CN103509552B - 一种功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒及其制备与应用 - Google Patents
一种功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒及其制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种近红外荧光纳米微粒(Near-infrared Fluorescence Nanoparticles)的制备及其在成像技术中的应用方法。近红外荧光纳米粒以所装载的近红外荧光染料作为发光中心,以壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸为基本骨架,经海藻酸钠自组装包裹成壳制备而成。透射电子显微镜显示近红外荧光纳米粒的平均粒径在15nm左右,动态光散射测试表明其平均动态水合半径为~160nm。近红外荧光纳米粒的光稳定性较荧光染料分子有显著增强,在0~1.5%的NaCl水溶液中可以稳定存在。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及纳米近红外荧光材料,具体地说是一种功能性纳米近红外荧光微粒及其制备和应用。
背景技术
纳米尺度上的生物分析化学是纳米生物技术的最主要发展方向。在纳米生物技术中,基于近红外荧光纳米探针的活体荧光成像技术是当今国际生物分析科学领域的研究前沿和重要发展方向之一,也是各国的研究热点。功能性纳米荧光材料是近年来纳米材料研究中的一个新生长点,其应用焦点目前主要集中在生物技术领域如生物活体成像检测,生物大分子原位示踪、荧光显微镜检测、免疫组织化学、细胞化学等。现在已报道的荧光活体成像技术及其存在的问题包括如下几个方面:
(1)近红外荧光染料体内成像技术(文献1C.,Jonak,H.,Skvara,R.,Kunstfeld,et al.Intradermal indocyanine green for in vivofluorescence laser scanning microscopy of human skin:a pilot study.PlosOne,2011,6,e23972.文献2L.A.Yannuzzi.Indocyanine greenangiography:a perspective on use in the clinical setting.Am.J.Ophthalmol.2011,151,745)。以吲哚菁绿(ICG)为代表的近红外染料,人体毒性低,可直接应用于活体成像,如体内血管造影,注射式皮肤造影等。但吲哚菁绿体内代谢速度快,光稳定性低,使其应用受到限制。
(2)荧光量子点应用于成像技术(文献3H.S.Choi,B.I.Ipe,P.Misra,et al.Tissue-and organ-selective biodistribution of nir fluorescentquantum dots.Nano Lett.2009,9,2354.文献4Y.Wang,P.Anilkumar,L.Cao,et al.Carbon dots of different composition and surfacefunctionalization:cytotoxicity issues relevant to fuorescence cellimaging.Exp.Bio.Med.2011,236,1231)。荧光量子点可以分为两类:一类是以CdSe,ZnS等无机材料形成的量子点,光学性质稳定,荧光量子产率高,但存在重金属毒性问题,活体成像应用受限;另一类是以有机质为原料制成的碳点,生物相容性优于无机量子点,同时拥有独特的光学性质,但荧光量子产率较弱,发射光波段位于短波长可见光,不适合活体成像。
(3)纳米载体装载荧光物质成像技术(文献5E.I.Altinoglu,T.J.Russin,J.M.Kaiser,et al.Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-dopedcalcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of human breastcancer.ACS Nano,2008,2,2075.文献6M.Nyk,R.Kumar,T.Y.Ohulchanskyy,et al.High contrast in vitro and in vivophotoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infraredup-conversion in Tm3+and Yb3+doped fluoride nanophosphors.NanoLett.2008,8,3834。以装载荧光物质的类型分为两类:一类装载量子点成像,另一类装载荧光染料。两种方法都是通过载体的保护提高染料的荧光稳定性,延长体内成像时间,并通过载体赋予其靶向。与染料直接成像方法相比应用范围更广,目前应用主要集中在实验室的动物活体实验阶段。
吲哚菁绿是一种近红外荧光三碳菁染料,它的吸收和发射峰的最大值均位于组织的“最佳窗口”内,近红外光的组织穿透性比蓝绿光要强很多,大大地降低了人体中血红蛋白等的吸收干扰,已通过美国FDA批准应用于临床的肝脏损伤诊断和眼底血管造影检测,成为观测生理指标的最佳选择之一。然而吲哚菁绿分子本身荧光强度低,光稳定性弱,无活性基团不易进行分子标记,用于体内成像时靶向性差。如果能够通过使用纳米载体包裹吲哚菁绿,既可以增强其荧光稳定性,延缓体内成像时间,也可以发挥纳米颗粒的增强渗透效应(EPR)引起的被动靶向作用,从而改善和提高吲哚菁绿的体内成像质量,为发展新的体内光学成像探针提供新的途径。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明的目的是提供一种以吲哚菁绿近红外荧光染料作为发光中心,以壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸等为基本骨架,经海藻酸钠自组装包裹成壳的纳米荧光微粒。所得到的近红外荧光纳米微粒具有荧光稳定性高,体内成像时间长,同时又具备良好生物相容性等特点。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
功能性纳米近红外荧光微粒以近红外染料平面共轭结构为发光中心,采用静电结合成粒技术制备而成,并且纳米球表面具有化学结合能力的功能官能团。
具体为:以聚阴离子作为交联剂,与装载有阴离子近红外染料壳聚糖材料形成纳米粒内核,再经海藻酸钠等交联形成稳定的外壳结构,其所结合方式如下:
为海藻酸钠,为壳聚糖,
为带负电荷的近红外染料,为聚阴离子。
结构中较为常用的取代基为:
壳聚糖上的氨基和海藻酸钠于壳聚糖上的羧基。
其制备方法为:采用静电自组装形成纳米粒的技术制备,即采用壳聚糖聚合形成纳米粒技术,制备装载近红外荧光染料的纳米粒。
