CA1111982A - Pvc - red mud compositions - Google Patents
Pvc - red mud compositionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1111982A CA1111982A CA304,276A CA304276A CA1111982A CA 1111982 A CA1111982 A CA 1111982A CA 304276 A CA304276 A CA 304276A CA 1111982 A CA1111982 A CA 1111982A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- weight percent
- mud
- red
- waste
- composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010734 process oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000518994 Conta Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001217 buttock Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003340 mental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010913 used oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
- C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B26/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B26/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
- C04B18/0409—Waste from the purification of bauxite, e.g. red mud
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This invention relates to the production of a plastic material from new or waste polyvinylchloride (PVC) compounds with waste red-mud. The compositions may preferably also contain used machine lubricating, oil. The degradation products in the PVC are neutralized by the free alkalies in the red-mud. The plastic material may also contain other additives, such as fillers and plasticizers to obtain desired physical properties.
This invention relates to the production of a plastic material from new or waste polyvinylchloride (PVC) compounds with waste red-mud. The compositions may preferably also contain used machine lubricating, oil. The degradation products in the PVC are neutralized by the free alkalies in the red-mud. The plastic material may also contain other additives, such as fillers and plasticizers to obtain desired physical properties.
Description
Wa~te red-mud is the residual product of the alu~inu~
; ~ndustry. It is obta~ned fro~ Bauxlte after the extraction of alumlnum oxlde wlth alkall solution. Since the resldue still contalnq about 10% alkali, the disposal o~ red-mud may pollute the envlronment. A typical ~amp~ o~ the red-mud has shown the follo~in~ analysis:
SiO2 14.6% T~02 7 23 22.6~ Fe203 35.6 Na20 9.1~ Others 10.9~
The cQ~position ~111 vary dependlng ~pon the purity Or the ore, t~pe and concentrat10n Or alkal~, typ~ o~ extraction process, ~-1 efiiclency of ~xtraction, etc. The foregolng analysls 18 for demonstration purpo3es only and 1~ not mean~ to limlt the composltion of the red-mud.
Tlle disposal of ~aste PVC ht~s proren to be an enYlrc~n-: mental problem. Burning the mater~al produce3 ~mo~e and hazardou3 gases sueh as H~l. The pr~ent ln~ention reduce~
~ ~, the~e pro~lems. The processes o~ the pre~ent inYent$on utllize the convenlence of the Banbury mixer, but other prscessing equip~ent can be u~ed such a~ $nternal ml~ers, roll mills, extruders or O~her processlng equipment familiar to those skllled in the art.
: .
A plastic material ls obtained by compounding poly-vinylchloride (PVC) in the form o~ waste material or as ~resh plas~lc~ with waste red-mud. It is thought that degrqdation products in the PVC are neutrallzed b~ free alkall in the red-~ud. Prefersbly another waste product such as waste ..; . .
` ~ motor oil is added a~ an lnexpensive processing aid thereby performing a worthwhi~ function while also eliminating a pollution problem. The waste oil softens the P~C while . mlxing to aid in the dlsper~lon of lngredients, e.g. cut ;;
~: r. down power consumption~ shorten mixing time, etc. The .: A
,~ , .
~''' ~
]plastl~ material may contain other additives such as fillers ~, ,, ,;~
and plastic~zers to obtain deslred physical properties.
Di-octyl phthalate is a possible optional ingredient. It serves as a plasticizer to soften P~C so that it will be flexible .. .. .
-: ~ The following tables show the percentages of ingredi-ents found in the present compositions. All percentages are on a weight percent basis.
Table 1 - Percent Ranges INOREDIENT BROAD RA~TGE PREFERRED RANGE
Red-mud 5~ - 80% 10% - 55%
Waste oil 0~ - 20~ 3% - 15%
Di-octyl Phthalate 0% - 50% 5% - 10 Other Flller 0~ - 20% 0% - 6~
PVC 20~ - 85~ 25% - 80%
Table 2 - Optimum Compositions GREDIENTHARD (Shore D-78)SOFT ~Shore A-77) ~VC 20-30% (25~) 30-50% (40~) o :~ DOP ~10~ (7%) 20-40~ (38~) ~: Red-mud 7 3% (60~) 5-25% ~12%) Waste Oil 3-10~ (4%) 3-10% (5%) Others 2-6~ (4%) 2-6~ (5~) Fillers such as designated below may be used ln ~ 25 amounts o~ up to 20~ to increase tensile strength and hardness.
: ~ ~ Cheap material byproducts, such as plant ~ibers, e.g. slsal, bagasse are preferred.
Plant Flbers Synthetic Fibers j~ .,~ ~
Sisal Glas~
Bamboo . Polyester ' Bagasse Polyamide ~ . " ~
~ Polyvinylalcohol - ~ Polyacrylics ~ ' ~,~
Typtcally, the present compositions are non-trans-~i parent, heat stable to 180C, and self extinguishing ~rom a fLammabilit~J standpoint. Typical hardnesses are Shore D 78 for hard materials and Shore A-77 for soft material compositions.
Compounded material shows geod outdoor stability.
; The processes of the present invention provide a novel, highly effective method for the conversion of used lubricating oil, waste red-mud and new or waste P~C material into useful and durable products. Since all of the raw materials employed may be waste materials, this will reduce the cost of the products as well as reduce the waste disposal problems .
and ensuing environmental pollutlon. The current state of the art for the compounding of PVC uses costly stabllizers and ; ~ processing aids. The present invention utilizes the stabllizing . _~
~ 15 properties of the red-mud and the softening effect of the wast~
._ .
oil in PVC materials. The present invention reduces both the cost of the product and increases the thermal stability and weather resistance. Another advantage of the present invention is that compounded PV~ materlal maintains a large amount o~
~ 20 the ini~ial tensile strengbh and elongat~on upon prolonged exposur~ to Ultraviolet irradiation. These effects may be due to the existence o~ the red-mud increasing the thermal stability o~ the compounded material by absorbing the resulting degradation products.
The compounded mater~al ma~ be ~ormed into films, sheets, leathers, plates, et~, either of a ~lexible or hard type. me flexible material can be m~de into waste digesters, portable rice warehouses, fermentation vess~ls, containers for agricultural water, storage silos for grass and hay, hot bed llners, storage tanks for methane generated from animal wastes, `:~ liners for salt water e~aporators and reser~oir~, outside ., -.: :.~ . .
~ - 3 -storage buildings, liners to protect beaches ~rom wave action3 wire and cable protective coatlngs, etcO The hard material can b~ used ~or durable conduits, corrugated roofin~ and siding, surfacing material for ~edestrian sidewalks, con-i 5 struction panels, etc.
When waste PVC is used in the cDmpositlons of the ~'1 present invention, it ~s often not necessary to add a plasti-cizer, since the waste PVC already contains plasticizer.
Another advantage o~ the present in~ention is that compounded materials are self-extinguishing when sub~ected to a flamma-.'1.~
bility test. This test consisted o~ igniting the compounded material with a bunson burner; ~hen the bunson burner was re-moved, the burning of the material ceased. Yet another advan-~;~ tage of the present invention is the incorporation of waste and/or used machine3 engine or motor lubricating oil as aprocessing ~id with no adverse effect on the quality of the ~ .
final product or its response to environme~ al aging. The addition elim~nates costly proces~ing oils and reduces the pollut~on caused by dumping the used oil.
In the following examples, the following standard test procedures were used:
Aging ASTM D 1573-61 Tensile and Elongation ASTM D 638-72 All percentages are w~lght percent unless otherwise `~ indicated, -~ ~ Re~erring to the drawings, Figures 1 and 2 compare the results o~ adding red-mud ~o ~omposition~ not conta~ning red-mud. Figures 3 and 4 compare the present compositions with those employing CaCo3 rather than red-mud.
.... .
,~
: .
;~ . .
~ - - 4 --.,,.. ,,9 EXAMPLE 1 This example demonstrates the formation of a flexible film which is then assembled into a marsh digest~r and which has good weather resistance. The following ingredients were charged into a Banbury mixer at 175C: -200 parts waste PVC
20 parts whste oll ,, --~.....
55 parts predried red-mud The mlx obtained was processed on a roll mill and then sheeted out on a calander. ~ilms of 1.0 mm thickness were heat welded together to construct a cylindrical animal waste digester three meters long ~nd 1.5 meters ~n diameter. The digester wa~ buried ~lth the cylindrical axls parallel to the ground surface with . . .
-- half the volume above ground. The digester was then filledwith ~ater to ground level and the air space above the water was p~essurized to 15 cm water.
Over the course of one year3 air has been pumped ln and out o~ the digester ~or six thousand cycles wlth no damage ,~
to the surface o~ the digester. Air pressure was maintained over long periods of time. The ~ilm hardness was Shore A-T7.
This example demonstrates the ~ormation o~ a hard sheet which has good environmental resistance. The composit~on used was:
260 parts waste PVC
5~ 87 pQrts di-octyl phthalate (DOP) `~j` 527 parts predried rea-mud . ~.....
40 parbs waste oil 4~ parts sisal ~iber These ingredients were mixed ~ell and then put lnto a orming press under a pressure Or 50kg/cm at 170C for 5 minutes, :. ;., ~.,?-` `;
~ .
~h~
The sheet obtai~ed had a bending stren~th (ASTM
I3790-74) of 420kg/c~ ; arter four years exposure to Taiwan's weather, the bending strength was 382kgicm2. A large portlon of the bending ~trength has been retained a~ter long en~iron-~ental exposure. This is in contrast to the present state ~"~ of the art where PV~ becomes embrittled and useless ln one to two years exposure to the out-of-door~ environment.
, ......
The sisal ~iber is an inexpensive ~elnforcing agent used to increase the tensile strength and hardness. The hardness was Shore D-78.
.. . ...
( EXAMPLE 3 : ~; ~
;, ~ ~ This example demonstrates the increase in tensila i strength and the retention of elongation of materlals of the present invention after prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light.
Table 3 ;;; EXAMPLE ~ PVC % RED-MUD % WASTE OIL %
3 A 78 12 lO
It i5 noted that lO0 hours of ultraviolet irradiation is equi~alent to one year of out door testing.
~, Results are shown in Figures l and 2. As shown in the ~igures, addition o~ red-mud and waste lubricatlng oil pursuant to the present in~ention yields products which have bet~er tensile strength and elongation after prolonged W
irradiatlon. All ~est resu~ts are the average of 5-10 samples according to the China National Standards Statistlcal procedures.
,` EXAMPLE 4 "
;~ ~ This example demonstratos the superlority of using ~ ~ red-mud pursuant to the present lnvention as compared to the ..,~ ......
~ 30 use of conventional ~illers, e~g. CaC03.
~ .
:;'",'? EXAMPLE ~ PVC ~ FILLER_ PROCESSING AID
4 C 160 g CaC03 60 g Process Oil 60 g 4 D 160 g red-mud 60 g Waste Oil 60 g A3 shown in Figures 3 and 4~ the present invention ga~e improved elongation retention and retained tensile strength. This demonstrates a substantial improvement over p~or ar~ composit~ons.
~` EXAMPIES 5-7 The ~ollowing examples demonstrate that the addi~ion o~ ~aste lubricating oil as a process~ng aid does not adversely , ~, . ...
affect the lnitial physical properties of the co~pounded materials or the physica~ properties after aging tests. The composltion consisted o~ 160 g PVC ~ 160 g of di-octyl phthalate plus ~arying amounts o~ filler and processing aid. In the ta~le below "FINAL" refers to 1000 hours W lrradiation.
Table 4 .-......
ELONGATION
EXAMPLE RED-MUD PROCESSING AID INITIAL % FINA~
$(Control) 60 g 20 g Process Oil 324 284 ;~ ~ 5 60g 20 g Wa~te Oil 4 318 6 5 g 30 g Waste 011 346 318 7 40 g 40 g Waste Oil 334 3~6 TENSILE STRENGTH ~G~CM
X(Control) 79.6 82.1 80.2 76.5 80.0 83.6 . ~.... ... .
~- ~ 7 76.2 67.1 . ~ .,. ,. ~
~
.
.: . .
~ 7 -.~ .
; ~ndustry. It is obta~ned fro~ Bauxlte after the extraction of alumlnum oxlde wlth alkall solution. Since the resldue still contalnq about 10% alkali, the disposal o~ red-mud may pollute the envlronment. A typical ~amp~ o~ the red-mud has shown the follo~in~ analysis:
SiO2 14.6% T~02 7 23 22.6~ Fe203 35.6 Na20 9.1~ Others 10.9~
The cQ~position ~111 vary dependlng ~pon the purity Or the ore, t~pe and concentrat10n Or alkal~, typ~ o~ extraction process, ~-1 efiiclency of ~xtraction, etc. The foregolng analysls 18 for demonstration purpo3es only and 1~ not mean~ to limlt the composltion of the red-mud.
Tlle disposal of ~aste PVC ht~s proren to be an enYlrc~n-: mental problem. Burning the mater~al produce3 ~mo~e and hazardou3 gases sueh as H~l. The pr~ent ln~ention reduce~
~ ~, the~e pro~lems. The processes o~ the pre~ent inYent$on utllize the convenlence of the Banbury mixer, but other prscessing equip~ent can be u~ed such a~ $nternal ml~ers, roll mills, extruders or O~her processlng equipment familiar to those skllled in the art.
: .
A plastic material ls obtained by compounding poly-vinylchloride (PVC) in the form o~ waste material or as ~resh plas~lc~ with waste red-mud. It is thought that degrqdation products in the PVC are neutrallzed b~ free alkall in the red-~ud. Prefersbly another waste product such as waste ..; . .
` ~ motor oil is added a~ an lnexpensive processing aid thereby performing a worthwhi~ function while also eliminating a pollution problem. The waste oil softens the P~C while . mlxing to aid in the dlsper~lon of lngredients, e.g. cut ;;
~: r. down power consumption~ shorten mixing time, etc. The .: A
,~ , .
~''' ~
]plastl~ material may contain other additives such as fillers ~, ,, ,;~
and plastic~zers to obtain deslred physical properties.
Di-octyl phthalate is a possible optional ingredient. It serves as a plasticizer to soften P~C so that it will be flexible .. .. .
-: ~ The following tables show the percentages of ingredi-ents found in the present compositions. All percentages are on a weight percent basis.
Table 1 - Percent Ranges INOREDIENT BROAD RA~TGE PREFERRED RANGE
Red-mud 5~ - 80% 10% - 55%
Waste oil 0~ - 20~ 3% - 15%
Di-octyl Phthalate 0% - 50% 5% - 10 Other Flller 0~ - 20% 0% - 6~
PVC 20~ - 85~ 25% - 80%
Table 2 - Optimum Compositions GREDIENTHARD (Shore D-78)SOFT ~Shore A-77) ~VC 20-30% (25~) 30-50% (40~) o :~ DOP ~10~ (7%) 20-40~ (38~) ~: Red-mud 7 3% (60~) 5-25% ~12%) Waste Oil 3-10~ (4%) 3-10% (5%) Others 2-6~ (4%) 2-6~ (5~) Fillers such as designated below may be used ln ~ 25 amounts o~ up to 20~ to increase tensile strength and hardness.
: ~ ~ Cheap material byproducts, such as plant ~ibers, e.g. slsal, bagasse are preferred.
