CL2012002851A1 - Metodo para la fumigacion dque comprende la introduccion de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volatil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una pelicula polimerica de multiples capas cobn al menos una capa de proteccion de cloruro de vinilideno y al menos dos capas poliemricas protectoras. - Google Patents

Metodo para la fumigacion dque comprende la introduccion de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volatil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una pelicula polimerica de multiples capas cobn al menos una capa de proteccion de cloruro de vinilideno y al menos dos capas poliemricas protectoras.

Info

Publication number
CL2012002851A1
CL2012002851A1 CL2012002851A CL2012002851A CL2012002851A1 CL 2012002851 A1 CL2012002851 A1 CL 2012002851A1 CL 2012002851 A CL2012002851 A CL 2012002851A CL 2012002851 A CL2012002851 A CL 2012002851A CL 2012002851 A1 CL2012002851 A1 CL 2012002851A1
Authority
CL
Chile
Prior art keywords
protective
fumigant
layer
introduction
ground
Prior art date
Application number
CL2012002851A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Wesenbeeck Ian Van
Charles A Carn
John D Busacca
Phillip J Howard
Dennis Lane
Michael White
Anthony Weiss
Original Assignee
Dow Agrosciences Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dow Agrosciences Llc filed Critical Dow Agrosciences Llc
Publication of CL2012002851A1 publication Critical patent/CL2012002851A1/es

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protection of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M13/00—Fumigators; Apparatus for distributing gases
    • A01M13/003—Enclosures for fumigation, e.g. containers, bags or housings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protection of plants
    • A01G13/30—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/32—Mats; Nets; Sheets or films
    • A01G13/33—Sheets or films
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/14—Greenhouses
    • A01G9/1438—Covering materials therefor; Materials for protective coverings used for soil and plants, e.g. films, canopies, tunnels or cloches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M17/00—Apparatus for the destruction of vermin in soil or in foodstuffs
    • A01M17/002—Injection of toxic gases or fluids into the soil
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
    • B32B2307/7242—Non-permeable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2327/00—Polyvinylhalogenides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2410/00—Agriculture-related articles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Protection Of Plants (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

Método para la fumigación de suelos que comprende la introducción de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volátil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una película polimérica de múltiples capas de PVDC para contener al fumigante.
CL2012002851A 2010-04-15 2012-10-11 Metodo para la fumigacion dque comprende la introduccion de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volatil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una pelicula polimerica de multiples capas cobn al menos una capa de proteccion de cloruro de vinilideno y al menos dos capas poliemricas protectoras. CL2012002851A1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US34251010P 2010-04-15 2010-04-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CL2012002851A1 true CL2012002851A1 (es) 2013-06-07

Family

ID=44799027

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CL2012002851A CL2012002851A1 (es) 2010-04-15 2012-10-11 Metodo para la fumigacion dque comprende la introduccion de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volatil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una pelicula polimerica de multiples capas cobn al menos una capa de proteccion de cloruro de vinilideno y al menos dos capas poliemricas protectoras.

Country Status (18)