具体地说,将壳聚糖与近红外染料静电结合,并以适当方式通过聚阴离子交联形成纳米粒,再通过海藻酸钠与壳聚糖的静电作用稳定纳米粒的自组装结构。
本发明具有如下优点:
(1)延长近红外荧光染料体内停留时间及提高荧光稳定性。使用本发明,近红外荧光纳米粒作为标记物较单纯染料体内停留时间延长,从而可以延长对检测对象的观测窗口时间,充分获取观测的信息。
(2)近红外荧光纳米粒组成材料生物相容性优良。本发明近红外荧光纳米粒组成材料包括壳聚糖和海藻酸钠等,具有优良的生物相容性,使其具有活体成像的潜力。
(3)纳米粒由静电作用形成伴随代谢,易于崩解。使用本发明并未带来新型化合物,同时易于在体内充分代谢。
(4)纳米粒粒径较均一且粒径大小适宜,多分散系数(pdI)在0.2-0.25之间,较为均一。纳米粒粒径范围在10-100nm之间,易于发挥纳米粒子的EPR被动靶向性作用。
(5)纳米粒上的活性官能可以接枝靶向基团。纳米粒中壳聚糖的氨基、羟基以及海藻酸钠的羟基均可以接枝如叶酸等靶向基团,从而赋予纳米粒主动靶向性。
附图说明
图1是近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒所用壳聚糖分子量分布GPC结果
图2是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒的透射电子显微镜照片
图3是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒电镜下粒径分布统计结果
图4是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒粒径及PdI随NaCl浓度变化结果
图5是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒的荧光光谱
图6是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒与游离ICG荧光稳定性结果
图7是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒小鼠肌肉注射结果图
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
近红外荧光纳米粒制备方法:
(1)吲哚菁绿(ICG)—壳聚糖(CA)静电结合
将ICG加入到0.1M的HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液(pH4.2)中,配置1mg/mL的ICG溶液,并经0.22μm过滤膜处理除去少量不溶物,得溶液。使用HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液(0.1M,pH 4.2),配置5mg/mL壳聚糖溶液,图1为CA的凝胶排阻色谱结果,基于葡聚糖标准品得到的标准曲线计算其分子量为25.5kDa,并经0.22μm过滤膜处理,得溶液。在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵恒速将50μL的ICG溶液滴入2mL壳聚糖溶液,制得ICG-CA静电结合溶液。
(2)吲哚菁绿(ICG)—壳聚糖(CA)—多聚磷酸钠(STPP)纳米粒制备
将多聚磷酸钠(STPP)加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液(0.1M,pH4.2)中,配置9mg/mL的STPP溶液,并经0.22μm过滤膜处理,得溶液。在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵恒速将125μL的将多聚磷酸钠溶液滴入ICG-CA静电结合溶液,制得ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液。
(3)吲哚菁绿(ICG)—壳聚糖(CA)—多聚磷酸钠(STPP)—海藻酸钠(ALG)纳米粒制备
将ALG加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液(0.1M,pH 4.2),配置10mg/mL的ALG溶液,并经0.22μm过滤膜处理,得溶液。使用2M的NaOH溶液调整ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液的pH至pH4.4。在磁力搅拌下,通过进液泵恒速将50μL的海藻酸钠溶液滴入ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液中,制得ICG-CA-STPP-ALG纳米粒溶液。
实施例2
ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒的性质表征:
(1)ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒形态及大小尺寸
图2是ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒的透射电子显微镜照片,结果表明吲哚菁绿经壳聚糖、海藻酸钠等纳米载体静电包裹后可以形成纳米微粒,纳米微粒之间的分散性能较好,很少发生凝聚现象。图3是电镜观察ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒粒径分布的情况,统计分析结果表明纳米粒子的粒径分布为~9nm左右。粒径的大小可以通过调整CA与STPP配比,CA浓度,搅拌速度,泵速等来进行控制。
(2)不同浓度NaCl对ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒粒径的影响
图4是ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒粒径及pdI随NaCl浓度变化结果。结果表明在NaCl浓度为0至1.5%范围内,荧光纳米粒的动态水合粒径仅在140~165nm范围内小幅波动,pdI基本维持稳定。在生理盐水中(浓度为0.9%)使用,荧光纳米粒不会发生崩解。
(3)ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒的荧光光谱特性
图5是装载近红外染料吲哚菁绿的近红外荧光纳米粒、同浓度及缓冲体系ICG溶液(control 1)、去除STPP的对照组(control 2)的荧光光谱。图中可见,近红外荧光纳米粒的荧光发射峰位置波长是805nm说明形成纳米粒后,Stokes位移有8nm左右蓝移。
(4)ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒荧光稳定性
图6是ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒及ICG分子自身在光照条件下的光稳定性实验结果。由于壳聚糖及海藻酸钠遮挡作用会降低ICG荧光光漂白效应,而纳米粒的形成可以有效提高荧光强度。经过60分钟照射后,ICG分子的荧光强度下降到初始值的40%,而形成纳米载体包裹的ICG荧光纳米微粒的荧光强度保持在初始值的70%以上。
实施例3
使用ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒进行小鼠成像:将小鼠采用麻醉剂麻醉后,在小鼠的尾静脉注射7.5μl/g体重的ICG浓度为(83μg/mL)ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒,使用小动物活体成像系统在770nm激发光激发下进行荧光成像,荧光成像条件780nm-950nm,步长10nm,曝光时间400ms。图7左侧一列是注射自由ICG后不同时间点的裸鼠荧光成像图,右侧一列是注射ICG-CA-STPP-ALG纳米粒后,不同时间点的裸鼠荧光成像图。从结果可见,注射ICG-CA-STPP-ALG近红外荧光纳米粒的1分钟后,小鼠表面皮肤比注射自由ICG的对照组发出更强烈的荧光信号,心脏部分发出明显的荧光信号,说明近红外荧光纳米粒易于进入血管,并且易进入小鼠心脏。注射近红外荧光纳米粒5分钟时,体表荧光信号减弱,肝部信号增强。当注射近红外荧光纳米粒4.5小时后,肝区荧光信号消失,仅在心脏部位保留部分信号,其余纳米荧光粒子进入肠部,而自由的ICG的荧光信号全部转移到肠部。以上结果表明,自由ICG经上述技术制备成荧光纳米粒子后,其在小鼠体内的代谢途径发生了明显改变,更易进入心脏和血管,而肿瘤部位的血管较正常组织更为丰富,这就为用于肿瘤的在体成像打下了良好的基础,展现了可喜的应用潜力。
Claims (4)
1.一种功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒,其特征在于:于液相中,以吲哚菁绿ICG为发光中心, 采用壳聚糖CA中的一种或二种以上聚合物,经过静电自组装后,再引入海藻酸钠ALG,经过二次静电自组装方法获得具有近红外发光功能的纳米颗粒;
其制备过程如下:
将近红外荧光染料吲哚菁绿溶于0.05-0.2M 的HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,制成0.8~3 mg/mL的ICG溶液;经过0.22 μm过滤膜处理;HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液为pH 4~5;
同时将分子量为5~800 kDa的壳聚糖,溶于0.05~0.2M 的HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,制成1.0~12 mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液,经过0.22 μm过滤膜处理,在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵将25~100 μL的ICG溶液滴入2~5mL壳聚糖溶液,制得ICG-CA静电结合溶液;
将多聚磷酸钠STPP加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,配置6~12 mg/mL的STPP溶液,并经0.22 μm过滤膜处理;在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵将100~350 μL的STPP溶液滴入ICG-CA静电结合溶液,制得ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液;
然后将海藻酸钠加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,配置5~20mg/mL的ALG溶液,并经0.22 μm过滤膜处理; 使用1~2.5 M的NaOH溶液调整ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液的pH至pH 4-5;在磁力搅拌下,通过进液泵将10~300 μL的海藻酸钠溶液滴入ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液中,制得海藻酸钠包裹的ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液。
2.根据权利要求1 所述的功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒,其特征在于:微粒纳米表面具有可用于化学修饰或标记的活性功能团。
3.一种权利要求1所述的功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒的制备方法,其特征在于:
将近红外荧光染料吲哚菁绿溶于0.05~0.2M 的HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,制成0.8~3 mg/mL的ICG溶液;经过0.22 μm过滤膜处理;HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液为pH 4~5;
同时将分子量为5~800 kDa的壳聚糖,溶于0.05~0.2M 的HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,制成1.0~12 mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液,经过0.22 μm过滤膜处理,在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵将25~100 μL的ICG溶液滴入2 ~ 5mL壳聚糖溶液,制得ICG-CA静电结合溶液;
将多聚磷酸钠加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,配置6~12 mg/mL的STPP溶液,并经0.22 μm过滤膜处理;在磁力搅拌状态下,通过进液泵将100~350 μL的STPP溶液滴入ICG-CA静电结合溶液,制得ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液;
然后将海藻酸钠加入到HAc/NaAc缓冲溶液中,配置5~20mg/mL的ALG溶液,并经0.22 μm水系膜过膜处理; 使用1~2.5 M的NaOH溶液调整ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液的pH至pH 4~5;在磁力搅拌下,通过进液泵将10 ~300 μL的ALG溶液滴入ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液中,制得海藻酸钠包裹的ICG-CA-STPP纳米粒溶液。
4.一种权利要求1—3任一项所述的功能性近红外荧光纳米微粒在生物分子标记中的应用,其特征在于:所述生物分子包括多肽、抗体、抗原、蛋白、核酸分子中的一种或二种以上。
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