CN1007828B - 单晶超耐热合金件的应力消除方法 - Google Patents
单晶超耐热合金件的应力消除方法Info
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- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
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- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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Abstract
燃气轮机发动机的带有被覆层的镍基超耐热合金单晶轮机翼型叶片在暴露于某些腐蚀性介质中进行打光时会因应力腐蚀机制而产生裂缝。典型的燃气轮机发动机运行时产生的急剧温度循环造成垂直翼型叶片的高而不均匀的应力,使该零件在环境温度下产生大的局部性残余应变。当去除被覆屋或腐蚀性清洗时零件暴露在腐蚀性环境下,这些翼型叶片中多数会产生弦向裂缝。这种裂缝用前置的消除应力热处理把残余应变降低到不生裂缝的阈值以下来防止。
Description
本发明有关整修燃气轮机发动机零件,更特别有关于一种降低单晶超耐热合金翼型叶片和固定叶片打光时的残余拉应变的方法。
一个轴流式燃气轮机发动机包括一个压缩机部分,一个燃烧部分,和一个后部轮机部分。被置于轮机部分中的是多排交叉的可旋转的翼型叶片和固定叶片。当热的燃气通过轮机部分时,翼型叶片被驱动旋转,从而使轴转动而作功以驱动压缩机部分和其他辅助系统。燃气温度越高,轮机部分获得的功也越大。为了提高轮机部分的工作温度,用镍基超耐热合金材料来制造轮机的翼型叶片和固定叶片。这些材料能在高温下保持机械强度。
特别是,当使用单晶镍基超耐热合金翼型叶片和固定叶片时,它们在高温下保持机械强度。但由于消除了合金结构中的薄弱晶界而造成的结构缺陷限制了其潜力。这种零件通常包括一个被覆层以提供进一步的抗蚀性和/或更高的耐热性,通常采用铝化物的覆盖层或扩散层都可以。美国专利第3,544,348号(布恩)和4,132,816号(班登)公开了各种方法把铝化物层加到超耐热合金件上去,美国专利第3,928,026号(海克)公开了典型的覆盖层,美国专利第4,005,989号(布累斯登)公开了一种组合的覆盖/铝化物被覆层。所有上述专利都转让给本发明的受让人。
燃气轮机发动机的大修包括拆卸,检查,修理/更换磨损零件,和重装配发动机。特别重要的是轮机部分翼、定叶片的状况,它们要承受高温运行的循环。在美国专利第4,176,433号(李)中(下面以它为参考材料)公开了一种重新制造轮机固定叶片组的方法。这方法包括在叶片组中用目视检查来挑选出可再用的固定叶片,接着是把被覆物除去和其他操作步骤。虽然这种方法公开的是重新制造固定叶片组,很明显也能用于一般大修程序中的翼型叶片和固定叶片。
需要修理的翼型叶片或固定叶片必须先清洗,把所有表面上的被覆物除掉,否则在后续操作中会发生有害的合金熔化而造成表层下气孔或缺陷。除掉被覆物通常是把有被覆层的零件浸入热的酸浴中,这种酸浴的成分如沸腾的盐酸(HCl)。
按照这种通常的程序,一组用过的单晶翼型叶片(具有铝化物覆盖层于其内、外表面并有附加的覆盖层于其外表面)被浸入沸腾的盐酸中以除去被覆层。除去被覆层后,这些叶片接受检查,大多数被发觉已损坏得不能修理了,这是因为在酸浴的腐蚀性环境下发生了裂缝。53个零件暴露在酸中,26个发生弦向的裂缝,其报废率达49%。这样高的报废率使采用单晶零件的燃气轮机发动机大修成本显著增加。因此,就产生了一种需要来确定裂缝问题的原因以制定合适的程序来防止单晶超耐热合金翼型零件在打光时的损坏。
本发明的目的是确定从用过的单晶超耐热合金件在去除被覆层时发生裂缝问题的原因。
本发明的另一个目的是制定一种方法,防上用过的单晶超耐热合金件在发动机大修时产生裂缝。
本发明的这些和其他的目的的达到是通过把一个用过的单晶零件暴露在腐蚀性环境中以前先进行一次前置热处理。这个热处理解除了发动机工作循环中积聚起来的残余应变,如果不解除这种应变,单晶零件暴露在腐蚀性环境中会产生应力裂缝,这腐蚀性环境是清洗和去除被覆层所必须的。一般说来,把这个零件进行热处理是用954-1121℃(1750-2050°F)的温度保温1-4小时于非氧化气氛下或在真空中,以获得足够的残余应变消除而防止单晶零件的产生裂缝。
图1是用过的单晶翼型叶片的透视图,显示出一个典型的弦向裂缝,这是当把这翼型叶片暴露在腐蚀性环境中时产生的。
参照图1,显示了一个用过的单晶翼型叶片1。叶片1包括根部2,翼型部3有一个凹面4,一个凸面5,一个前缘6,一个尾缘7,一个平台8,和一个顶部9。叶片1也包括内冷却通道10以
引导相对冷的空气通过叶片,使它能在高温下工作。叶片1原先也包括表面被覆层11(未示出)于内、外表面上,现在已被去掉了。被覆层可以是扩散层也可以是覆盖层,如美国专利第3,928,026;3,544,348;4,132,816号中所说的,也可以是它们的组合,如美国专利第4,005,989号中所说的,所有上述的专利将在下面作为参考材料。叶片1以及另外的那些适用于本发明的翼型叶片和固定叶片,都是用于燃气轮机发动机轮机部分的那种,都是用单晶镍基超耐热合金制成的,如在美国专利第4,209,348号中所公开的。
一般说来,燃气轮机发动机的大修包括拆卸,检查,修理/更换,和重新装配,工作中对轮机部分的翼型叶片和固定叶片需要特别当心,这是因为在热的轮机部分经受苛刻的工作条件。典型地说,带有冷却通道的翼型叶片在冷却通道中的温度有1000至1200°F,在外表面上有2000至2200°F。被发现在典型的燃气轮机发动机工作循环中发生的急剧加速和减速,产生翼型叶片的急剧加热和冷却,从而导致高的不均匀的应力。这些局部集中的应力可以相当高,这是因为超耐热合金翼型叶片为了适应高的轮机工作温度的需要,因而具有复杂的结构几何形状、面临的大的温度梯度和急剧的温度循环所造成的。这些应力使翼型叶片的某些局部区域在环境温度下产生高的残余应变,当把单晶零件放在腐蚀性环境中时,这残余应变就会造成材料裂缝的问题,这种情况不论在对零件清洗或去除被覆层时都会碰到。
特别是,有被覆层的镍基超耐热合金单晶轮机翼型叶片,它在燃气轮机发动机中要工作2000到10,000小时,当被放在某种腐蚀性介质中时会因应力腐蚀机制而裂开。大量的翼展方向的残余拉应变在1,000至1,500百万分之一英寸/英寸时就足够使53个暴露在沸腾盐酸中的零件的26个,在翼型的局部区域产生弦向裂缝。当翼型叶片在发动机工作时承受向心力时,翼展方向的应力就被发展。测量这些在超耐热合金中的应变,是用把许多应变规置于从根部平台8到叶尖9之间的零件周围,通过一部分作切片而测量应变伸长量。参见图1,显示出在镍基单晶超耐热合金翼型叶片上的一个弦向裂缝12,该裂缝垂直于翼展方向应变。
只有单晶零件呈现这种裂缝机制,其他的非单晶超耐热合金件在发动机运行中承受了同样的应力和应变,在同样的处理条件下并不裂开。虽然还没有弄明白,但相邻裂缝机制牵涉到酸和被覆层作用而释出的自由氢和单晶超耐热合金显微结构裂纹之间的相互作用。可能是单晶零件缺少氢聚集的晶界,造成氢原子渗入合金显微结构的裂纹中,加剧了裂纹造成了裂缝。这些裂纹可能由合金中的残余应变所加剧,提供了发生裂缝的场所。
为了防止这种应力开裂,必须消除残余应变和腐蚀性环境。结合使用消除应力的热处理,将把室温残余应变降低到低于一个阈值,此时应力腐蚀裂缝将不会发生,这是最经济的和最少破坏性的解决办法。本专业的技术人员会明白阈值因零件的不同而异,取决于零件材料,几何形状,所经受的温度循环的次数和范围,以及实际上所发展的残余应变。一般说来,把一个零件在1750-2050°F和1-4小时下,在非氧化气氛下或真空中进行一次热处理,能使残余应变降低到足以防止在单晶零件中发生裂缝。
经过大量的零件试验,发觉把残余应变降低50%就足够防止把零件放在腐蚀性环境中时产生裂缝。虽然降低20-30%就能防止某些零件产生裂缝,用降低50%就提供了额外的安全系数。
一批用过的单晶镍基超耐热合金翼型叶片在除去被覆层前经受一次检查前的热处理。这些叶片的工作时间、材料、和结构几何形状等都和前面所说的有49%报废率的那一批相同。一个对照组被加上应变规并被发现在热处理前已经积聚了残余拉应变1000到1500百万分之一英寸/英寸。然后把这些翼型叶片加热到1080℃(1975°F)并在非氧化气氛中保温4小时。在本实施例中用的是氢,然而,其他的非氧化气体如氩或氮也能代用。冷却后,对这些翼型叶片作判断并发现其残余拉应变由1000到1500百万分之一英寸/英寸降低到400至700百万分之一英寸/英寸。然后把这些翼型叶片浸入沸腾的盐酸中以去除被覆层。在41个被暴露的零件中,去除了被覆层后没有一个有裂缝。
虽然对零件进行热处理以降低残余应变是众所周知的,但没有人知道单晶零件在积聚了残余应变后有裂开的趋向,或把这些残余应变降低到一个阈值能防止打光过程中的开裂。在去除被覆层或腐蚀性清洗前使用一道前置的消除应力的热处理能防止
翼型叶片零件的显著损坏,降低报废零件数和减少发动机大修成本。
虽然本发明被解说成关于燃气轮机发动机中使用的翼型叶片,本专业的技术人员应该懂得任何承受高温运作的单晶超耐热合金零件能由本发明中得到好处。
虽然本发明的优先实施例说的热处理是1975°F和保温4小时,本专业的技术人员应该懂得本发明并不限制于这个所述的特定实施例,而不离开本发明的范围能有很多的温度、气氛和保温时间。
Claims (2)
1、一种用来防止积聚着残余应变的单晶镍基超耐热合金零件暴露在腐蚀性介质中时产生裂缝的方法,其特征为对该零件进行这样一次消除应力的热处理,即把该零件置于非氧化气氛中或真空中以954-1121℃(1750-2050°F)的温度保温1至4小时。
2、如权利要求1中的方法,其特征为该热处理包括把该零件置于非氧化气氛中以1080℃(1975°F)的温度保温4小时。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US880,603 | 1986-06-30 | ||
| US06/880,603 US4729799A (en) | 1986-06-30 | 1986-06-30 | Stress relief of single crystal superalloy articles |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN87104592A CN87104592A (zh) | 1988-08-03 |
| CN1007828B true CN1007828B (zh) | 1990-05-02 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN87104592A Expired CN1007828B (zh) | 1986-06-30 | 1987-06-30 | 单晶超耐热合金件的应力消除方法 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4729799A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0251983B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2681465B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR930003644B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1007828B (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU594478B2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA1299070C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE3761024D1 (zh) |
| IL (1) | IL82952A (zh) |
| MX (1) | MX168891B (zh) |
| SG (1) | SG5490G (zh) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5413752A (en) * | 1992-10-07 | 1995-05-09 | General Electric Company | Method for making fatigue crack growth-resistant nickel-base article |
| JP3069580B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-08 | 2000-07-24 | 科学技術庁金属材料技術研究所長 | 単結晶材料の再熱処理による余寿命延長方法 |
| US5695821A (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1997-12-09 | General Electric Company | Method for making a coated Ni base superalloy article of improved microstructural stability |
| WO2009101690A1 (ja) * | 2008-02-14 | 2009-08-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | ガスタービン翼の再生方法及びガスタービン翼の再生装置 |
| US9650900B2 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2017-05-16 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas turbine engine components with film cooling holes having cylindrical to multi-lobe configurations |
| US10113433B2 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2018-10-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas turbine engine components with lateral and forward sweep film cooling holes |
| DE102015203985A1 (de) * | 2015-03-05 | 2016-09-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Wiederaufbereitung eines Bauteils mittels lokaler thermomechanischer Behandlung |
| JP6508823B2 (ja) * | 2015-05-08 | 2019-05-08 | 三菱重工航空エンジン株式会社 | 酸化膜除去方法 |
| US11021965B2 (en) | 2016-05-19 | 2021-06-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | Engine components with cooling holes having tailored metering and diffuser portions |
| CN107557869A (zh) * | 2017-08-15 | 2018-01-09 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 避免单晶高温合金涡轮叶片铂丝芯撑位置再结晶的方法 |
Family Cites Families (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2766156A (en) * | 1952-07-09 | 1956-10-09 | Int Nickel Co | Heat-treatment of nickel-chromiumcobalt alloys |
| DE1210566B (de) * | 1961-04-01 | 1966-02-10 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer hoch-korrosionsbestaendigen und warmfesten Nickel-Chrom-Molybdaen-Legierung mit erhoehter Bestaendigkeit gegen interkristalline Korrosion |
| US3174851A (en) * | 1961-12-01 | 1965-03-23 | William J Buehler | Nickel-base alloys |
| US3578440A (en) * | 1968-03-25 | 1971-05-11 | Int Nickel Co | Nickel-copper alloy |
| US3536542A (en) * | 1968-05-31 | 1970-10-27 | Gen Electric | Alloy heat treatment |
| US3544348A (en) * | 1968-10-25 | 1970-12-01 | United Aircraft Corp | Overhaul process for aluminide coated gas turbine engine components |
| US3627593A (en) * | 1969-10-30 | 1971-12-14 | Int Nickel Co | Two phase nickel-zinc alloy |
| US3653987A (en) * | 1970-06-01 | 1972-04-04 | Special Metals Corp | Nickel base alloy |
| US3928026A (en) * | 1974-05-13 | 1975-12-23 | United Technologies Corp | High temperature nicocraly coatings |
| US4083734A (en) * | 1975-07-18 | 1978-04-11 | Special Metals Corporation | Nickel base alloy |
| US4005989A (en) * | 1976-01-13 | 1977-02-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Coated superalloy article |
| US4132816A (en) * | 1976-02-25 | 1979-01-02 | United Technologies Corporation | Gas phase deposition of aluminum using a complex aluminum halide of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal as an activator |
| US4209348A (en) * | 1976-11-17 | 1980-06-24 | United Technologies Corporation | Heat treated superalloy single crystal article and process |
| US4116723A (en) * | 1976-11-17 | 1978-09-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Heat treated superalloy single crystal article and process |
| US4176433A (en) * | 1978-06-29 | 1979-12-04 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of remanufacturing turbine vane clusters for gas turbine engines |
| US4253885A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1981-03-03 | Special Metals Corporation | Treating nickel base alloys |
| US4253884A (en) * | 1979-08-29 | 1981-03-03 | Special Metals Corporation | Treating nickel base alloys |