Country Link
US (3) US8887651B2 (es)
EP (1) EP2557910A4 (es)
JP (1) JP5826825B2 (es)
CN (2) CN102970858B (es)
AR (1) AR080960A1 (es)
AU (1) AU2011239596B2 (es)
CA (1) CA2796121C (es)
CL (1) CL2012002851A1 (es)
CO (1) CO6592033A2 (es)
CR (1) CR20120512A (es)
GT (1) GT201200282A (es)
IL (1) IL222421B (es)
MX (1) MX343605B (es)
NZ (1) NZ602887A (es)
RU (1) RU2561259C2 (es)
TW (1) TWI523607B (es)
UY (1) UY33336A (es)
WO (1) WO2011130504A1 (es)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI523607B (zh) * 2010-04-15 2016-03-01 陶氏農業科學公司 使用含有聚二氯乙烯（ｐｖｄｃ）蒸氣障壁之多層薄膜的農用薰蒸技術
CN102511216B (zh) * 2011-12-28 2014-05-14 中国农业大学 一种克服连作障碍的用于温室栽培黄瓜的做畦方法
JP2015014692A (ja) * 2013-07-04 2015-01-22 シャープ株式会社 光拡散部材及び表示装置
WO2016064756A1 (en) * 2014-10-20 2016-04-28 Actagro, Llc Method for reducing volatile emissions from soil fumigation
FR3028148B1 (fr) * 2014-11-10 2017-05-19 Arkema France Film autoadhesif pour la fumigation des sols
CN105494322B (zh) * 2016-02-03 2017-12-12 张�杰 农药肥料助剂、复合型渗透剂及其在农药、肥料中的应用
CA3053387A1 (en) * 2017-02-17 2018-08-23 Ceres Greenhouse Solutions Llc Energy efficient greenhouse
US12044416B2 (en) 2017-02-17 2024-07-23 Ceres Greenhouse Solutions Llc Energy efficient enclosure temperature regulation system
CN107691464A (zh) * 2017-07-15 2018-02-16 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 一种防治根结线虫、土传病原真菌和杂草的组合物及使用方法
US11130319B2 (en) * 2017-12-29 2021-09-28 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Multilayer article suitable for use as a fumigation barrier
CR20190419A (es) * 2019-09-09 2020-01-16 Olefinas S A Funda de plástico para el aumento de peso en racimos de banano que contiene un paquete de ingredientes ultravioleta especiales antiquema de la fruta
GB2592621A (en) * 2020-03-04 2021-09-08 Mariner Ind Ltd Plant growth enhancing sheet material
MX2023001005A (es) * 2020-07-27 2023-03-23 Kritis Plastika Peliculas para estructuras agricolas.
EP4192241A4 (en) * 2020-08-05 2024-05-01 Imaflex Inc. PESTICIDE-CONTAINING SOIL DEWEANING MATERIAL WITHOUT FUMIGANTS
CN112640612A (zh) * 2020-12-29 2021-04-13 吉林省农业科学院 一种改良苏打盐碱土壤的方法

