CA2380392A1 - Bloc d'optique integree pour spectroscopie - Google Patents
Bloc d'optique integree pour spectroscopie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2380392A1 CA2380392A1 CA002380392A CA2380392A CA2380392A1 CA 2380392 A1 CA2380392 A1 CA 2380392A1 CA 002380392 A CA002380392 A CA 002380392A CA 2380392 A CA2380392 A CA 2380392A CA 2380392 A1 CA2380392 A1 CA 2380392A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- light
- chamber
- detector
- sample volume
- probe head
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 110
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 20
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003760 hair shine Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 240000001592 Amaranthus caudatus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009328 Amaranthus caudatus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000209056 Secale Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007238 Secale cereale Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019714 Triticale Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012735 amaranth Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004178 amaranth Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000228158 x Triticosecale Species 0.000 description 2
- 101150007144 Intu gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000004497 NIR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011005 laboratory method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010223 real-time analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GGYFMLJDMAMTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenelead Chemical compound [Pb]=[Se] GGYFMLJDMAMTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005476 size effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020985 whole grains Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/359—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D41/00—Combines, i.e. harvesters or mowers combined with threshing devices
- A01D41/12—Details of combines
- A01D41/127—Control or measuring arrangements specially adapted for combines
- A01D41/1277—Control or measuring arrangements specially adapted for combines for measuring grain quality
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0218—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using optical fibers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0232—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using shutters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0256—Compact construction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0262—Constructional arrangements for removing stray light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/46—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters
- G01J3/50—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters using electric radiation detectors
- G01J3/502—Measurement of colour; Colour measuring devices, e.g. colorimeters using electric radiation detectors using a dispersive element, e.g. grating, prism
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3563—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J2003/2866—Markers; Calibrating of scan
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Combines (AREA)
Abstract
Les concentrations centésimales des constituants d'un échantillon de grains céréaliers ou d'autres produits agricoles dans un courant en circulation, sont déterminées pendant la récolte ou le traitement, au moyen d'un analyseur de l'infrarouge proche à courte longueur d'onde. L'analyseur irradie l'échantillon, mesure dans ce dernier la réflectance diffuse de longueurs d'onde séparées, et sépare spatialement la réflectance diffuse sous forme de réponse à des longueurs d'onde séparées. Ainsi, il est possible de détecter simultanément des intensités des longueurs d'onde séparées en parallèle à partir de la même partie de produit en cours d'analyse. Les constituants centésimaux de la substance peuvent être comparés ensuite à des constituants centésimaux pour la détermination des constituants du produit échantillon. L'analyseur de longueur d'onde selon l'invention peut ensuite être fixé au combiné agricole, de façon à pouvoir effectuer des mesures en temps réel sur le terrain.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US35449799A | 1999-07-16 | 1999-07-16 | |
| US09/354,497 | 1999-07-16 | ||
| PCT/US2000/019101 WO2001006232A2 (fr) | 1999-07-16 | 2000-07-12 | Bloc d'optique integree pour spectroscopie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2380392A1 true CA2380392A1 (fr) | 2001-01-25 |
Family
ID=23393600
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002380392A Abandoned CA2380392A1 (fr) | 1999-07-16 | 2000-07-12 | Bloc d'optique integree pour spectroscopie |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1252500A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2003510560A (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR025205A1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU777591B2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2380392A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2001006232A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6424416B1 (en) * | 1999-10-25 | 2002-07-23 | Textron Systems Corporation | Integrated optics probe for spectral analysis |
| WO2001046678A2 (fr) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-28 | Textron Systems, Corp. | Analyse dans le proche infrarouge des constituants |
| DE10010213B4 (de) * | 2000-03-02 | 2005-02-17 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Optische Meßvorrichtung, insbesondere zur Qualitätsüberwachung bei kontinuierlichen Prozessen |
| EP1484600A3 (fr) * | 2000-03-10 | 2006-11-02 | Textron Systems Corporation | Sondes optiques et procédés d'analyse spectrale |
| US6954271B2 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2005-10-11 | Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc. | System and method for multiplexing inputs into a single spectrometer |
| DE102005037842A1 (de) | 2005-08-04 | 2007-02-08 | Hach Lange Gmbh | Spektralphotometer |
| ITRM20100210A1 (it) * | 2010-05-03 | 2011-11-04 | Pietro Donato Di | Dispositivo e procedimento per il trasporto pneumatico di prodotti in polvere. |
| KR102197456B1 (ko) | 2014-01-31 | 2020-12-31 | 비아비 솔루션즈 아이엔씨. | 광학 필터 및 분광계 |
| US10209181B2 (en) | 2015-05-21 | 2019-02-19 | C-Dax Limited | Plant matter sensor to determine health and/or nutritional content based on reflected signals at vertically displaced points on the plant matter |
| US9945790B2 (en) * | 2015-08-05 | 2018-04-17 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | In-situ spectral process monitoring |
| US10048127B2 (en) | 2015-08-05 | 2018-08-14 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Optical filter and spectrometer |
| JP6338628B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-08 | 2018-06-06 | 株式会社クボタ | コンバイン |
| JP6849405B2 (ja) | 2016-11-14 | 2021-03-24 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 分光計測装置及び分光計測システム |
| JP6849404B2 (ja) * | 2016-11-14 | 2021-03-24 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 分光計測装置及び分光計測システム |
| JP6867785B2 (ja) | 2016-11-14 | 2021-05-12 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 分光計測装置及び分光計測システム |
| US11067446B2 (en) | 2017-06-22 | 2021-07-20 | Ams Sensors Singapore Pte. Ltd. | Compact spectrometer modules |
| CN107764767A (zh) * | 2017-09-20 | 2018-03-06 | 农业部南京农业机械化研究所 | 实时检测联合收割机的谷物蛋白质和水分含量的方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3281597A (en) * | 1965-09-23 | 1966-10-25 | Greenberg Melvin | Infrared device for measuring steam quality |
| US3773424A (en) * | 1972-08-24 | 1973-11-20 | Neotec Corp | Device for color measurement of liquids in continuous flow |
| US5021662A (en) * | 1989-05-19 | 1991-06-04 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method and apparatus for real-time in-line material monitoring |
| US5272518A (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1993-12-21 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Colorimeter and calibration system |
| SE468334B (sv) * | 1991-04-23 | 1992-12-14 | Peter Perten | Saett och anordning foer infraroedanalys, speciellt avseende livsmedel |
| US6100526A (en) * | 1996-12-30 | 2000-08-08 | Dsquared Development, Inc. | Grain quality monitor |
| US5751421A (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 1998-05-12 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Near infrared spectrometer used in combination with a combine for real time grain analysis |
-
2000
- 2000-07-12 WO PCT/US2000/019101 patent/WO2001006232A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2000-07-12 JP JP2001510820A patent/JP2003510560A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-07-12 EP EP00947323A patent/EP1252500A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2000-07-12 AU AU60953/00A patent/AU777591B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-07-12 CA CA002380392A patent/CA2380392A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2000-07-17 AR ARP000103647A patent/AR025205A1/es active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2001006232A9 (fr) | 2002-07-11 |
| AU777591B2 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
| WO2001006232A3 (fr) | 2002-08-29 |
| WO2001006232A2 (fr) | 2001-01-25 |
| JP2003510560A (ja) | 2003-03-18 |
| AR025205A1 (es) | 2002-11-13 |
| AU6095300A (en) | 2001-02-05 |
| EP1252500A2 (fr) | 2002-10-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |