CA1286689C - Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene - Google Patents

Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene

Info

Publication number: CA1286689C
Authority: CA; Canada
Prior art keywords: efficiency; enhancing; catalyst; carbon dioxide; silver
Prior art date: 1985-08-13
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Expired - Lifetime

Application number

CA000515867A

Other languages

English (en)

Inventor

Thomas Michael Notermann

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Union Carbide Corp

Original Assignee

Union Carbide Corp

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1985-08-13

Filing date

1986-08-13

Publication date

1991-07-23

1986-08-13 Application filed by Union Carbide Corp filed Critical Union Carbide Corp

1991-07-23 Application granted granted Critical

1991-07-23 Publication of CA1286689C publication Critical patent/CA1286689C/fr

2008-07-23 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 22
CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 167
239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 165
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 149
BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 113
229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 111
239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 111
239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 83
150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 67
230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 60
238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 41
QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 31
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239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 10
WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethane Chemical compound CCCl HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
WFPZPJSADLPSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen tetraoxide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)[N+]([O-])=O WFPZPJSADLPSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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LZDSILRDTDCIQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen trioxide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N=O LZDSILRDTDCIQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 4
VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
229960003903 oxygen Drugs 0.000 abstract description 3
238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
229940009188 silver Drugs 0.000 description 101
229960004424 carbon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 66
239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 65
238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 60
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 51
IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
229940117927 ethylene oxide Drugs 0.000 description 31
229940093470 ethylene Drugs 0.000 description 28
239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 26
ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 19
229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 19
235000007686 potassium Nutrition 0.000 description 19
239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 18
229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 15
MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 13
229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 12
150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 11
239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 11
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239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 11
229940093928 potassium nitrate Drugs 0.000 description 11
HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 10
NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 7
NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 7
230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
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239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 7
229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 7
229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
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239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.OC(=O)C(O)=O GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
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229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 3
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239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
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230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 3
230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 3
SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
239000012633 leachable Substances 0.000 description 3
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SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N chloro(114C)methane Chemical compound [14CH3]Cl NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 2
238000010960 commercial process Methods 0.000 description 2
238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
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CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1 -dodecene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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PXJJSXABGXMUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur dichloride Chemical compound ClSSCl PXJJSXABGXMUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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VKBLPEHXOYXRCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium silver barium(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-2].[Ba+2].[O-2].[Mg+2] VKBLPEHXOYXRCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
229940116315 oxalic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L phthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000004304 potassium nitrite Substances 0.000 description 1
238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910001866 strontium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1

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CA000515867A 1985-08-13 1986-08-13 Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene Expired - Lifetime CA1286689C (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
US76520685A	1985-08-13	1985-08-13
US765,206		1985-08-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number	Publication Date
CA1286689C true CA1286689C (fr)	1991-07-23

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ID=25072932

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CA000515867A Expired - Lifetime CA1286689C (fr)	1985-08-13	1986-08-13	Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2004078736A1 (fr) *	2003-02-28	2004-09-16	Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.	Procede de fabrication d'oxyde d'ethylene
US7235677B2 (en)	2003-02-28	2007-06-26	Shell Oil Company	Method of improving the operation of an existing ethylene oxide manufacturing process and system
CN116474769A (zh) *	2023-04-06	2023-07-25	武汉工程大学	一种反应气体诱导提高乙烯环氧化反应体系催化剂活性的方法

1986
- 1986-08-13 CA CA000515867A patent/CA1286689C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2004078736A1 (fr) *	2003-02-28	2004-09-16	Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.	Procede de fabrication d'oxyde d'ethylene
US7235677B2 (en)	2003-02-28	2007-06-26	Shell Oil Company	Method of improving the operation of an existing ethylene oxide manufacturing process and system
CN116474769A (zh) *	2023-04-06	2023-07-25	武汉工程大学	一种反应气体诱导提高乙烯环氧化反应体系催化剂活性的方法

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
1997-07-23	MKLA	Lapsed

Publication	Publication Date	Title
US4994588A (en)	1991-02-19	Fluorine-containing catalytic system for expoxidation of alkenes
US4994587A (en)	1991-02-19	Catalytic system for epoxidation of alkenes employing low sodium catalyst supports
CA2783604C (fr)	2018-05-01	Procede pour l'initiation d'epoxydation
US5770746A (en)	1998-06-23	Epoxidation process using supported silver catalysts pretreated with organic chloride
US5112795A (en)	1992-05-12	Supported silver catalyst, and processes for making and using same
US4994589A (en)	1991-02-19	Catalytic system for epoxidation of alkenes
US5187140A (en)	1993-02-16	Alkylene oxide catalysts containing high silver content
EP0480538B1 (fr)	1998-09-02	Catalyseur d'alkylène oxyde ayant une activité et/ou une stabilité modifiée
US4761394A (en)	1988-08-02	Ethylene oxide catalyst and process for preparing the catalyst
US5418202A (en)	1995-05-23	Ethylene oxide catalyst and process
US5780657A (en)	1998-07-14	Propylene epoxidation using chloride-containing silver catalysts
US4833261A (en)	1989-05-23	Ethylene oxide process
EP1893331B1 (fr)	2013-07-10	Préparation de catalyseur comprenant une calcination effectuée en présence d'une faible concentration d'un constituant oxydant, catalyseur et procédé d'oxydation d'éthylene
JPH04298241A (ja)	1992-10-22	向上した安定性を有する超高性能アルキレンオキシド触媒
MXPA99012054A (en)	2000-09-04	Propylene epoxidation using chloride-containing silver catalysts
CA2697771A1 (fr)	2009-03-05	Support pour catalyseur d'oxyde d'olefine
KR20010024732A (ko)	2001-03-26	이산화탄소로 처리된 지지화 은 촉매를 이용한에폭시화물의 제조방법
CA1286687C (fr)	1991-07-23	Fabrication de l'oxyde d'alcene
CA1286689C (fr)	1991-07-23	Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene
CA2783605A1 (fr)	2011-07-14	Procede pour la production d'oxyde d'olefine
CA1286688C (fr)	1991-07-23	Fabrication de l'oxyde d'alcene
CA1293240C (fr)	1991-12-17	Catalyseur et methode pour la fabrication d'oxyde d'alcene
JP2009120495A (ja)	2009-06-04	オレフィンオキシドの連続製造方法
CA1293496C (fr)	1991-12-24	Systeme catalytique a faible teneur en sodium pour l'epoxydation d'alcenes
CA1289936C (fr)	1991-10-01	Systeme catalytique au fluor pour l'epoxydation des alkenes

CA1286689C - Fabrication de l'oxyde d'aclene - Google Patents

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Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=25072932

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Cited By (3)

Cited By (3)

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