B01J2219/00056—Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system involving measured parameters
- B01J2219/00067—Liquid level measurement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00076—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements inside the reactor
- B01J2219/00083—Coils
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00087—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor
- B01J2219/00101—Reflux columns
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00121—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling
- B01J2219/00128—Controlling the temperature by direct heating or cooling by evaporation of reactants
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00162—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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- B01J2219/00164—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the flow
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00761—Details of the reactor
- B01J2219/00763—Baffles
- B01J2219/00765—Baffles attached to the reactor wall
- B01J2219/00777—Baffles attached to the reactor wall horizontal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
"MéTODOS PARA RECICLAR CATALISADOR NAS OXIDAçõES DE HIDROCARBONETOS" Esta invenção se refere a métodos para reciclar catalisador em oxidações de hidrocarbonetos, tais como por exemplo o ciclohexano, aos respectivos produtos intermediários de oxidação, tal como o ácido adíptico por exemplo, por meio de um processo direto. O catalisador permanece em solução a despeito da remoção da água da composição, uma vez que a remoção da água é controlada em temperaturas tais e a tais níveis de água remanescente que evitam a precipitação do catalisador. A remoção da água é preferivelmente conduzida antes da remoção do produto intermediário de oxidação. Também, preferivelmente, algumas, e preferivelmente todas as etapas do processo são conduzidas em uma região de fase líquida única.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US93103597A | 1997-09-16 | 1997-09-16 | |
| US08/932,875 US6039902A (en) | 1996-06-24 | 1997-09-18 | Methods of recycling catalyst in oxidations of hydrocarbons |
| PCT/US1998/019057 WO1999014178A1 (en) | 1997-09-16 | 1998-09-14 | Methods of recycling catalyst in oxidations of hydrocarbons |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BR9812331A true BR9812331A (pt) | 2000-08-29 |
Family
ID=27130004
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BR9812331-9A BR9812331A (pt) | 1997-09-16 | 1998-09-14 | Métodos para reciclar catalisador nas oxidações de hidrocarbonetos |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6039902A (pt) |
| EP (1) | EP1017662A1 (pt) |
| JP (1) | JP2001516733A (pt) |
| KR (1) | KR20010024066A (pt) |
| CN (1) | CN1276776A (pt) |
| AU (1) | AU9230998A (pt) |
| BR (1) | BR9812331A (pt) |
| CA (1) | CA2304121A1 (pt) |
| TW (1) | TW482697B (pt) |
| WO (1) | WO1999014178A1 (pt) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6143927A (en) | 1996-06-24 | 2000-11-07 | Rpc Inc. | Methods for removing catalyst after oxidation of hydrocarbons |
| CN1347397A (zh) | 1999-04-20 | 2002-05-01 | Rpc公司 | 在催化剂水溶液中用乙酸置换水和环己酮的方法 |
| US6982234B2 (en) | 2000-06-01 | 2006-01-03 | Gtc Technology Inc. | Methods and apparatus for removing catalyst from oxidation reactor effluent |
| US7541489B2 (en) | 2004-06-30 | 2009-06-02 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Method of making halophthalic acids and halophthalic anhydrides |
| CN114426472B (zh) * | 2020-10-14 | 2024-03-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 环己烷直接氧化制备己二酸的方法 |
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| US2014044A (en) * | 1934-05-18 | 1935-09-10 | Arthur B Haswell | Method of cleaning gas |
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| US2223493A (en) * | 1938-07-12 | 1940-12-03 | Du Pont | Oxidation of cyclic compounds |
| US2223494A (en) * | 1939-06-06 | 1940-12-03 | Du Pont | Production of cyclic alcohols and ketones |
| US2439513A (en) * | 1945-11-30 | 1948-04-13 | Du Pont | Adipic acid process |
| US2565087A (en) * | 1947-10-30 | 1951-08-21 | Allied Chem & Dye Corp | Process for oxidation of cycloaliphatic compounds |
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| GB1143213A (en) * | 1965-03-25 | 1969-02-19 | Ethyl Corp | A process for the production of carboxylic acids |
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-
1997
- 1997-09-18 US US08/932,875 patent/US6039902A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-09-14 BR BR9812331-9A patent/BR9812331A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-14 EP EP98944867A patent/EP1017662A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-14 JP JP2000511732A patent/JP2001516733A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-14 CA CA002304121A patent/CA2304121A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-09-14 KR KR1020007002809A patent/KR20010024066A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-14 AU AU92309/98A patent/AU9230998A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-09-14 CN CN98809185A patent/CN1276776A/zh active Pending
- 1998-09-14 WO PCT/US1998/019057 patent/WO1999014178A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-09-15 TW TW087115332A patent/TW482697B/zh active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW482697B (en) | 2002-04-11 |
| US6039902A (en) | 2000-03-21 |
| KR20010024066A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
| EP1017662A1 (en) | 2000-07-12 |
| WO1999014178A1 (en) | 1999-03-25 |
| CA2304121A1 (en) | 1999-03-25 |
| JP2001516733A (ja) | 2001-10-02 |
| CN1276776A (zh) | 2000-12-13 |
| AU9230998A (en) | 1999-04-05 |
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