Plant Flbers Synthetic Fibers j~ .,~ ~
Sisal Glas~
Bamboo . Polyester ' Bagasse Polyamide ~ . " ~
~ Polyvinylalcohol - ~ Polyacrylics ~ ' ~,~
Typtcally, the present compositions are non-trans-~i parent, heat stable to 180C, and self extinguishing ~rom a fLammabilit~J standpoint. Typical hardnesses are Shore D 78 for hard materials and Shore A-77 for soft material compositions.
Compounded material shows geod outdoor stability.
; The processes of the present invention provide a novel, highly effective method for the conversion of used lubricating oil, waste red-mud and new or waste P~C material into useful and durable products. Since all of the raw materials employed may be waste materials, this will reduce the cost of the products as well as reduce the waste disposal problems .
and ensuing environmental pollutlon. The current state of the art for the compounding of PVC uses costly stabllizers and ; ~ processing aids. The present invention utilizes the stabllizing . _~
~ 15 properties of the red-mud and the softening effect of the wast~
._ .
oil in PVC materials. The present invention reduces both the cost of the product and increases the thermal stability and weather resistance. Another advantage of the present invention is that compounded PV~ materlal maintains a large amount o~
~ 20 the ini~ial tensile strengbh and elongat~on upon prolonged exposur~ to Ultraviolet irradiation. These effects may be due to the existence o~ the red-mud increasing the thermal stability o~ the compounded material by absorbing the resulting degradation products.
The compounded mater~al ma~ be ~ormed into films, sheets, leathers, plates, et~, either of a ~lexible or hard type. me flexible material can be m~de into waste digesters, portable rice warehouses, fermentation vess~ls, containers for agricultural water, storage silos for grass and hay, hot bed llners, storage tanks for methane generated from animal wastes, `:~ liners for salt water e~aporators and reser~oir~, outside ., -.: :.~ . .
~ - 3 -storage buildings, liners to protect beaches ~rom wave action3 wire and cable protective coatlngs, etcO The hard material can b~ used ~or durable conduits, corrugated roofin~ and siding, surfacing material for ~edestrian sidewalks, con-i 5 struction panels, etc.
When waste PVC is used in the cDmpositlons of the ~'1 present invention, it ~s often not necessary to add a plasti-cizer, since the waste PVC already contains plasticizer.
Another advantage o~ the present in~ention is that compounded materials are self-extinguishing when sub~ected to a flamma-.'1.~
bility test. This test consisted o~ igniting the compounded material with a bunson burner; ~hen the bunson burner was re-moved, the burning of the material ceased. Yet another advan-~;~ tage of the present invention is the incorporation of waste and/or used machine3 engine or motor lubricating oil as aprocessing ~id with no adverse effect on the quality of the ~ .
final product or its response to environme~ al aging. The addition elim~nates costly proces~ing oils and reduces the pollut~on caused by dumping the used oil.
In the following examples, the following standard test procedures were used:
Aging ASTM D 1573-61 Tensile and Elongation ASTM D 638-72 All percentages are w~lght percent unless otherwise `~ indicated, -~ ~ Re~erring to the drawings, Figures 1 and 2 compare the results o~ adding red-mud ~o ~omposition~ not conta~ning red-mud. Figures 3 and 4 compare the present compositions with those employing CaCo3 rather than red-mud.
.... .
,~
: .
;~ . .
~ - - 4 --.,,.. ,,9 EXAMPLE 1 This example demonstrates the formation of a flexible film which is then assembled into a marsh digest~r and which has good weather resistance. The following ingredients were charged into a Banbury mixer at 175C: -200 parts waste PVC
20 parts whste oll ,, --~.....
55 parts predried red-mud The mlx obtained was processed on a roll mill and then sheeted out on a calander. ~ilms of 1.0 mm thickness were heat welded together to construct a cylindrical animal waste digester three meters long ~nd 1.5 meters ~n diameter. The digester wa~ buried ~lth the cylindrical axls parallel to the ground surface with . . .
