CA1135338A - Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples - Google Patents

Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples

Info

Publication number: CA1135338A
Authority: CA; Canada
Prior art keywords: column; ionic species; resin; ion; resolved
Prior art date: 1979-04-06
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Expired

Application number

CA000325027A

Other languages

English (en)

Inventor

William E. Rich, Jr.

Frank C. Smith, Jr.

Janet L. Mcneill

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Dionex Corp

Original Assignee

Dionex Corp

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1979-04-06

Filing date

1979-04-06

Publication date

1982-11-09

1979-04-06 Application filed by Dionex Corp filed Critical Dionex Corp

1979-04-06 Priority to CA000325027A priority Critical patent/CA1135338A/fr

1982-11-09 Application granted granted Critical

1982-11-09 Publication of CA1135338A publication Critical patent/CA1135338A/fr

Status Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 69
150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 52
239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 22
150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 89
229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 89
239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 42
239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 claims description 32
239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 19
238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 10
GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical group [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 claims description 8
239000003957 anion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 7
239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims 3
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical group [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 44
150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 43
230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 abstract description 34
238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N metronidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=C([N+]([O-])=O)N1CCO VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 abstract 1
150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 28
238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 27
239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 16
QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 15
FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
238000001032 ion-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 12
BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 9
XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 8
239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 8
QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical group [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
-1 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 7
239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 7
MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical group [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 4
229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 4
239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 3
230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
229910001863 barium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
229910001422 barium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 2
229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 2
239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
125000002924 primary amino group Chemical class [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
239000012508 resin bead Substances 0.000 description 2
125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical class [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
239000004280 Sodium formate Substances 0.000 description 1
238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical group [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 description 1
125000004218 chloromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
235000015203 fruit juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
235000019990 fruit wine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000003317 industrial substance Substances 0.000 description 1
230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
235000019254 sodium formate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000012607 strong cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 1
238000004454 trace mineral analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
239000012608 weak cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1

Landscapes

Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)

CA000325027A 1979-04-06 1979-04-06 Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples Expired CA1135338A (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
CA000325027A CA1135338A (fr)	1979-04-06	1979-04-06	Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
CA000325027A CA1135338A (fr)	1979-04-06	1979-04-06	Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples

Publications (1)

Publication Number	Publication Date
CA1135338A true CA1135338A (fr)	1982-11-09

Family

ID=4113928

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
CA000325027A Expired CA1135338A (fr)	1979-04-06	1979-04-06	Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples

Country Status (1)

Country	Link
CA (1)	CA1135338A (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
CN114689830A (zh) *	2022-05-06	2022-07-01	华电电力科学研究院有限公司	一种阴离子树脂的碳酸氢根交换容量检测方法及装置

1979
- 1979-04-06 CA CA000325027A patent/CA1135338A/fr not_active Expired

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
CN114689830A (zh) *	2022-05-06	2022-07-01	华电电力科学研究院有限公司	一种阴离子树脂的碳酸氢根交换容量检测方法及装置
CN114689830B (zh) *	2022-05-06	2023-05-26	华电电力科学研究院有限公司	一种阴离子树脂的碳酸氢根交换容量检测方法及装置

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
1999-11-09	MKEX	Expiry

Publication	Publication Date	Title
US4314823A (en)	1982-02-09	Combination apparatus and method for chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of multiple ionic species
US4242097A (en)	1980-12-30	Method and apparatus for quantitative analysis of weakly ionized anions or cations
US3920397A (en)	1975-11-18	Apparatus and method for quantitative analysis of ionic species by liquid column chromatography
US4265634A (en)	1981-05-05	Chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis of ionic species
US3925019A (en)	1975-12-09	Chromatographic analysis of ionic species
Siriraks et al.	1990	Chelation ion chromatography as a method for trace elemental analysis in complex environmental and biological samples
US3926559A (en)	1975-12-16	Method and apparatus for quantitative chromatographic analysis of cationic species
US4699718A (en)	1987-10-13	Ion chromatography method and apparatus
DE69426212T2 (de)	2001-03-08	Ionenchromatographie unter Benutzung häufiger Regeneration eines Chargenartigen Unterdrückers
US20180340917A1 (en)	2018-11-29	Chromatography system with guard columns
US4272246A (en)	1981-06-09	Method and apparatus for chromatographic quantitative analysis
CA1166470A (fr)	1984-05-01	Appareil de chromatographie en phase gazeuse par concentration d'ions
US4017262A (en)	1977-04-12	Chromatographic apparatus for analysis of ionic species
Kaiser et al.	2004	Determination of residual trifluoroacetate in protein purification buffers and peptide preparations by ion chromatography
US4732686A (en)	1988-03-22	Weak eluant ion chromatography
CA1135338A (fr)	1982-11-09	Appareil et methode pour la separation par chromatographie et l'analyse quantitative combinees d'especes ioniques multiples
US3920398A (en)	1975-11-18	Method for chromatographic analysis of organic acids or their carboxylate salts
Korkisch	1966	Combined ion exchange-solvent extraction: A new dimension in inorganic separation chemistry
Heckenberg et al.	1985	Studies on sample preconcentration in ion chromatography: II. An automated, single pump preconcentration system for non-suppressed ion chromatography with conductivity detection
Saari-Nordhaus et al.	1994	Elimination of matrix interferences in ion chromatography by the use of solid-phase extraction disks
Toofan et al.	1997	Preconcentration determination of inorganic anions and organic acids in power plant waters separation optimization through control of column capacity and selectivity
Jackson et al.	1987	Studies on sample preconcentration in ion chromatography: V. Effect of the ion-exchange capacity of the concentrator column
Comber	1993	Determination of dissolved copper, nickel and cadmium in natural waters by high-performance liquid chromatography
US4556538A (en)	1985-12-03	Chromatographic apparatus
Boardman	1962	Ion-exchange chromatography