CA2726602A1 - Additifs oxo-biodegradables a utiliser dans les films de polymeres a base de combustibles fossiles et les emballage deja utilises - Google Patents
Additifs oxo-biodegradables a utiliser dans les films de polymeres a base de combustibles fossiles et les emballage deja utilises Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2726602A1 CA2726602A1 CA2726602A CA2726602A CA2726602A1 CA 2726602 A1 CA2726602 A1 CA 2726602A1 CA 2726602 A CA2726602 A CA 2726602A CA 2726602 A CA2726602 A CA 2726602A CA 2726602 A1 CA2726602 A1 CA 2726602A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- oxo
- fossil fuel
- once
- stearate
- photo
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229920001237 Oxo Biodegradable Polymers 0.000 title description 11
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 title description 8
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000013533 biodegradable additive Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 title description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 15
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000003244 pro-oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- AMFIJXSMYBKJQV-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Co+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O AMFIJXSMYBKJQV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 2
- XHQSLVIGPHXVAK-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XHQSLVIGPHXVAK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract description 2
- SZINCDDYCOIOJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O SZINCDDYCOIOJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007539 photo-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012667 polymer degradation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003711 photoprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006280 packaging film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000012785 packaging film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101100440271 Caenorhabditis elegans ccf-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001044165 Psilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N all-trans-retinoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C SHGAZHPCJJPHSC-YCNIQYBTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000704 biodegradable plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006238 degradable plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011888 snacks Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150046728 stn-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003878 thermal aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/22—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques
- C08J3/226—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring using masterbatch techniques using a polymer as a carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
- C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
- C08K5/098—Metal salts of carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/13—Phenols; Phenolates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Wrappers (AREA)
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2726602A CA2726602A1 (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2010-12-30 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables a utiliser dans les films de polymeres a base de combustibles fossiles et les emballage deja utilises |
| PCT/CA2011/001385 WO2012088585A1 (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-20 | Additifs oxo-biodégradables destinés à être utilisés dans des films polymères combustibles fossiles et un emballage à usage unique |
| CA2821357A CA2821357C (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-20 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables destines a etre utilises dans des films polymeres combustibles fossiles et un emballage a usage unique |
| TW100149338A TW201237087A (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-28 | Oxo-biodegradable additives for use in fossil fuel polymer films and once-used packaging |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2726602A CA2726602A1 (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2010-12-30 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables a utiliser dans les films de polymeres a base de combustibles fossiles et les emballage deja utilises |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2726602A1 true CA2726602A1 (fr) | 2012-06-30 |
Family
ID=46382122
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2726602A Abandoned CA2726602A1 (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2010-12-30 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables a utiliser dans les films de polymeres a base de combustibles fossiles et les emballage deja utilises |
| CA2821357A Active CA2821357C (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-20 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables destines a etre utilises dans des films polymeres combustibles fossiles et un emballage a usage unique |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2821357A Active CA2821357C (fr) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-20 | Additifs oxo-biodegradables destines a etre utilises dans des films polymeres combustibles fossiles et un emballage a usage unique |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (2) | CA2726602A1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TW201237087A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2012088585A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9446209B2 (en) | 2011-09-07 | 2016-09-20 | Concentrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Dry powder inhalation device |
| CZ304315B6 (cs) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-02-26 | Polymer Institute Brno, Spol. S R.O. | Oxo-degratovatelný polyolefinický materiál |
| US20150013611A1 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Wanda Weder & William Straeter, not individually but solely as Trustees of The Family Trust U/T/A - | Compositions and kits comprising at least two organisms and methods for causing, enhancing, and/or expediting biodegradation of articles using same |
| US11359088B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2022-06-14 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Polymeric articles comprising blends of PBAT, PLA and a carbohydrate-based polymeric material |
| US11926929B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2024-03-12 | Biologiq, Inc | Melt blown nonwoven materials and fibers including starch-based polymeric materials |
| US10752759B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2020-08-25 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Methods for forming blended films including renewable carbohydrate-based polymeric materials with high blow up ratios and/or narrow die gaps for increased strength |
| US10919203B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-02-16 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Articles formed with biodegradable materials and biodegradability characteristics thereof |
| US11674014B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2023-06-13 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Blending of small particle starch powder with synthetic polymers for increased strength and other properties |
| US10920044B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-02-16 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Carbohydrate-based plastic materials with reduced odor |
| US11046840B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-06-29 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Methods for lending biodegradability to non-biodegradable plastic materials |
| US11926940B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2024-03-12 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Spunbond nonwoven materials and fibers including starch-based polymeric materials |
| US11674018B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2023-06-13 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Polymer and carbohydrate-based polymeric material blends with particular particle size characteristics |
| US11149144B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-10-19 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Marine biodegradable plastics comprising a blend of polyester and a carbohydrate-based polymeric material |
| US11879058B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2024-01-23 | Biologiq, Inc | Yarn materials and fibers including starch-based polymeric materials |
| US11111355B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-09-07 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Addition of biodegradability lending additives to plastic materials |
| US11111363B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-09-07 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Articles formed with renewable and/or sustainable green plastic material and carbohydrate-based polymeric materials lending increased strength and/or biodegradability |
| US10995201B2 (en) | 2015-06-30 | 2021-05-04 | BiologiQ, Inc. | Articles formed with biodegradable materials and strength characteristics of the same |
| US11414607B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 | 2022-08-16 | Hydrocarbon Technology & Innovation, Llc | Upgraded ebullated bed reactor with increased production rate of converted products |
| US11414608B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 | 2022-08-16 | Hydrocarbon Technology & Innovation, Llc | Upgraded ebullated bed reactor used with opportunity feedstocks |
| FR3043323B1 (fr) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-12-08 | Cleanis | Conteneur oxo-biodegradable antimicrobien |
| US11421164B2 (en) | 2016-06-08 | 2022-08-23 | Hydrocarbon Technology & Innovation, Llc | Dual catalyst system for ebullated bed upgrading to produce improved quality vacuum residue product |
| US11732203B2 (en) | 2017-03-02 | 2023-08-22 | Hydrocarbon Technology & Innovation, Llc | Ebullated bed reactor upgraded to produce sediment that causes less equipment fouling |
| AU2018244582A1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2019-09-19 | Concentrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Devices and methods for delivering dry powder medicaments |
| WO2018227166A1 (fr) * | 2017-06-09 | 2018-12-13 | Hedgehog Group LLC | Emballage rigide et souple oxo-dégradable |
| RU2683831C1 (ru) * | 2017-12-11 | 2019-04-02 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий" (ФГБОУ ВО "ВГУИТ") | Способ получения полифункциональной добавки, способствующей оксо- и биоразложению полиолефинов |
| EP3784732A4 (fr) * | 2018-04-23 | 2022-01-19 | Biologiq, Inc. | Ajout d'additifs conférant une biodégradabilité à des matières plastiques |
| US12497569B2 (en) | 2022-05-26 | 2025-12-16 | Hydrocarbon Technology & Innovation, Llc | Method and system for mixing catalyst precursor into heavy oil using a high boiling hydrocarbon diluent |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3921333A (en) * | 1972-07-28 | 1975-11-25 | Union Carbide Corp | Transplanter containers made from biodegradable-environmentally degradable blends |
| US5258422A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-11-02 | Tredegar Industries, Inc. | Compostable thermoplastic compositions |
| NO324368B1 (no) * | 2003-04-23 | 2007-10-01 | Normors As | Fremgangsmate for fremstilling av tilsetningsmiddel til termoplaster og slik fremstilt tilsetningsmiddel samt termoplast inneholdende slikt tilsetningsmiddel. |
| CN101443406A (zh) * | 2006-05-11 | 2009-05-27 | 西巴控股有限公司 | 用含金属阳离子的化合物改性的聚合物制品 |
-
2010
- 2010-12-30 CA CA2726602A patent/CA2726602A1/fr not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-12-20 CA CA2821357A patent/CA2821357C/fr active Active
- 2011-12-20 WO PCT/CA2011/001385 patent/WO2012088585A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2011-12-28 TW TW100149338A patent/TW201237087A/zh unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2821357A1 (fr) | 2012-07-05 |
| WO2012088585A1 (fr) | 2012-07-05 |
| CA2821357C (fr) | 2017-03-07 |
| TW201237087A (en) | 2012-09-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |
Effective date: 20161230 |