Family Cites Families (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2917402A (en) * 1958-07-23 1959-12-15 Du Pont Weatherable film and process for producing same
BE624532A (es) * 1961-11-08
US3313757A (en) * 1964-03-09 1967-04-11 Grace W R & Co Vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylatemethyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer latices
US3642743A (en) 1966-10-14 1972-02-15 Dow Chemical Co Controlled polymerization of mixtures of vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride in aqueous suspension
US3879359A (en) 1972-04-11 1975-04-22 Dow Chemical Co High vinylidene chloride polymer content coating resins and method of preparation
GB2047254B (en) 1979-04-13 1983-03-09 Mitsui Petrochemical Ind Rubbery ethylene/1-butene/polyene copolymers and process for production thereof
US5324800A (en) 1983-06-06 1994-06-28 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Process and catalyst for polyolefin density and molecular weight control
US4937299A (en) 1983-06-06 1990-06-26 Exxon Research & Engineering Company Process and catalyst for producing reactor blend polyolefins
SU1426523A1 (ru) * 1986-07-14 1988-09-30 Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт виноградарства и виноделия им.Я.И.Потапенко Способ фумигации почвы на виноградниках и устройство дл его осуществлени
US5084534A (en) 1987-06-04 1992-01-28 Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc. High pressure, high temperature polymerization of ethylene
JPH0780933B2 (ja) 1986-11-20 1995-08-30 三井石油化学工業株式会社 オレフインの重合方法
US4842791A (en) 1987-06-30 1989-06-27 The Dow Chemical Company Extrusion apparatus and process for production of multilayer film containing an inner barrier layer
US5218071A (en) 1988-12-26 1993-06-08 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. Ethylene random copolymers
NZ235032A (en) 1989-08-31 1993-04-28 Dow Chemical Co Constrained geometry complexes of titanium, zirconium or hafnium comprising a substituted cyclopentadiene ligand; use as olefin polymerisation catalyst component
US5026798A (en) 1989-09-13 1991-06-25 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing crystalline poly-α-olefins with a monocyclopentadienyl transition metal catalyst system
US5064802A (en) 1989-09-14 1991-11-12 The Dow Chemical Company Metal complex compounds
US5278272A (en) 1991-10-15 1994-01-11 The Dow Chemical Company Elastic substantialy linear olefin polymers
JP3077940B2 (ja) 1993-04-26 2000-08-21 エクソン・ケミカル・パテンツ・インク 流動層重合法のための安定な操作条件を決定する方法
US6207705B1 (en) 1996-03-22 2001-03-27 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Biopesticides related to natural sources
SE506736C2 (sv) * 1996-04-17 1998-02-09 Svensson Ludvig Int UV-resistent plastfilm eller beläggning och dess användning som klimatskydd
US5729929A (en) * 1996-07-25 1998-03-24 Blessings Corporation Agricultural mulch films and methods for their use
US7150881B2 (en) * 1997-06-26 2006-12-19 Mylan Technologies, Inc. Adhesive mixture for transdermal delivery of highly plasticizing drugs
IT1315220B1 (it) * 1999-12-13 2003-02-03 Ipm Ind Plastica Monregalese Telone di foglia pluristrato di materia plastica per pacciamature e/ocome barriera di contenimento di sostanze di trattamento in
US6525123B1 (en) * 2000-05-19 2003-02-25 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company Lp Compatible blend systems from ethylene vinyl alcohol and oxygen scavenging polymers
CA2415277C (en) * 2000-07-13 2009-03-17 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Tubular multilayer films, method and apparatus for preparing the same
US6908592B1 (en) * 2000-12-13 2005-06-21 Trical, Inc. emulsified soil biocides used in drip irrigation systems
EP1541334A1 (en) * 2003-12-09 2005-06-15 Amcor Flexibles Europe A/S High-barrier retort laminates
EP1697311B1 (en) * 2003-12-26 2011-10-26 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Nitrile compound and its use in pest control
CN101039989B (zh) * 2004-10-12 2010-06-09 陶氏环球技术公司 丙烯酸烷基酯偏二氯乙烯聚合物中的增塑剂
WO2006061842A2 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-15 Bromine Compounds Ltd. Methods, formulations and articles of manufacturing for disinfecting substances, products and structures
US7399571B2 (en) * 2005-05-06 2008-07-15 General Electric Company Multilayered articles and method of manufacture thereof
US20070298197A1 (en) * 2006-06-27 2007-12-27 Rinlandse Plastics Groep B.V. Barrier Agricultural Fumigation Film
US7662463B2 (en) * 2006-08-18 2010-02-16 Pliant Corporation Agricultural barrier films having superior tear strength properties
US7724502B2 (en) * 2007-09-04 2010-05-25 Avx Corporation Laser-welded solid electrolytic capacitor
WO2009070494A1 (en) * 2007-11-27 2009-06-04 Dow Global Technologies Inc. A multilayer structure for the manufacture of packaging and packaging thereof
PL2147783T3 (pl) * 2008-07-23 2018-10-31 Flexopack S.A. Folia termokurczliwa do zgrzewania w stosie
TWI523607B (zh) 2010-04-15 2016-03-01 陶氏農業科學公司 使用含有聚二氯乙烯（ｐｖｄｃ）蒸氣障壁之多層薄膜的農用薰蒸技術

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2557910A1 (en) 2013-02-20
CN102970858A (zh) 2013-03-13
JP2013523187A (ja) 2013-06-17
US8887651B2 (en) 2014-11-18
AU2011239596A1 (en) 2012-11-01
UY33336A (es) 2011-12-01
CN106258649B (zh) 2020-03-13
CN102970858B (zh) 2016-09-07
JP5826825B2 (ja) 2015-12-02
US9795126B2 (en) 2017-10-24
AU2011239596B2 (en) 2014-10-23
RU2561259C2 (ru) 2015-08-27
CR20120512A (es) 2012-12-04
IL222421A0 (en) 2012-12-31
RU2012148443A (ru) 2014-05-20
CN106258649A (zh) 2017-01-04
TWI523607B (zh) 2016-03-01
CA2796121C (en) 2018-01-02
WO2011130504A1 (en) 2011-10-20
TW201238483A (en) 2012-10-01
CO6592033A2 (es) 2013-01-02
AR080960A1 (es) 2012-05-23
US20150010358A1 (en) 2015-01-08
EP2557910A4 (en) 2017-01-11
GT201200282A (es) 2014-04-08
US20170360023A1 (en) 2017-12-21
IL222421B (en) 2018-03-29
CA2796121A1 (en) 2011-10-20
MX343605B (es) 2016-11-11
MX2012012011A (es) 2013-05-01
NZ602887A (en) 2014-08-29
US20130032068A1 (en) 2013-02-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CL2012002851A1 (es) Metodo para la fumigacion dque comprende la introduccion de un fumigante que incluye al menos una sustancia volatil en o sobre el suelo y el recubrimiento del suelo con una pelicula polimerica de multiples capas cobn al menos una capa de proteccion de cloruro de vinilideno y al menos dos capas poliemricas protectoras.
ES2642801T3 (es) Relleno de céspedes sintéticos, y céspedes híbridos
CR20140104A (es) Pelicula fotocatalítica para fumigación de suelos
PE20141289A1 (es) Pelicula de embalaje para productos biologicos orales
CO6341593A2 (es) Estructura plastica absorbente de oxigeno
MY180819A (en) Encapsulation structure for an oled display incorporating antireflection properties
PE20151082A1 (es) Pelicula polimerica para el almacenamiento de productos agricolas, contenedores hechos del mismo y metodos de almacenamiento de productos agricolas relacionados
SE1650380A1 (sv) Oxygen barrier film and laminate and methods of manufacturing the same
CR20140487A (es) Peliculas de capas multiples capaces de liberar ingredientes activos por un periodo limitado de tiempo
MX2017013787A (es) Ensambles de exhibicion y metodos para aplicar los mismos a articulos de caucho vulcanizado.
NI201200033A (es) Inserto para suelas permeables al vapor e impermeables al agua.
CL2018000624A1 (es) Membrana y metodo de conservacion de hortalizas.
ES2547111T3 (es) Material compuesto con drenaje de humedad mejorado
CL2012002574A1 (es) Compuesto derivados de triazol; metodo para combatir y controlar insectos, ácaros, nemátodos o moluscos que comprende la aplicación del compuesto antes mencionado; composición insecticida que comprende el compùesto antes mencionado.
PE20221394A1 (es) Sistema para control de la humedad que comprende un paquete humectante relleno con material humectante que comprende glicerol y agua
EP2599500A4 (en) ADHESIVE STAMP FOR MEDICAL USE
CL2013003585A1 (es) Procedimiento para preparar una tableta de caldo que tiene dos o más capas, el cual consiste en las etapas de (a) formar una primera capa de la tableta, (b) formar una segunda capa de la tableta y (c) comprimir las dos capas para formar la tableta.
CL2012003031A1 (es) Un metodo para administrar un lugar de investigacion de semillas.
MX2016000044A (es) Capas de tib2 y uso de las mismas.
MX2020003665A (es) Sistema terapeutico transdermico para la administracion transdermica de guanfacina que comprende por lo menos un aditivo.
MX2017016034A (es) Cartucho con membrana permeable de vapor, en particular para sustancias volatiles tales como insecticidas y fragancias.
CO2018002524A2 (es) Fertilizante granular recubierto, método para producir un fertilizante granular recubierto, y composición fertilizante
EP3634748A4 (en) MULTI-LAYER FILMS AND LAMINATES WITH LUBRICANTS
MX2015012917A (es) Composiciones para el cuidado oral que contienen antimetabolitos de desoxiazucar.
ES2401616R1 (es) Procedimiento de obtencion de una pelicula multicapa con alta barrera