-- half the volume above ground. The digester was then filledwith ~ater to ground level and the air space above the water was p~essurized to 15 cm water.
Over the course of one year3 air has been pumped ln and out o~ the digester ~or six thousand cycles wlth no damage ,~
to the surface o~ the digester. Air pressure was maintained over long periods of time. The ~ilm hardness was Shore A-T7.
This example demonstrates the ~ormation o~ a hard sheet which has good environmental resistance. The composit~on used was:
260 parts waste PVC
5~ 87 pQrts di-octyl phthalate (DOP) `~j` 527 parts predried rea-mud . ~.....
40 parbs waste oil 4~ parts sisal ~iber These ingredients were mixed ~ell and then put lnto a orming press under a pressure Or 50kg/cm at 170C for 5 minutes, :. ;., ~.,?-` `;
~ .
~h~
The sheet obtai~ed had a bending stren~th (ASTM
I3790-74) of 420kg/c~ ; arter four years exposure to Taiwan's weather, the bending strength was 382kgicm2. A large portlon of the bending ~trength has been retained a~ter long en~iron-~ental exposure. This is in contrast to the present state ~"~ of the art where PV~ becomes embrittled and useless ln one to two years exposure to the out-of-door~ environment.
, ......
The sisal ~iber is an inexpensive ~elnforcing agent used to increase the tensile strength and hardness. The hardness was Shore D-78.
.. . ...
( EXAMPLE 3 : ~; ~
;, ~ ~ This example demonstrates the increase in tensila i strength and the retention of elongation of materlals of the present invention after prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light.
Table 3 ;;; EXAMPLE ~ PVC % RED-MUD % WASTE OIL %
3 A 78 12 lO
It i5 noted that lO0 hours of ultraviolet irradiation is equi~alent to one year of out door testing.
~, Results are shown in Figures l and 2. As shown in the ~igures, addition o~ red-mud and waste lubricatlng oil pursuant to the present in~ention yields products which have bet~er tensile strength and elongation after prolonged W
irradiatlon. All ~est resu~ts are the average of 5-10 samples according to the China National Standards Statistlcal procedures.
,` EXAMPLE 4 "
;~ ~ This example demonstratos the superlority of using ~ ~ red-mud pursuant to the present lnvention as compared to the ..,~ ......
~ 30 use of conventional ~illers, e~g. CaC03.
~ .
:;'",'? EXAMPLE ~ PVC ~ FILLER_ PROCESSING AID
4 C 160 g CaC03 60 g Process Oil 60 g 4 D 160 g red-mud 60 g Waste Oil 60 g A3 shown in Figures 3 and 4~ the present invention ga~e improved elongation retention and retained tensile strength. This demonstrates a substantial improvement over p~or ar~ composit~ons.
~` EXAMPIES 5-7 The ~ollowing examples demonstrate that the addi~ion o~ ~aste lubricating oil as a process~ng aid does not adversely , ~, . ...
affect the lnitial physical properties of the co~pounded materials or the physica~ properties after aging tests. The composltion consisted o~ 160 g PVC ~ 160 g of di-octyl phthalate plus ~arying amounts o~ filler and processing aid. In the ta~le below "FINAL" refers to 1000 hours W lrradiation.
Table 4 .-......
ELONGATION
EXAMPLE RED-MUD PROCESSING AID INITIAL % FINA~
$(Control) 60 g 20 g Process Oil 324 284 ;~ ~ 5 60g 20 g Wa~te Oil 4 318 6 5 g 30 g Waste 011 346 318 7 40 g 40 g Waste Oil 334 3~6 TENSILE STRENGTH ~G~CM
X(Control) 79.6 82.1 80.2 76.5 80.0 83.6 . ~.... ... .
~- ~ 7 76.2 67.1 . ~ .,. ,. ~
~
.
.: . .
~ 7 -.~ .
Claims (10)
1. A polyvinylchloride composition having good tensile strength and retention of elasticity which comprises 20 to 85 weight percent polyvinylchloride and 5 to 80 weight percent red-mud.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein said polyvinyl-chloride is waste polyvinylchloride.
3. The composition of claim 1 which further contains 3 to 15 weight percent of waste motor oil.
4. The composition of claim 1 which further contains 5 to 10 weight percent di-octyl phthalate.
5. The composition of claim 1 which further comprises up to 20 weight percent of a filler.
6. The composition of claim 1 which is rigid and which contains 20 to 30 weight percent polyvinylchloride, greater than 30 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil.
7. The composition of claim 1 which is a flexible film and which comprises 30 to 50 weight percent polyvinylchloride, 5 to 25 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil.
8. The composition of claim 1 which further contains a minor percentage of sisal as filler.
9. The composition of claim 1 in the form of a flexible sheet and containing 40 weight percent polyvinylchloride, 12 weight percent red-mud, 5 weight percent waste oil and 38 weight percent di-octyl phthalate.
10. The composition of claim 1 in the form of a rigid structure and containing 25 weight percent polyvinyl-chloride, 60 weight percent red-mud, 4 weight percent waste oil and 7 weight percent di-octyl phthalate.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8430777A JPS5420060A (en) | 1977-07-15 | 1977-07-15 | Polyvinyl chlorideered soil composition |
| JP84307/77 | 1977-07-15 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1111982A true CA1111982A (en) | 1981-11-03 |
Family
ID=13826824
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA304,276A Expired CA1111982A (en) | 1977-07-15 | 1978-05-29 | Pvc - red mud compositions |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5420060A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU514260B2 (en) |
| BE (2) | BE868962A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7804572A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1111982A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2809761C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2397436A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1597424A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN147645B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1108020B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7806957A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58147310U (en) * | 1982-03-29 | 1983-10-04 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Muting circuit |
| CN114752159A (en) * | 2022-04-12 | 2022-07-15 | 山东泽涛复合材料有限公司 | Tray synthesized by waste mulching films and modified red mud |
| CN116496590B (en) * | 2023-05-25 | 2024-12-06 | 北京科技大学 | A polyvinyl chloride sealing strip material prepared by using red mud and tire waste and a preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS4973438A (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1974-07-16 |
-
1977
- 1977-07-15 JP JP8430777A patent/JPS5420060A/en active Granted
- 1977-12-15 AU AU31641/77A patent/AU514260B2/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-01-09 IN IN18/DEL/78A patent/IN147645B/en unknown
- 1978-02-23 GB GB7258/78A patent/GB1597424A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-03-07 DE DE2809761A patent/DE2809761C2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-04-20 FR FR7811711A patent/FR2397436A1/en active Granted
- 1978-05-29 CA CA304,276A patent/CA1111982A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-05-29 IT IT6822778A patent/IT1108020B/en active
- 1978-06-28 NL NL7806957A patent/NL7806957A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1978-07-11 BR BR7804572A patent/BR7804572A/en unknown
- 1978-07-13 BE BE189255A patent/BE868962A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-07-14 BE BE189314A patent/BE869028A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1108020B (en) | 1985-12-02 |
| DE2809761A1 (en) | 1979-01-25 |
| DE2809761C2 (en) | 1986-12-04 |
| BR7804572A (en) | 1979-03-20 |
| NL7806957A (en) | 1979-01-17 |
| IN147645B (en) | 1980-05-17 |
| GB1597424A (en) | 1981-09-09 |
| BE868962A (en) | 1978-11-03 |
| AU3164177A (en) | 1979-06-21 |
| FR2397436A1 (en) | 1979-02-09 |
| FR2397436B1 (en) | 1983-04-01 |
| IT7868227A0 (en) | 1978-05-29 |
| BE869028A (en) | 1979-01-15 |
| AU514260B2 (en) | 1981-01-29 |
| JPS5523587B2 (en) | 1980-06-24 |
| JPS5420060A (en) | 1979-02-15 |
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