BRPI0921713B1 - Circuito de refrigeração, tubulação e processo - Google Patents

Circuito de refrigeração, tubulação e processo Download PDF

Info

Publication number: BRPI0921713B1
Authority: BR; Brazil
Prior art keywords: layer; pipe; tube; metallic; fact
Prior art date: 2008-11-17

Application number

BRPI0921713-4A

Other languages

English (en)

Portuguese (pt)

Inventor

Claudio Damiano Cataldo

Paolo Cittadini

Original Assignee

Industrie Ilpea S.P.A.

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2008-11-17

Filing date

2009-11-10

Publication date

2020-02-27

2009-11-10 Application filed by Industrie Ilpea S.P.A. filed Critical Industrie Ilpea S.P.A.

2016-01-05 Publication of BRPI0921713A2 publication Critical patent/BRPI0921713A2/pt

2020-02-27 Publication of BRPI0921713B1 publication Critical patent/BRPI0921713B1/pt

Links

238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 51
239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 87
229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 30
238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 17
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239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
239000006223 plastic coating Substances 0.000 claims description 3
239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims 1
230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims 1
238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 abstract description 45
239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
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238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 20
238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 20
238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 20
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 14
238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 14
238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 12
230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 8
239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 7
239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 7
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238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 6
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RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 5
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238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 4
NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 4
230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 4
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238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 3
239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 3
-1 isobutane Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 2
FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical class O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
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239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
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238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
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238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 description 1
229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
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239000012945 sealing adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
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238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1

Classifications

- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
- F25B39/02—Evaporators
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/14—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rigid material, e.g. metal or hard plastics
- F16L11/15—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rigid material, e.g. metal or hard plastics corrugated
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/047—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
- F28D1/0477—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/047—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
- F28D1/0477—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag
- F28D1/0478—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/08—Tubular elements crimped or corrugated in longitudinal section
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
- F28F1/22—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
- F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
- F28F19/04—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of rubber; of plastics material; of varnish
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
- F28F21/062—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing tubular conduits
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/0246—Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
- F28F9/0256—Arrangements for coupling connectors with flow lines
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L2011/047—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with a diffusion barrier layer
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
- F25B2339/02—Details of evaporators
- F25B2339/023—Evaporators consisting of one or several sheets on one face of which is fixed a refrigerant carrying coil
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/05—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system
- F25B2400/052—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system between the capillary tube and another part of the refrigeration cycle
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/12—Sound
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
- F25B41/37—Capillary tubes
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2265/00—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction
- F28F2265/28—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction for preventing noise

Landscapes

Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
Thermal Sciences (AREA)
Geometry (AREA)
Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
Surgical Instruments (AREA)
Air Bags (AREA)
Laminated Bodies (AREA)

BRPI0921713-4A 2008-11-17 2009-11-10 Circuito de refrigeração, tubulação e processo BRPI0921713B1 (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
ITMI2008A002039A IT1391775B1 (it)	2008-11-17	2008-11-17	Circuito di raffraddamento
ITMI2008A002039		2008-11-17
PCT/IB2009/054989 WO2010055468A1 (en)	2008-11-17	2009-11-10	Refrigeration circuit

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
BRPI0921713A2 BRPI0921713A2 (pt)	2016-01-05
BRPI0921713B1 true BRPI0921713B1 (pt)	2020-02-27

Family

ID=41152195

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
BRPI0921713-4A BRPI0921713B1 (pt)	2008-11-17	2009-11-10	Circuito de refrigeração, tubulação e processo

Country Status (12)

Country	Link
US (1)	US20110259040A1 (pl)
EP (1)	EP2350541B1 (pl)
CN (1)	CN102265102A (pl)
BR (1)	BRPI0921713B1 (pl)
CO (1)	CO6362069A2 (pl)
ES (1)	ES2590460T3 (pl)
HU (1)	HUE030453T2 (pl)
IT (1)	IT1391775B1 (pl)
MX (1)	MX341749B (pl)
PL (1)	PL2350541T3 (pl)
RU (1)	RU2526139C2 (pl)
WO (1)	WO2010055468A1 (pl)

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
ITMI20071419A1 (it) *	2007-07-16	2009-01-17	Ilpea Ind Spa	Circuito di raffreddamento
US20120144858A1 (en) *	2010-12-13	2012-06-14	Colby Logan	Flexible refrigeration connection tube
KR101832763B1 (ko)	2011-11-02	2018-02-28	엘지전자 주식회사	진공 공간부를 구비하는 냉장고
KR101861831B1 (ko)	2011-11-02	2018-05-29	엘지전자 주식회사	진공 공간부를 구비하는 냉장고
US9528749B2 (en)	2011-11-02	2016-12-27	Lg Electronics Inc.	Refrigerator
KR101861832B1 (ko)	2011-11-04	2018-05-29	엘지전자 주식회사	진공 공간부를 구비하는 냉장고
JP2013134024A (ja) *	2011-12-27	2013-07-08	Panasonic Corp	冷凍サイクル装置
DE102012101980A1 (de) *	2012-03-08	2013-09-12	Alpha-Innotec Gmbh	Verdampfer insbesondere für einen kältemittelkreislauf
CN104870104B (zh)	2012-12-19	2018-09-28	汉高股份有限及两合公司	部件的声阻尼和/或隔音方法
US9046287B2 (en) *	2013-03-15	2015-06-02	Whirlpool Corporation	Specialty cooling features using extruded evaporator
DE102013206203A1 (de) *	2013-04-09	2014-10-09	BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH	Kältegerät mit einem Verdampfer
US9821420B2 (en) *	2014-01-16	2017-11-21	Whirlpool Corporation	Method of forming a refrigeration heat exchanger
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2008
- 2008-11-17 IT ITMI2008A002039A patent/IT1391775B1/it active
2009
- 2009-11-10 EP EP09799397.6A patent/EP2350541B1/en active Active
- 2009-11-10 MX MX2011005157A patent/MX341749B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-11-10 ES ES09799397.6T patent/ES2590460T3/es active Active
- 2009-11-10 CN CN2009801522839A patent/CN102265102A/zh active Pending
- 2009-11-10 RU RU2011120314/06A patent/RU2526139C2/ru active
- 2009-11-10 US US13/129,332 patent/US20110259040A1/en not_active Abandoned
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RU2011120314A (ru)	2012-12-27
CO6362069A2 (es)	2012-01-20
CN102265102A (zh)	2011-11-30
ES2590460T3 (es)	2016-11-22
BRPI0921713A2 (pt)	2016-01-05
PL2350541T3 (pl)	2016-12-30
EP2350541B1 (en)	2016-06-08
IT1391775B1 (it)	2012-01-27
HUE030453T2 (en)	2017-05-29
ITMI20082039A1 (it)	2010-05-18
RU2526139C2 (ru)	2014-08-20
WO2010055468A1 (en)	2010-05-20
MX2011005157A (es)	2011-08-15
US20110259040A1 (en)	2011-10-27
MX341749B (es)	2016-08-31
EP2350541A1 (en)	2011-08-03

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