CA2287648C - Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques - Google Patents
Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2287648C CA2287648C CA002287648A CA2287648A CA2287648C CA 2287648 C CA2287648 C CA 2287648C CA 002287648 A CA002287648 A CA 002287648A CA 2287648 A CA2287648 A CA 2287648A CA 2287648 C CA2287648 C CA 2287648C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- metallic glass
- electrode
- amorphous
- electrodes
- hydrogen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/003—Making ferrous alloys making amorphous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C45/00—Amorphous alloys
- C22C45/04—Amorphous alloys with nickel or cobalt as the major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
- C25B11/046—Alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
- C25B11/061—Metal or alloy
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Électrodes de verre métallique ou de métal amorphe produites par solidification rapide (i) ayant une structure soit amorphe ou nanocrystalline, (ii) contenant l'élément d'alliage principal Ni, (iii) contenant des alliages chargés de Co et au moins un membre du groupe IVB, VB, VIB VIIB ou VIIIB, préférablement Cr et V, de l'ordre de 0 à 20 %, et en combinaison avec l'élément Ni représentant de 0,75 à 0,85 de la fraction atomique de l'alliage, et (iv) contenant des métalloïdes comprenant préférablement au moins un des éléments C, B, Si et P soit simples ou en combinaison pour représenter 0,15 à 0,25 de la fraction atomique de l'alliage. Les électrodes ont une excellente stabilité à la chaleur et une stabilité améliorée dans un électrolyte aqueux et peuvent fournir une efficacité de courant améliorée - performance de surtension anodique. Elles sont utilisées pour l'électrolyse de solutions d'électrolyte aqueux comme des mélanges de substance caustique et d'eau pour la production de l'oxygène et de l'hydrogène.
Priority Applications (11)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002287648A CA2287648C (fr) | 1999-10-26 | 1999-10-26 | Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques |
| BR0014994-2A BR0014994A (pt) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | Vidro metálico para uso em processos eletroquìmicos, eletrodo para uso em uma célula eletroquìmica, e, processo para a produção eletroquìmica de oxigênio e hidrogênio a partir de uma solução aquosa em uma célula eletroquìmica |
| JP2001533216A JP2003513170A (ja) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | 電気化学方法用の非晶質金属/金属ガラス電極 |
| AU10135/01A AU1013501A (en) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | Amorphous metal/metallic glass electrodes for electrochemical processes |
| KR1020027004542A KR20020037772A (ko) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | 전기화학 공정용 비정질금속/금속유리 전극 |
| PCT/CA2000/001251 WO2001031085A2 (fr) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | Electrodes en metal amorphe/verre metallique pour procedes electrochimiques |
| CN00814770A CN1382229A (zh) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | 电化学过程用的无定形金属/金属玻璃电极 |
| EP00971182A EP1230412A2 (fr) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | Electrodes en metal amorphe/verre metallique pour procedes electrochimiques |
| MXPA02002673A MXPA02002673A (es) | 1999-10-26 | 2000-10-23 | Electrodos de metal amorfo/vidrio metalico para procesos electroquimicos. |
| NO20020957A NO20020957L (no) | 1999-10-26 | 2002-02-27 | Amorfe metall/metallklaff-elektroder for elektrokjemiske prosesser |
| ZA200201857A ZA200201857B (en) | 1999-10-26 | 2002-03-06 | Amorphous metal/metallic glass electrodes for electrochemical process. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002287648A CA2287648C (fr) | 1999-10-26 | 1999-10-26 | Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2287648A1 CA2287648A1 (fr) | 2001-04-26 |
| CA2287648C true CA2287648C (fr) | 2007-06-19 |
Family
ID=4164494
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002287648A Expired - Fee Related CA2287648C (fr) | 1999-10-26 | 1999-10-26 | Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1230412A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2003513170A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20020037772A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1382229A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU1013501A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR0014994A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2287648C (fr) |
| MX (1) | MXPA02002673A (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO20020957L (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2001031085A2 (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200201857B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4085772B2 (ja) * | 2002-10-21 | 2008-05-14 | アタカ大機株式会社 | 水素発生用合金電極およびその製造方法 |
| KR100647672B1 (ko) | 2004-12-24 | 2006-11-23 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 내열성 투명 전극, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 구비한염료감응 태양 전지 |
| JP4992085B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-23 | 2012-08-08 | 国立大学法人東京工業大学 | 無電解めっき用膜状触媒組成物 |
| CN101861412B (zh) * | 2007-11-16 | 2013-04-24 | 阿克佐诺贝尔股份有限公司 | 电极 |
| EP2325848B1 (fr) | 2009-11-11 | 2017-07-19 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Colle conductrice et cellule solaire |
| EP2596140B1 (fr) | 2010-07-21 | 2018-05-16 | Rolex S.A. | Composant horloger comprenant un alliage métallique amorphe |
| EP2596141B1 (fr) * | 2010-07-21 | 2014-11-12 | Rolex Sa | Alliage métallique amorphe |
| KR101741683B1 (ko) | 2010-08-05 | 2017-05-31 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| US8987586B2 (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2015-03-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Conductive paste and electronic device and solar cell including an electrode formed using the conductive paste |
| US8668847B2 (en) | 2010-08-13 | 2014-03-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Conductive paste and electronic device and solar cell including an electrode formed using the conductive paste |
| KR101741682B1 (ko) | 2010-08-24 | 2017-05-31 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트와 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| EP2448003A3 (fr) | 2010-10-27 | 2012-08-08 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Pâte conductrice contenant un poudre conducteur et un verre métallique pour la formation d'une électrode de cellule solaire |
| US9105370B2 (en) | 2011-01-12 | 2015-08-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Conductive paste, and electronic device and solar cell including an electrode formed using the same |
| US8940195B2 (en) | 2011-01-13 | 2015-01-27 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Conductive paste, and electronic device and solar cell including an electrode formed using the same |
| KR101814014B1 (ko) | 2011-03-25 | 2018-01-03 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| KR101796658B1 (ko) | 2011-03-28 | 2017-11-13 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| CN103974769B (zh) * | 2011-09-01 | 2018-11-09 | 西蒙·特鲁德尔 | 电催化材料及其制造方法 |
| KR102100291B1 (ko) | 2011-11-11 | 2020-04-13 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| KR101985929B1 (ko) | 2011-12-09 | 2019-06-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| JP5822235B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-08 | 2015-11-24 | 住友金属鉱山エンジニアリング株式会社 | 酸化態窒素の除去方法 |
| KR101999795B1 (ko) | 2012-06-27 | 2019-07-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 도전성 페이스트, 상기 도전성 페이스트를 사용하여 형성된 전극을 포함하는 전자 소자 및 태양 전지 |
| EP2978868A4 (fr) * | 2013-07-12 | 2017-01-04 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company L.P. | Film métallique mince amorphe |
| JP5949792B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-15 | 2016-07-13 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 結晶質電極材および不溶性電極 |
| WO2016018284A1 (fr) | 2014-07-30 | 2016-02-04 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Électrodes en alliage métallique amorphe dans des applications de dispositif non volatil |
| US10399166B2 (en) | 2015-10-30 | 2019-09-03 | General Electric Company | System and method for machining workpiece of lattice structure and article machined therefrom |
| CN108660474B (zh) * | 2018-06-01 | 2020-02-07 | 北京航空航天大学 | (FeaCobNic)xMyRz系析氧催化材料及在阳极析氧电极上的应用 |
| KR102092346B1 (ko) * | 2019-09-23 | 2020-03-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 투명 도전체 및 그 제조 방법과 상기 투명 도전체를 포함하는 전자 소자 |
| CN114192749B (zh) * | 2020-09-17 | 2023-08-01 | 南京理工大学 | 基于腐蚀非晶合金阳极材料进行电沉积制备纳米材料的方法 |
| TWI823219B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-11-21 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 陽極觸媒材料與電解水產氫裝置 |
| CN114672716B (zh) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-11-01 | 大连理工大学 | 一种热处理态下高强韧性的CoCrNi2(V2B)x共晶高熵合金及其制备方法 |
| CN115558951A (zh) * | 2022-10-18 | 2023-01-03 | 海南大学 | 非晶纳米多孔镍合金一体式电极、制备方法及其应用 |
| CN120575107A (zh) * | 2025-07-07 | 2025-09-02 | 宁波磁性材料应用技术创新中心有限公司 | 基于内圆水纺技术制备的钴基非晶丝及其在电解水制氢中的应用 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4150981A (en) * | 1977-08-15 | 1979-04-24 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Glassy alloys containing cobalt, nickel and iron having near-zero magnetostriction and high saturation induction |
| EP0016916B1 (fr) * | 1979-03-30 | 1983-06-15 | Allied Corporation | Feuilles de brasage ductiles homogènes |
| DE3515742A1 (de) * | 1985-05-02 | 1986-11-06 | Dechema Deutsche Gesellschaft für chemisches Apparatewesen e.V., 6000 Frankfurt | Elektrode zur verwendung in elektrolytischen prozessen |
| US4609442A (en) * | 1985-06-24 | 1986-09-02 | The Standard Oil Company | Electrolysis of halide-containing solutions with amorphous metal alloys |
| EP0213708B1 (fr) * | 1985-08-02 | 1993-09-22 | Daiki Engineering Co., Ltd. | Alliages amorphes à surface activée et alliages supersaturés pour électrodes pour l'électrolyse de solutions et procédé pour l'activation de leur surface |
| WO1988008885A1 (fr) * | 1987-05-07 | 1988-11-17 | Mitsubishi Kinzoku Kabushiki Kaisha | Alliage amorphe tres resistant a la corrosion |
| JPH0261036A (ja) * | 1988-08-24 | 1990-03-01 | Riken Corp | 感温性アモルファス合金 |
| JPH04362162A (ja) * | 1991-06-06 | 1992-12-15 | Nippon Steel Corp | 板厚内部に結晶化層を有する磁気特性にすぐれた非晶質 合金薄帯 |
| JPH0570903A (ja) * | 1991-09-13 | 1993-03-23 | Takeshi Masumoto | 高強度ニツケル基合金 |
| JP2820613B2 (ja) * | 1994-03-29 | 1998-11-05 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 酸化雰囲気中で接合可能な耐熱材料用液相拡散接合合金箔 |
| CA2126136C (fr) * | 1994-06-17 | 2007-06-05 | Steven J. Thorpe | Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour procedes electrochimiques |
-
1999
- 1999-10-26 CA CA002287648A patent/CA2287648C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-10-23 JP JP2001533216A patent/JP2003513170A/ja active Pending
- 2000-10-23 CN CN00814770A patent/CN1382229A/zh active Pending
- 2000-10-23 WO PCT/CA2000/001251 patent/WO2001031085A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2000-10-23 AU AU10135/01A patent/AU1013501A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-23 KR KR1020027004542A patent/KR20020037772A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-23 MX MXPA02002673A patent/MXPA02002673A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-23 BR BR0014994-2A patent/BR0014994A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-23 EP EP00971182A patent/EP1230412A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-02-27 NO NO20020957A patent/NO20020957L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-06 ZA ZA200201857A patent/ZA200201857B/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1382229A (zh) | 2002-11-27 |
| EP1230412A2 (fr) | 2002-08-14 |
| WO2001031085A2 (fr) | 2001-05-03 |
| JP2003513170A (ja) | 2003-04-08 |
| MXPA02002673A (es) | 2003-10-14 |
| NO20020957D0 (no) | 2002-02-27 |
| BR0014994A (pt) | 2002-06-18 |
| AU1013501A (en) | 2001-05-08 |
| KR20020037772A (ko) | 2002-05-22 |
| ZA200201857B (en) | 2002-12-24 |
| WO2001031085A3 (fr) | 2001-09-20 |
| NO20020957L (no) | 2002-04-24 |
| CA2287648A1 (fr) | 2001-04-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA2287648C (fr) | Electrodes de metal amorphe/verre metallique pour processus electrochimiques | |
| US6303015B1 (en) | Amorphous metallic glass electrodes for electrochemical processes | |
| US4781803A (en) | Electrolytic processes employing platinum based amorphous metal alloy oxygen anodes | |
| US4609442A (en) | Electrolysis of halide-containing solutions with amorphous metal alloys | |
| De Giz et al. | High area Ni-Zn and Ni-Co-Zn codeposits as hydrogen electrodes in alkaline solutions | |
| EP0163410B1 (fr) | Electrolyse de solutions contenant un halogénure à l'aide d'anodes en alliages métalliques amorphes à base de platine | |
| Santos et al. | Nickel and nickel-cerium alloy anodes for direct borohydride fuel cells | |
| WO1992019401A1 (fr) | Poudres metalliques nanocristallines d'un alliage electroactif et procede de preparation | |
| Wei et al. | Electrochemical behavior of Y (III) and preparation of Y-Ni intermetallic compounds in molten LiCl-KCl salts | |
| JP2023028320A (ja) | 水分解触媒 | |
| US4696731A (en) | Amorphous metal-based composite oxygen anodes | |
| Hara et al. | Anodic characteristics of amorphous ternary palladium-phosphorus alloys containing ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, or platinum in a hot concentrated sodium chloride solution | |
| EP0164200A1 (fr) | Procédés électrolytiques employant des anodes d'oxygène composées d'alliages métalliqes amorphes à base de platine | |
| EP0247262A1 (fr) | Anodes contenant des alliages amorphes à base d'iridium et leurs utilisations comme électrodes à halogène | |
| Archana et al. | Tuning of CeO2-MnO2 nano composite in Al-Zn alloy matrix for effective activation | |
| US4746584A (en) | Novel amorphous metal alloys as electrodes for hydrogen formation and oxidation | |
| SE511040C2 (sv) | Legeringar av Ti, Ru, Fe och 0 samt användning av dessa för katoder för syntes av natriumklorat | |
| US20250116017A1 (en) | Mixed metal iridium ruthenium palladium electrocatalysts | |
| Mihailov et al. | Electrocatalytic behavior of Ni-based amorphous alloys for hydrogen evolution | |
| US4702813A (en) | Multi-layered amorphous metal-based oxygen anodes | |
| Bodnarova et al. | Improved catalytic activity of MoxNiyAlz thin films as electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media | |
| EP4495290A1 (fr) | Électrode, électrolyseur, procédé de production et utilisation de l'électrode | |
| WO2007029906A1 (fr) | Alliage amorphe et procede de fabrication associe | |
| Brookes et al. | The electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviour of glassy metals | |
| Jabeera et al. | Nano zinc oxide for efficient activation of aluminium zinc alloy sacrificial anode |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLC | Lapsed (correction) | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20121026 |