| US4371404A (en) * | 1980-01-23 | 1983-02-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Single crystal nickel superalloy |
| FR2477184A1 (fr) * | 1980-02-28 | 1981-09-04 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Procede pour augmenter la duree de vie d'une piece en materiau refractaire a fibres paralleles de darbure metallique noyees dans une matrice metallique |
| FR2503188A1 (fr) * | 1981-04-03 | 1982-10-08 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Superalliage monocristallin a matrice a matuice a base de nickel, procede d'amelioration de pieces en ce superalliage et pieces obtenues par ce procede |
| JPS5845345A (ja) * | 1981-09-11 | 1983-03-16 | Hitachi Ltd | 耐熱疲労性の優れたガスタ−ビン用ノズル |
| US4385939A (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1983-05-31 | Trw Inc. | Method of producing a single crystal article |
| US4512817A (en) * | 1981-12-30 | 1985-04-23 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for producing corrosion resistant high strength superalloy articles |
| DE3372989D1 (en) * | 1983-02-01 | 1987-09-17 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Structural element with a high corrosion and oxidation resistance made from a dispersion-hardened superalloy, and process for its manufacture |
| US4583608A (en) * | 1983-06-06 | 1986-04-22 | United Technologies Corporation | Heat treatment of single crystals |
| JPS60177160A (ja) * | 1984-02-23 | 1985-09-11 | Natl Res Inst For Metals | 単結晶Νi基耐熱合金及びその製造法 |
| US4717432A (en) * | 1986-04-09 | 1988-01-05 | United Technologies Corporation | Varied heating rate solution heat treatment for superalloy castings |
-
1986
- 1986-06-30 US US06/880,603 patent/US4729799A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-06-08 CA CA000539121A patent/CA1299070C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-22 IL IL82952A patent/IL82952A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-06-25 EP EP87630113A patent/EP0251983B1/en not_active Expired
- 1987-06-25 DE DE8787630113T patent/DE3761024D1/de not_active Expired
- 1987-06-29 AU AU74989/87A patent/AU594478B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-06-29 KR KR1019870006621A patent/KR930003644B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-06-29 JP JP62162195A patent/JP2681465B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-30 CN CN87104592A patent/CN1007828B/zh not_active Expired
- 1987-06-30 MX MX007146A patent/MX168891B/es unknown
-
1990
- 1990-01-23 SG SG54/90A patent/SG5490G/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN87104592A (zh) | 1988-08-03 |
| DE3761024D1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
| KR880000602A (ko) | 1988-03-28 |
| AU7498987A (en) | 1988-01-07 |
| AU594478B2 (en) | 1990-03-08 |
| MX168891B (es) | 1993-06-14 |
| JP2681465B2 (ja) | 1997-11-26 |
| EP0251983B1 (en) | 1989-11-23 |
| JPS6326343A (ja) | 1988-02-03 |
| US4729799A (en) | 1988-03-08 |
| EP0251983A1 (en) | 1988-01-07 |
| KR930003644B1 (ko) | 1993-05-08 |
| SG5490G (en) | 1990-07-06 |
| IL82952A0 (en) | 1987-12-20 |
| CA1299070C (en) | 1992-04-21 |
| IL82952A (en) | 1990-02-09 |
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