BRPI0700038A - elemento de aquecimento de lámina, e, conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico - Google Patents

elemento de aquecimento de lámina, e, conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico

Info

Publication number
BRPI0700038A
BRPI0700038A BRPI0700038-3A BRPI0700038A BRPI0700038A BR PI0700038 A BRPI0700038 A BR PI0700038A BR PI0700038 A BRPI0700038 A BR PI0700038A BR PI0700038 A BRPI0700038 A BR PI0700038A
Authority
BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
distinct region
heating element
blade
multiple conductive
electrothermal
Prior art date
Application number
BRPI0700038-3A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard J Ii Carpino
James A Mullen
Original Assignee
Goodrich Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Goodrich Corp filed Critical Goodrich Corp
Publication of BRPI0700038A publication Critical patent/BRPI0700038A/pt
Publication of BRPI0700038A8 publication Critical patent/BRPI0700038A8/pt
Publication of BRPI0700038B1 publication Critical patent/BRPI0700038B1/pt

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D13/00—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space
    • B64D13/06—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space the air being conditioned
    • B64D13/08—Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space the air being conditioned the air being heated or cooled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
    • B64D15/12—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by electric heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/342—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heaters used in textiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/36—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/003—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using serpentine layout
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/026—Heaters specially adapted for floor heating

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

ELEMENTO DE AQUECIMENTO DE LáMINA, E, CONJUNTO DE AQUECIMENTO ELETROTéRMICO. Um elemento de aquecimento de folha laminar padronizado tem uma primeira região distinta padronizada, com uma primeira pluralidade de furos formando múltiplas fitas condutoras e tendo unia primeira resistividade de folha. Ele também tem uma segunda região distinta, padronizada com uma segunda pluralidade de furos formando múltiplas fitas condutoras e tendo uma segunda resistividade de folha. Pelo menos algumas das múltiplas fitas condutoras da primeira região distinta ficam em continuidade elétrica com pelo menos algumas das múltiplas fitas condutoras da segunda região distinta e a primeira região distinta e a segunda região distinta confinam ambas com uma primeira tira de junção do elemento de aquecimento de lâmina. Um conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico pode ser formado usando-se tal folha laminar padronizada, intercalada entre duas camadas de material, que podem ser termicamente condutoras e eletricamente isolantes.
BRPI0700038A 2006-01-13 2007-01-12 elemento de aquecimento de lâmina, e, conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico BRPI0700038B1 (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/331,003 US7211772B2 (en) 2005-03-14 2006-01-13 Patterned electrical foil heater element having regions with different ribbon widths

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
BRPI0700038A true BRPI0700038A (pt) 2007-10-16
BRPI0700038A8 BRPI0700038A8 (pt) 2018-05-22
BRPI0700038B1 BRPI0700038B1 (pt) 2020-04-07

Family

ID=37882331

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
BRPI0700038A BRPI0700038B1 (pt) 2006-01-13 2007-01-12 elemento de aquecimento de lâmina, e, conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (2) US7211772B2 (pt)
EP (1) EP1809073B1 (pt)
BR (1) BRPI0700038B1 (pt)
CA (1) CA2572785C (pt)

Families Citing this family (53)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7763833B2 (en) * 2004-03-12 2010-07-27 Goodrich Corp. Foil heating element for an electrothermal deicer
DE102004020662B3 (de) * 2004-04-24 2005-09-15 Esw-Extel Systems Wedel Gesellschaft Für Ausrüstung Mbh Vorrichtung zur Beheizung von Verriegelungselementen in Flugzeugen
JPWO2005105691A1 (ja) * 2004-04-28 2008-03-13 旭硝子株式会社 導電性プリントを有するガラス板およびその製造方法
US7211772B2 (en) * 2005-03-14 2007-05-01 Goodrich Corporation Patterned electrical foil heater element having regions with different ribbon widths
US7923668B2 (en) * 2006-02-24 2011-04-12 Rohr, Inc. Acoustic nacelle inlet lip having composite construction and an integral electric ice protection heater disposed therein
EP1996465A2 (en) * 2006-03-10 2008-12-03 Goodrich Corporation Low density lightning strike protection for use in airplanes
US8796588B2 (en) * 2006-03-14 2014-08-05 Rtr Technologies, Inc. Heated floor panel for transit vehicle
EP2022886B1 (en) * 2006-05-02 2013-10-16 Goodrich Corporation Methods of making nanoreinforced carbon fiber and aircraft components comprising nanoreinforced carbon fiber
US20080166563A1 (en) 2007-01-04 2008-07-10 Goodrich Corporation Electrothermal heater made from thermally conducting electrically insulating polymer material
ITBO20070126A1 (it) * 2007-02-27 2007-05-29 Gd Spa Macchina per la produzione e /o confezionamento di articoli da fumo.
GB2447928B (en) * 2007-03-28 2012-04-11 Cypherco Ltd Thermoplastic components
US20100123044A1 (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Botura Galdemir C Aircraft Ice Protection System
US8561934B2 (en) * 2009-08-28 2013-10-22 Teresa M. Kruckenberg Lightning strike protection
US20110233340A1 (en) * 2010-03-29 2011-09-29 Christy Daniel P Aircraft ice protection system
JP5316478B2 (ja) * 2010-05-24 2013-10-16 コニカミノルタ株式会社 定着装置および画像形成装置
US8827207B2 (en) 2011-05-03 2014-09-09 Goodrich Corporation Ice protection system
US9067679B2 (en) * 2011-12-30 2015-06-30 Aerospace Filtration Systems, Inc. Heated screen for air intake of aircraft engines
EP2650220B1 (en) * 2012-04-11 2015-07-15 Goodrich Corporation Deicer zones with shedding-enhanced borders
US9193466B2 (en) * 2012-07-13 2015-11-24 Mra Systems, Inc. Aircraft ice protection system and method
BR102013011585A2 (pt) * 2012-07-27 2014-12-23 Lorenzetti S A Ind Brasileiras Eletromelaturgicas Resistência elétrica para aparelhos elétricos de aquecimento de água
EP3013119A1 (en) * 2014-10-24 2016-04-27 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Transparent heating device with graphene film
US20160167624A1 (en) * 2014-12-16 2016-06-16 Jere Rask Lansinger Electrically heating windshield washer fluid system
CA3001643A1 (en) * 2015-10-19 2017-04-27 Laminaheat Holding Ltd. Laminar heating elements with customized or non-uniform resistance and/or irregular shapes, and processes for manufacture
JP7143224B2 (ja) * 2016-05-31 2022-09-28 フィリップ・モーリス・プロダクツ・ソシエテ・アノニム エアロゾル発生システム用の流体透過性ヒーター組立品および流体透過性ヒーター組立品のための平面導電性フィラメント配列
US10368394B2 (en) 2016-09-01 2019-07-30 Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation PTC heater with autonomous control
US11297692B2 (en) * 2016-11-01 2022-04-05 Goodrich Corporation Multilayered panels
CN110709291A (zh) 2016-12-09 2020-01-17 视万科技公司 清洗液加热系统和装置
EP3566006A4 (en) * 2017-01-06 2020-11-11 Revolution Cooking, LLC OPERATING SYSTEM FOR A COOKING APPLIANCE
EP3571045B1 (en) * 2017-01-20 2026-03-11 Pilkington Group Limited Laminated glass and method of manufacturing the same
CN107084100B (zh) * 2017-06-19 2023-04-18 东方电气风电股份有限公司 一种基于石墨烯加热膜的风电叶片加热融冰系统及该叶片的制作方法
US10960983B2 (en) * 2017-09-01 2021-03-30 Textron Innovations Inc. Tailored rotor-blade ice-protection system
JP6614742B2 (ja) * 2017-12-08 2019-12-04 株式会社美鈴工業 ヒータ、定着装置、画像形成装置及び加熱装置
DE102018206639A1 (de) * 2018-04-27 2019-10-31 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Heizeinrichtung für eine energiespeicherzelle, energiespeicher mit heizeinrichtung und herstellungsverfahren
US20200001830A1 (en) 2018-06-27 2020-01-02 Geoffrey F. Deane Systems and methods for perception surface cleaning, drying, and/or thermal management with localized heating
US20220053612A1 (en) * 2018-09-13 2022-02-17 De Luca Oven Technologies, Llc Heater element incorporating primary conductor for use in a high-speed oven
DE102018132123A1 (de) * 2018-09-14 2020-03-19 Elbe Flugzeugwerke Gmbh Fußbodensystem mit Heizeinheit
US20200113020A1 (en) * 2018-10-05 2020-04-09 Serendipity Technologies Llc Low power high-efficiency heating element
DE102018009218B4 (de) 2018-11-23 2025-04-10 Airbus Operations Gmbh Verkleidungselement mit Heizschicht in Sandwichbauweise
US20200260532A1 (en) * 2019-02-08 2020-08-13 Laminaheat Holding Ltd. Perforated laminar heating element
MX2021009629A (es) * 2019-02-15 2021-11-12 Revolution Cooking Llc Conjunto de calentamiento para un aparato para cocinar.
US11240881B2 (en) * 2019-04-08 2022-02-01 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Method of manufacturing and adjusting a resistive heater
USD911038S1 (en) 2019-10-11 2021-02-23 Laminaheat Holding Ltd. Heating element sheet having perforations
CA3166473A1 (en) 2020-01-31 2021-08-05 Richard P. Nardo Ptc heating element and warming device including same for use in a patient warming system
WO2021155160A2 (en) 2020-01-31 2021-08-05 American Sterilizer Company Patient warming system
WO2021170232A1 (de) * 2020-02-26 2021-09-02 E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH Heizeinrichtung
US11427336B2 (en) * 2020-03-25 2022-08-30 Goodrich Corporation High strain tolerant chord-wise ice protection layout
CN113543396B (zh) * 2020-04-16 2026-04-28 图特科有限公司 加热元件及其使用方法
TWI821573B (zh) * 2020-06-15 2023-11-11 財團法人紡織產業綜合研究所 電熱織物
WO2022104017A1 (en) 2020-11-13 2022-05-19 Revolution Cooking, Llc Cooking appliance employing radiative flux
JP7334713B2 (ja) * 2020-11-24 2023-08-29 トヨタ自動車株式会社 電磁波透過性ヒータ
KR102928689B1 (ko) * 2020-11-26 2026-02-19 가부시키가이샤 도모에가와 코퍼레이션 가열 구조체 및 그 제조 방법
USD987047S1 (en) * 2021-03-03 2023-05-23 Jahn Jeffery Stopperan Foil heater
EP4140706A1 (en) * 2021-08-23 2023-03-01 Airbus Operations GmbH Heating element and welding kit for resistance welding and methods of manufacturing a heating element and welding thermoplastic components

Family Cites Families (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3266005A (en) * 1964-04-15 1966-08-09 Western Electric Co Apertured thin-film circuit components
US3573430A (en) * 1966-12-30 1971-04-06 Paul Eisler Surface heating device
US3495328A (en) * 1967-07-07 1970-02-17 Corning Glass Works Electric heating unit
CA948564A (en) * 1970-09-04 1974-06-04 "Au.Ro" S.R.L. Motor vehicles storage device
US3798417A (en) * 1973-07-12 1974-03-19 Gould Inc Heating element assembly
DE2443224C3 (de) 1974-09-10 1979-02-22 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zum Enteisen von Triebwerks-, Flügel- und Leitwerksystemen an Flugkörpern
US4581522A (en) 1981-10-07 1986-04-08 Intermountain Thermafloor, Inc. Electrical heating system including a mesh heating element
JPS58152794U (ja) * 1982-04-06 1983-10-13 東京特殊電線株式会社 面状発熱体
AT383931B (de) 1982-11-11 1987-09-10 Hans Oppitz Flaechenheizelement, insbesondere fuer verbaende oder heizdecken
JPS59108291A (ja) 1982-12-11 1984-06-22 佐藤　亮拿 面発熱体
SE8505911L (sv) * 1985-12-13 1987-06-14 Kanthal Ab Folieelement
US4826108A (en) 1987-07-16 1989-05-02 The B. F. Goodrich Company De-icer
US5098037A (en) 1989-11-06 1992-03-24 The B. F. Goodrich Company Structural airfoil having integral expulsive system
GB2243412B (en) * 1990-03-30 1994-11-23 United Technologies Corp Aircraft engine propulsor blade deicing
EP0459216A3 (en) 1990-06-01 1993-03-17 The Bfgoodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
US5248116A (en) 1992-02-07 1993-09-28 The B. F. Goodrich Company Airfoil with integral de-icer using overlapped tubes
US5380988A (en) * 1992-04-29 1995-01-10 Dyer; C. William Heated mat structure for melting ice and snow
GB2275161B (en) 1993-02-11 1996-05-15 Ceramaspeed Ltd Method of manufacturing a radiant electric heater
US5361183A (en) 1993-06-30 1994-11-01 Alliedsignal Inc. Ground fault protection for electrothermal de-icing applications
US5427332A (en) 1993-11-10 1995-06-27 The B. F. Goodrich Company Modular ice protection assembly
US5641421A (en) * 1994-08-18 1997-06-24 Advanced Metal Tech Ltd Amorphous metallic alloy electrical heater systems
US5590854A (en) 1994-11-02 1997-01-07 Shatz; Solomon Movable sheet for laminar flow and deicing
US5657951A (en) 1995-06-23 1997-08-19 The B.F. Goodrich Company Electrothermal de-icing system
US5928549A (en) * 1997-03-21 1999-07-27 Cox & Company, Inc. Etched foil heater for low voltage applications requiring uniform heating
US6027075A (en) 1997-06-16 2000-02-22 Trustees Of Dartmouth College Systems and methods for modifying ice adhesion strength
US5911896A (en) * 1997-06-25 1999-06-15 Brooks Automation, Inc. Substrate heating apparatus with glass-ceramic panels and thin film ribbon heater element
US6237874B1 (en) 1997-09-22 2001-05-29 Northcoast Technologies Zoned aircraft de-icing system and method
US6279856B1 (en) 1997-09-22 2001-08-28 Northcoast Technologies Aircraft de-icing system
US6832742B2 (en) 1999-10-25 2004-12-21 The Trustees Of Dartmouth College System and method for an electrical de-icing coating
US6770848B2 (en) * 2001-04-19 2004-08-03 William S. Haas Thermal warming devices
GB0319397D0 (en) * 2003-08-19 2003-09-17 Dc Heat Ltd Heating apparatus
US7211772B2 (en) * 2005-03-14 2007-05-01 Goodrich Corporation Patterned electrical foil heater element having regions with different ribbon widths

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BRPI0700038A8 (pt) 2018-05-22
BRPI0700038B1 (pt) 2020-04-07
EP1809073A1 (en) 2007-07-18
US7211772B2 (en) 2007-05-01
CA2572785C (en) 2012-04-10
US20060201933A1 (en) 2006-09-14
CA2572785A1 (en) 2007-07-13
US20070164015A1 (en) 2007-07-19
EP1809073B1 (en) 2013-09-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
BRPI0700038A (pt) elemento de aquecimento de lámina, e, conjunto de aquecimento eletrotérmico
ES2548921T3 (es) Elemento plano flexible calentable
WO2009041318A1 (ja) 発光素子及びそれを用いた発光装置
BRPI0714397A8 (pt) Tiras de teste de diagnóstico e método de produção de pluralidade das mesmas
ATE525493T1 (de) Element
WO2006052330A3 (en) Illumination assembly with circuitized strips
BR112019003931A2 (pt) placa de circuito impresso para a ligação de células de bateria, e bateria
TW200728723A (en) Anisotropic conductive connector device and circuit device inspection device
CO6571909A2 (es) Calentador alargado para un sistema de generación de aerosol electricamente calentado
WO2007089599A3 (en) Led illumination assembly with compliant foil construction
DK2105047T3 (da) Varmeisolerende rudeelement i flere lag
ATE538480T1 (de) Dünnfilmwiderstand mit einer stromdichteverstärkungsschicht
BR112014024936A8 (pt) Módulo de célula solar sensibilizada por corante tendo uma estrutura em série e método de fabricação da célula solar.
ATE453311T1 (de) Leiterplatte mit zusätzlichen funktionalen elementen sowie herstellverfahren und anwendung
WO2008057064A3 (en) Conducting-fiber deicing systems and methods
BR112017010688A2 (pt) substrato de vidro dotado de tiras condutoras à base de cobre
ATE488015T1 (de) Leistungswiderstandsmodul
WO2009001946A1 (ja) タッチパネルおよびタッチパネル型表示装置
JP2019525454A5 (pt)
JP2006196894A5 (pt)
DE502007004867D1 (de) Einschaltwiderstand für Hochspannungsleistungsschalter
ATE324686T1 (de) Adapter zum energietransfer
ATE217749T1 (de) Dünnes heizelelement mit geringem elektrischen widerstand
JP2015032733A5 (pt)
TW200718299A (en) Wiring board, wiring material, copper-clad laminate, and wiring board fabrication method

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
B15K Others concerning applications: alteration of classification

Ipc: B64D 13/08 (2006.01), B64D 15/12 (2006.01), H05B 3

B07A Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]
B07A Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]
B09A Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]
B16A Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]

Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 10 (DEZ) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 07/04/2020, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS.