CA2303795A1 - Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif - Google Patents
Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2303795A1 CA2303795A1 CA002303795A CA2303795A CA2303795A1 CA 2303795 A1 CA2303795 A1 CA 2303795A1 CA 002303795 A CA002303795 A CA 002303795A CA 2303795 A CA2303795 A CA 2303795A CA 2303795 A1 CA2303795 A1 CA 2303795A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- chips
- methanol
- pyrolysis
- reactor
- charge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000010006 flight Effects 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- -1 methanol Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000007173 Abies balsamea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000218685 Tsuga Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B45/00—Engines characterised by operating on non-liquid fuels other than gas; Plants including such engines
- F02B45/08—Engines characterised by operating on non-liquid fuels other than gas; Plants including such engines operating on other solid fuels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
- C10B47/28—Other processes
- C10B47/32—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means
- C10B47/44—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means with conveyor-screws
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B43/00—Engines characterised by operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines
- F02B43/08—Plants characterised by the engines using gaseous fuel generated in the plant from solid fuel, e.g. wood
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
- F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
- F02D19/0649—Liquid fuels having different boiling temperatures, volatilities, densities, viscosities, cetane or octane numbers
- F02D19/0652—Biofuels, e.g. plant oils
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
- F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
- F02D19/0649—Liquid fuels having different boiling temperatures, volatilities, densities, viscosities, cetane or octane numbers
- F02D19/0652—Biofuels, e.g. plant oils
- F02D19/0655—Biofuels, e.g. plant oils at least one fuel being an alcohol, e.g. ethanol
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002303795A CA2303795A1 (fr) | 2000-03-27 | 2000-03-27 | Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002303795A CA2303795A1 (fr) | 2000-03-27 | 2000-03-27 | Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2303795A1 true CA2303795A1 (fr) | 2001-09-27 |
Family
ID=4165784
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002303795A Abandoned CA2303795A1 (fr) | 2000-03-27 | 2000-03-27 | Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2303795A1 (fr) |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1405895A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-07 | Danieli Corus Technical Services BV | Dispositif et procédé pour le traitement pyrolytique d'une matière, et son utilisation |
| WO2009124359A1 (fr) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-15 | The Crucible Group Pty Ltd | Traitement de matières organiques |
| RU2370520C1 (ru) * | 2008-05-15 | 2009-10-20 | Владимир Николаевич Пиялкин | Способ непрерывной термической переработки измельченной древесины |
| RU2395557C2 (ru) * | 2008-03-04 | 2010-07-27 | Министерство Промышленности И Торговли Российской Федерации | Установка для получения древесного угля |
| CN101943411A (zh) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-12 | 普雷塞科有限责任公司 | 用于低发热值的有机物质的热处理的方法 |
| CN101943410A (zh) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-12 | 普雷塞科有限责任公司 | 用于通过热处理分离炭的方法 |
| WO2011004074A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-13 | Preseco Oy | Procédé de production de briquettes de charbon à partir de matière organique |
| CN104531227A (zh) * | 2014-12-23 | 2015-04-22 | 华中科技大学 | 一种生物质双轴螺旋热解装置 |
| US9708540B2 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2017-07-18 | The Crucible Group Pty Ltd | Processing organic materials |
| EP3260519A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-27 | SUEZ Groupe | Élimination de charbon dans un processus de conversion de déchets en combustible de matériau hydrocarboné |
| CN107662918A (zh) * | 2016-07-28 | 2018-02-06 | 华云新能源科技（深圳）有限公司 | 一种椰壳或者棕油籽的综合利用方法及设备 |
| US11299677B2 (en) | 2017-11-27 | 2022-04-12 | PyroGenesys Limited | Pyrolysis reactor and method of pyrolyzing biomass waste residue |
-
2000
- 2000-03-27 CA CA002303795A patent/CA2303795A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004031324A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-15 | Danieli Corus Technical Services Bv | Dispositif et procede permettant le traitement d'un materiau dans des conditions pyrolytiques et utilisation de ceux-ci |
| CN100532502C (zh) * | 2002-10-04 | 2009-08-26 | 瓦萨比能源有限公司 | 热解条件下处理物料的装置和方法及其应用 |
| EP1405895A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-07 | Danieli Corus Technical Services BV | Dispositif et procédé pour le traitement pyrolytique d'une matière, et son utilisation |
| RU2395557C2 (ru) * | 2008-03-04 | 2010-07-27 | Министерство Промышленности И Торговли Российской Федерации | Установка для получения древесного угля |
| US8888962B2 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2014-11-18 | The Crucible Group Pty Ltd | Processing organic materials |
| WO2009124359A1 (fr) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-15 | The Crucible Group Pty Ltd | Traitement de matières organiques |
| US9708540B2 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2017-07-18 | The Crucible Group Pty Ltd | Processing organic materials |
| RU2370520C1 (ru) * | 2008-05-15 | 2009-10-20 | Владимир Николаевич Пиялкин | Способ непрерывной термической переработки измельченной древесины |
| WO2011004074A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-13 | Preseco Oy | Procédé de production de briquettes de charbon à partir de matière organique |
| CN101943410A (zh) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-12 | 普雷塞科有限责任公司 | 用于通过热处理分离炭的方法 |
| CN101943411A (zh) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-12 | 普雷塞科有限责任公司 | 用于低发热值的有机物质的热处理的方法 |
| CN104531227A (zh) * | 2014-12-23 | 2015-04-22 | 华中科技大学 | 一种生物质双轴螺旋热解装置 |
| CN104531227B (zh) * | 2014-12-23 | 2017-03-01 | 华中科技大学 | 一种生物质双轴螺旋热解装置 |
| EP3260519A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-27 | SUEZ Groupe | Élimination de charbon dans un processus de conversion de déchets en combustible de matériau hydrocarboné |
| WO2017220409A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-28 | Suez Groupe | Élimination des résidus de carbonisation dans un procédé de conversion de déchets de matériau hydrocarboné en combustible |
| CN107662918A (zh) * | 2016-07-28 | 2018-02-06 | 华云新能源科技（深圳）有限公司 | 一种椰壳或者棕油籽的综合利用方法及设备 |
| US11299677B2 (en) | 2017-11-27 | 2022-04-12 | PyroGenesys Limited | Pyrolysis reactor and method of pyrolyzing biomass waste residue |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN101709224B (zh) | 一种生物质螺旋热解装置及热解工艺 | |
| US6039774A (en) | Pyrolytic conversion of organic feedstock and waste | |
| Bridgwater et al. | A review of biomass pyrolysis and pyrolysis technologies | |
| Boateng et al. | Biochar production technology | |
| Demirbaş | Hydrogen production from biomass by the gasification process | |
| CN101818080B (zh) | 一种通过热解将生物质制造合成气的工艺方法及系统 | |
| AU725988B2 (en) | Energy efficient liquefaction of biomaterials by thermolysis | |
| RU2526387C1 (ru) | Способ и устройство для низкотемпературного пиролиза биомассы и высокотемпературной газификации биомассы | |
| RU2528848C1 (ru) | Способ и устройство для непрямой газификации биомассы с использованием водяного пара | |
| RU2741004C1 (ru) | Комплекс для переработки твердых органических отходов | |
| CN110184080B (zh) | 一种熔盐热解沼渣并制备苯酚类化合物的工艺及装置 | |
| EP2231827A2 (fr) | Procédés et appareil pour la production de gaz de synthèse et d'alcools | |
| IE69376B1 (en) | Improved apparatus and process for thermal treatment of organic carbonaceous materials | |
| CN100575455C (zh) | 生物质深度脱水炭化连续处理工艺及其设备 | |
| CA2303795A1 (fr) | Procede de pyrolyse en continu de copeaux de bois et d'autres matieres cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol, en d'autres produits organiques liquides et en charbon actif | |
| JPWO2010008082A1 (ja) | 有用ガスの製造方法 | |
| US10876057B1 (en) | Waste to energy conversion without CO2 emissions | |
| CN101613613A (zh) | 秸秆快速热裂解过程的高效热能利用方法 | |
| CA2824625A1 (fr) | Procede de pyrolyse continue du bois et autres materiaux cellulosiques visant a maximiser le rendement en methanol et matieres organiques liquides | |
| JP4385375B2 (ja) | 高含水バイオマスのエネルギー回収方法及び装置 | |
| CN101974346A (zh) | 生态油的制备方法 | |
| KR101887028B1 (ko) | 바이오 오일 제조를 위한 전처리 일체형 반응기 | |
| JP7546331B1 (ja) | 団体端末及び発電業者端末からなる林地残材活用情報取得システム、当該システムに用いられる団体端末、発電業者端末及びシステム協力管理者端末 | |
| KR102915600B1 (ko) | 바이오메스를 이용한 액체 연료 및 그 제조방법과 제조장치 | |
| US1159675A (en) | Method of manufacturing gas. |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |