CA2000522A1 - Capacitive starting electrodes for hid lamps - Google Patents

Abstract

CAPACITIVE STARTING ELECTRODES
FOR HID LAMPS

Abstract of the Disclosure A pair of starting electrodes are provided for an electrodeless high-intensity-discharge lamp arc of the type having an envelope situated within the bore of an excitation coil and in the interior of which envelope is to be provided a plasma arc discharge driven by the excitation coil. Each of the starting electrodes is a conductive ring disposed adjacent to an associated one of an opposed pair of envelope surfaces, and connected to an opposite end of the excitation coil. A high-voltage signal coupled between the starting electrodes causes an electric field to be produced suffi-cient to create a glow discharge in the arc tube, and cause an almost instantaneous transition to a high-current sole-noidal discharge to form the discharge plasma responsive to the normal field provided by the excitation coil.

Description

RD-18,490 2i~

CAPACITIVE STARTING ELECTRODES
FOR HID LAMPS
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Background of the Invention The present invention relates to electrodeless high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps and, more particularly, to novel electrodes for initiating a plasma discharge within the arc space of the electrodeless HID lamp.
It is now well known to provide a toroidal light-emitting plasma within the envelopes of a HID lamp. The induction arc plasma depends upon a solenoidal, divergence-free electric field for its maintenance; the field is ~, 10 created by the changing magnetic field of an excitation ;
coil, which is typically in the form of a solenoid. It is necessary to develop a very high electric field gradient across the arc tube to start the'plasma discharge; it is difficult to develop a sufficiently high electric field 15 gradient, especially in the associated excitation coil, ~ -because the coil current may be prohibitively high, even if it is to be provided only on a pulse basis. Further, providing a very high electric field gradient may be impos-sible because the necessary field-per-turn of the excitation coil may exceed the turn-to-turn electrical breakdown rating of that coil. Thus, it is difficult to provide some m~ans for starting induction-driven HID lamps, and it is also diicult to provide for hot re~tarting of the same type o lamp. It is therefore highly desirable to provide some means or starting the HI3 lamp placma discharge, which starting means can be easily utilized with typically HID
; lamps, under normal ambient conditions.
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Brief Summarv of the Invention In accordance with the invention, an electrodeless _ _ .~' . .~

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high-intensity-discharge lamp, having an envelope situated within the bore of an excitation coil and in the interior of which envelope is to be provided a plasma arc discharge driven by the excitation coil, is provided with a pair of starting electrodes each of which is a conductive ring disposed adjacent to an associated one of an opposed pair of envelope end surfaces, and connected to an opposite end of the excitation coil. Coupling of a high-voltage signal between the pair of starting electrodes causes an electric field to be produced between the pair of electrodes, of magnitude and position sufficient to cause the material within the lamp envelope to create a glow discharge in the arc tube, due to the arc tube wall capacitance. The glow discharge creates enough ionization in a suitable location so that an almost instantaneous transition to a high-current solenoidal discharge will occur and form the discharge plasma responsive to the normal field provided by the excitation coil. `-In presently preerred embodiments, the ring shape of each capacitive starting electrode is broken, preferably over an arcuate section opposite to that section of the ring electrode connected to the a~sociated excitation coil end, to prevent the ring electrode acting as a single-turn secondary coil having high circulating currents. Bimetallic means for moving the starting electrodes away from the discharge tube, re~ponsive to receipt o~ thermal energy released therefrom, can be utilized to extend the discharge tube u~eful life.
Accordingly, it is an object of the pre~ent invention to provide novel capacitive starting electrodes for an electrodeless high-intensity-discharge lamp.

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' ' . . ' ' , . ,: . : .:, ' " . '' :' ' , ' RD-18,490 2~ 2 This and other objects of the invention will become apparent upon reading the fo].lowing detailed descrip-tion, when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

Brief Descri~tion of the Drawin~s , .
S Figures la and lb are respective side and top views of an electrodeless HID lamp, an excitation ~oil therefore, and a first embodiment of novel capacitive starting electrodes in accordance with the invention; and Figures 2a and 2b are side views of another presently preferred embodiment of capacitive starting electrode, for use with a HID lamp and excitation coil therefore, and illustrating the respective cold starting position and hot operating position thereof.

Detailed Descri~tion'of the Invention Referring initially to Figures la and lb, an induction, or electrodeless, high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamp 10 comprises an arc tube, or envelope, 11 having a substantially cylindrical shape, enclosing a substantially gaseous material lla including a starting gas, such as argon, xenon, krypton and the liXe, and a metal halide, such as sodium iodide, cerium iodide and the like. A substan-tially toroidal arc discharge 12 is to be generated and then maintained within envelope 11 by an electric field generated by an excitation coil 14, responsive to a radio-frequency (RE) signal applied between the opposite coil ends 14a and 14b. Envelope 11 is positioned with its axis generally along t~e axis of coil 14.
In accordance with ona aspect of the invçntion, each of a pair of starting electrodes 20a and 20b are provided as a generally ring-shaped conductive member located adjacent to the exterior of the top and bottom . , . . ~ . ; . . : . -. , ,: . :: . , .: : . - , . .

RD-18,~90 2'~1~ J~:~5~

surfaces llb and llc of the arc tube, and each extending in a plane substantially parallel to the adjacent surface, and thus generally perpendicular to the substantially-mutual axis of envelope 11 and coil 14. A central section 20c of S each ring member 20a and 20b is connected, by a conductive member 22a or 22b, re~pectively, to an adjacent section 14c or 14d, respectively, of the excitation coil, respectively adjacent to one of the opposite ends 14a or 14b thereof. As each of ring-shaped conductive members 20a or 20b is within the electric field, a gap portion 20g thereof is removed to prevent a formation of a completed turn, so that the ring member does not form a secondary coil having a high cir-culating current therein. Advantageously, the gap portion 20g is positioned substantially opposite to the portion 20c at which conductive membar 22a or 22b is attached to the ring member 20a or 20b, respectively; so po~itioning gap portion 20g tends to balance the mass of the ring member 20 with respect to the conductive portion 22; this balance may be important for movement purposes, as will become more apparent in the embodiment to be discussed hereinbelow with respect to Figures 2a and 2b.
The-starting members 20 are each located in close proximity to the exterior surface of the arc tube, but do not have to be in contact with the envelope. Responsive to 25 a high voltage and current (on the order of 2500V and 15A~, applied to excitation coil 14, a high voltage is applied across the arc tube 11 from upper starting electrode 20a to lower starting electrode 20b, forming a ring-shaped glow discharge region 24. The glow discharge volume 24 generate~
enough ionization, in a very favorable location with respect to the de~ired discharge plasma toroid 12, 50 that transi-tion to the high-current plasma arc discharge occurs almost instantaneously. The magnitude of the capacitive current ' ' ' .,.'.''..'. '~ "', . ~'' '' ';' "' .' ' ' ''.''' .'',i'~''',''''' '' ;'' . ~ ..: ,-,:: .. .... .

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RD-18,490 21~ 2 across the wall of arc tube 11 can be estimated by assuming that the capacitive starting aid ring members have an interior diameter D of about 14 millimeters, a width W of about 1 millimeter and have a total area of about 47 square millimeters. If the arc tube wall has a thickness T of about 1 millimeter and is made of quartz with a dielectric constant Er=3.8 at 13.56MHz., then the capacitance across each arc tube wall can be calculated to be about 1.6 pico-farads. With about 1000 V, at 13.56 MHz., applied across each arc tube wall, the capacitive current is about 140 mA.
Such a high current level significantly aids the starting process. It should be noted that conductive members 22 may be removed or replaced with insulative members and the -capacitive starting aid members 20 then connected to a separate RF power supply, rather than to the excitation coil 14, for application of high vol~age. A separate power supply does not have to operate at the same frequency as the excitation coil, and may be energized on}y during the starting proces~. A separate starting supply allows more flexibility in the design of excitation coil 14 and the RF
power source (not shown) therefore, although such a separate starting supply may add to the cost and complexity of the lamp-driving circuitry. ;
It will be seen, however, that the stationary generally-ring-~haped starting members 20 have several di~advantage~: being in close proximity to arc tube 11, starting electrode~ 20 interfere with temperature control of the arc tube and block light emission thererom; and may cause early lamp degradation due to ion bombardment of arc tube 11 fro~ the continuou~ capacitive currents flowing even during normal lamp operation. To alleviate the foregoing disadvantages, the presently preferred embodiment 10' of Figures 2a and 2b utilize~ moveable capacitive starting ., ' ' RD-18,490 5~

electrodes 30. Thus, the start-aiding electrodes are removed from the vicinity of arc tube 11' after the lamp has started, so that the starting aids do not: substantially block light emission; interfere with the thermal balance of arc tube 11'; or contribute to lamp degradation. It will be seen that HID lamp 10' has arc tube envelope 11' containing substantially gaseous material ll'a. Envelope 11' has top and bottom surfaces ll'b and ll'c, and may be formed with a slanted periphery portion ll'd, to have a lozenge-shaped cross-section. The multi-turn excitation coil 14' is here shown as being a non-solenoidal, toroidal excitation coil with V-~haped cross-section, as previously disclosed in co-pending U.S. application Serial No. 138,005, filed on 12/28/87, and incorporated here in its entirety by refer-ence.
It will be seen that t~e upper and lower capaci-tive starting electrodes 30a an 30b can be formed to have a cros3-section which allows the conductive gapped-ring members to be closely adjacent to the top and bottom exteri- -or surfaces of the envelope. Thus, for a lozenge-cross-section envelope 11', the members 30 have a shallow conical-band shape. Similarly, it will be understood that other cross-~ectional shapes can be utilized with arc tu es having other cross-sectional configurations.
In accordance with another aspect of the inven-tion, conductive attachment~ 40a and 40b, connecting the starting element central sections 30c to adjacent attachment points 14'c or 14'd of the excitation coil, are heat-sensitive, e.g. bimetallic, strip~ so formed as to be suitable curved, as ~een in Figure 2a, at normal ambient temperatures, to cause starting electrodes 30 to lie adja-cent to the lamp envelope 11' surface. The glow discharge regions 34' will thus be formed when t~e coil 14' is . :
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RD-18,490 2q~ 5~z initially energized, and will aid in starting the arc plasma discharge torus 12 within the envelope. Responsive to heat energy emitted from the operating lamp, the bimetallic strips undergo differential expansion and change the cur~a-ture thereof, so that the strips 40a' and 40b' move startingelectrodes 30a and 30b away from the arc tube, as shown in Figure 2b. It will be understood that when the lamp is turned off, bimetallic connection members 40 cool down and return to the starting position of Fi~ure 2a. One exemplary movable capacitive starting aid embodiment utilized 10 milli-inch thick stainless steel foil members 30 attached to 7 milli-inch thick bimetal foils available as catalog number PMC223-1 from Polymetallurgical Corp. of Attleboro Falls, Massachusetts. The ends of the bimetallic foil not attached to the stainle~s steel gapped-ring electrodes were mounted to the associated end of a 10-turn V-~haped excitation coil formed o~ one-eighth inch diameter copper tubing. Repeated starting of a HID lamp, containing cerium and sodium iodides and a krypton buffer gas at 250 Torr, occurred with applica-tion of 13.56 MHz. currents of lOA or less to the coil.
After lamp operation had started, the starting aids moved -well away from the arc tube in le~s than one minute. After lamp operation ceased, the starting aids slowly moved back to the starting position, allowing subsequent restart of the lamp.
While several presently preferred embodiments of my novel invention have been de~cribed in detail herein, it will now become apparent that many modifications and varia-tions can be made by those skilled in the art. It is my desire, therefore, to be limited only by the scope of the appending claims and not by the speci~ic details and instru-mentalitie~ presented by way of explanation herein. ~

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Claims (17)

1. Starting electrodes for an electrodeless high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamp of the type having an arc tube situated within the bore of an excitation coil and within which arc tube a plasma arc discharge is to be formed and driven by the excitation coil, comprising:
a pair of starting electrodes, each positioned, at least during commencement of the plasma arc discharge, adjacent to the exterior surface of an associated one of a pair of opposed surfaces of the arc tube; and means for coupling a high-voltage signal between the pair of starting electrodes to cause creation, at least at said plasma arc discharge commencement, of a glow dis-charge within the arc tube due to capacitive current flow therethrough from said starting electrodes-.

2. The starting electrode of claim 1, wherein at least one of said electrodes is a substantially ring-shaped conductive member.

3. The starting electrodes of claim 2, wherein each ring-shaped electrode has a gap portion therein, devoid of conductive material.

4. The starting electrodes of claim 1, wherein at least one of the starting electrodes has a cross-sectional shape selected to be substantially similar to the shape of the exterior arc tube surface adjacent to which that elec-trode will be located at least during plasma arc discharge commencement.

5. The starting electrode of claim 4, wherein the cross-sectional shape is that of a conical section.

6. The starting electrode of claim 1, wherein said coupling means comprises a conductive member connecting a selected portion of the electrode to an adjacent portion of the excitation coil.

7. The starting electrode of claim 6, wherein the conductive member connects the electrode to an adjacent end portion of the excitation coil.

8. The starting electrodes of claim 7, wherein at least one of said electrodes is a substantially ring-shaped conductive member.

9. The starting electrodes of claim 8, wherein each ring-shaped electrode has a gap portion therein, devoid of conductive material.

10. The starting electrodes of claim 1, wherein said coupling means includes means, responsive to establish-ment of said discharge, for moving the starting electrodes to a location further from said arc tube than the location of the electrodes during discharge commencement.

11. The starting electrodes of claim 10, wherein said moving means comprises means for moving the starting electrodes responsive to receipt of heat energy from said arc tube.

12. The starting electrodes of claim 11, wherein said heat-energy-responsive moving means is adapted to move the starting electrodes back toward the arc tube responsive to cessation of receipt of heat energy from said arc tube.

13. The starting electrodes of claim 12, wherein the moving means comprises a conductive flexible member connecting a selected portion of each electrode to an object substantially fixedly positioned with respect to the arc tube.

14. The starting electrodes of claim 13, wherein the object is the excitation coil.

15. The starting electrodes of claim 14, wherein said flexible conductive member is a bimetallic member.

16. The starting electrodes of claim 12, wherein said flexible conductive member is a bimetallic member.

17. The invention as defined in any of the preceding claims including any further features of novelty disclosed.