CN104967112B - Light stores up the direct-current micro-grid control method for coordinating of formula electric automobile charging station - Google Patents
Light stores up the direct-current micro-grid control method for coordinating of formula electric automobile charging station Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法，涉及微电网技术领域，所解决的是维持直流母线电压平滑稳定的技术问题。该方法采用蓄电池及飞轮混合储能，并将直流电压由高至低分为5个层次，对直流母线进行分层协调优化控制，实现充电站直流微电网中光伏发电、电动汽车充放电、负荷功率需求以及网侧变换器充放电的协调优化控制。本发明提供的方法，在充电站微电网孤岛、并网不同运行模式下，均能维持系统功率的平衡，实现直流母线电压的稳定控制。
A DC micro-grid coordinated control method for an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station relates to the technical field of micro-grids and solves the technical problem of maintaining a smooth and stable DC bus voltage. This method adopts the hybrid energy storage of batteries and flywheels, and divides the DC voltage into five levels from high to low, and performs hierarchical coordination and optimization control on the DC bus to realize photovoltaic power generation, electric vehicle charging and discharging, and load control in the DC microgrid of the charging station. Coordinated optimization control of power demand and grid-side converter charging and discharging. The method provided by the invention can maintain the balance of system power and realize the stable control of the DC bus voltage under different operation modes of charging station micro-grid island and grid-connected.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及微电网技术，特别是涉及一种光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法的技术。The invention relates to micro-grid technology, in particular to a technology of a DC micro-grid coordinated control method for an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station.
背景技术Background technique
在直流微网中，能量的平衡控制可归结为直流母线电压的调整和电能质量的管理，直流电压是反映系统内功率平衡的唯一指标。2014年第5期《现代电力》中《光伏直流微网协调直流电压控制策略的研究》一文，以光伏发电系统、储能系统、交直流负荷组成的直流微电网为研究对象，在分析直流微电网运行状态的基础上，提出了直流电压协调控制策略，该策略根据直流母线电压的分层下垂变化，实现各变换器之间的协调控制，是直流微电网的一种简便灵活控制方式。然而，下垂控制无法实现对直流电压的恒定控制，微电网系统无可避免要面对新能源发电波动或者负荷的切换引起的电压波动，难以同时满足功率与能量两方面要求。In the DC microgrid, the energy balance control can be attributed to the adjustment of the DC bus voltage and the management of the power quality, and the DC voltage is the only indicator reflecting the power balance in the system. In the article "Research on Coordinated DC Voltage Control Strategy of Photovoltaic DC Micro-grid" in the fifth issue of "Modern Electric Power" in 2014, the research object is the DC micro-grid composed of photovoltaic power generation system, energy storage system, and AC-DC load. Based on the operating status of the power grid, a DC voltage coordinated control strategy is proposed. This strategy realizes the coordinated control among converters according to the hierarchical drooping changes of the DC bus voltage. It is a simple and flexible control method for DC microgrids. However, droop control cannot achieve constant control of the DC voltage, and the microgrid system will inevitably face voltage fluctuations caused by new energy generation fluctuations or load switching, and it is difficult to meet both power and energy requirements at the same time.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对上述现有技术中存在的缺陷，本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种能维持直流母线电压平滑稳定的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法。In view of the above-mentioned defects in the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a DC micro-grid coordinated control method for an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station that can maintain a smooth and stable DC bus voltage.
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明所提供的一种光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法，涉及光储式电动汽车充电站，所述光储式电动汽车充电站中配置有光伏发电系统，及用于电动汽车充放电控制的EV充放电系统，其特征在于：在光储式电动汽车充电站中配置混合储能系统，并在混合储能系统中配置蓄电池储能单元及飞轮储能单元；通过步骤S1的方法分配混合储能系统的功能角色；通过步骤S2的方法进行分层协调优化控制；In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a DC micro-grid coordinated control method for an optical storage type electric vehicle charging station, which relates to an optical storage type electric vehicle charging station, and the optical storage type electric vehicle charging station is equipped with photovoltaic A power generation system, and an EV charging and discharging system for electric vehicle charging and discharging control, is characterized in that: a hybrid energy storage system is configured in the light storage type electric vehicle charging station, and a battery energy storage unit and a flywheel are configured in the hybrid energy storage system The energy storage unit; assigning the functional roles of the hybrid energy storage system through the method of step S1; performing hierarchical coordination and optimization control through the method of step S2;
步骤S1：分配混合储能系统的功能角色Step S1: Assign the functional roles of the hybrid energy storage system
在混合储能系统作为光储式电动汽车充电站的直流母线电压支撑时，用一个时间常数为T的一阶巴特沃兹低通滤波器分离混合储能系统的充放电功率；When the hybrid energy storage system is used as the DC bus voltage support of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station, a first-order Butterworth low-pass filter with a time constant of T is used to separate the charging and discharging power of the hybrid energy storage system;
利用飞轮储能单元平滑高频功率波动及低频功率，利用蓄电池储能单元维持直流母线电压平滑稳定；Use the flywheel energy storage unit to smooth high-frequency power fluctuations and low-frequency power, and use the battery energy storage unit to maintain the DC bus voltage smooth and stable;
当混合储能系统处于空闲储备状态时，对飞轮储能单元进行恒定功率充放电，使其达到目标转速后维持不变，对蓄电池储能单元则进行恒定电流充放电，使其达到目标剩余电量值；When the hybrid energy storage system is in an idle reserve state, the flywheel energy storage unit is charged and discharged with a constant power to keep it constant after reaching the target speed, and the battery energy storage unit is charged and discharged with a constant current to make it reach the target remaining power value ;
步骤S2：分层协调优化控制Step S2: Hierarchical coordination optimization control
设定直流母线标准电压为600V，并设定切换点滞环电压ΔU为3V，根据系统功率平衡原则，以直流侧母线标准电压为额定参考阈值，将直流电压由高至低分为5个层次，对直流母线采用其当前电压值所属的直流电压层次的控制方式进行协调优化控制；Set DC bus standard voltage 600V, and set the switching point hysteresis voltage ΔU to 3V. According to the principle of system power balance, the standard voltage of the DC side bus is used as the rated reference threshold, and the DC voltage is divided into 5 levels from high to low. The control method of the DC voltage level to which the current voltage value belongs is coordinated and optimally controlled;
直流电压的5个层次以标幺值表示，第一直流电压层次为1.06-1.10，第二直流电压层次为1.02 -1.06，第三直流电压层次为1.00-1.02，第四直流电压层次为0.98-1.00，第五直流电压层次为0.94-0.98；The 5 levels of DC voltage are expressed in per unit value, the first DC voltage level is 1.06-1.10, the second DC voltage level is 1.02-1.06, the third DC voltage level is 1.00-1.02, and the fourth DC voltage level is 0.98- 1.00, the fifth DC voltage level is 0.94-0.98;
第一直流电压层次的控制方式：由光伏发电系统的单向DC/DC变换器进行稳压控制，维持直流母线电压为1.06+ΔU；The control method of the first DC voltage level: the unidirectional DC/DC converter of the photovoltaic power generation system performs voltage stabilization control to maintain the DC bus voltage at 1.06 +ΔU;
此时对EV充放电系统进行充电控制，对蓄电池储能单元进行最大电流充电并在目标剩余电量值达到80%后停止充电，对飞轮储能单元进行维持转速运转并保持存储功率不变，在系统孤岛时对网侧AC/DC变换器采用U/f控制，在系统并网运行时对网侧AC/DC变换器采用PQ控制或以恒定最大电流向交流侧输送功率；At this time, the charging control of the EV charging and discharging system is carried out, and the battery energy storage unit is charged with the maximum current and reaches the target remaining power value. Stop charging after reaching 80%, maintain the speed of the flywheel energy storage unit and keep the stored power unchanged, use U/f control for the grid-side AC/DC converter when the system is isolated, and control the grid-side AC/DC converter when the system is connected to the grid. The AC/DC converter adopts PQ control or transmits power to the AC side with a constant maximum current;
第二直流电压层次的控制方式：由蓄电池储能单元通过双向DC/DC变换器进行电压/电流下垂控制，维持母线电压的稳定；此时由飞轮储能单元平滑蓄电池储能单元的充放电功率，光伏发电系统工作于最大功率点跟踪模式，对EV充放电系统进行充电或放电控制，对网侧AC/DC变换器的控制方式与第一直流电压层次的控制方式相同；The control method of the second DC voltage level: the battery energy storage unit performs voltage/current droop control through the bidirectional DC/DC converter to maintain the stability of the bus voltage; at this time, the flywheel energy storage unit smoothes the charging and discharging power of the battery energy storage unit , the photovoltaic power generation system works in the maximum power point tracking mode, and controls the charging or discharging of the EV charging and discharging system, and the control method of the grid-side AC/DC converter is the same as that of the first DC voltage level;
第三、第四直流电压层次的控制方式：系统运行模式为并网运行，由网侧AC/DC变换器进行电压/电流下垂功率控制实现直流母线电压的稳定控制；此时，混合储能系统进入并网备用状态进行充放电待用，蓄电池储能单元的目标剩余电量值的目标值设置为70%并采用恒定电流充放电，飞轮储能单元的目标转数设置为80%并采用恒定功率充放电，蓄电池储能单元与飞轮储能单元分别达到目标值后停止充放电，并维持目标状态进行待用，光伏发电系统工作于最大功率点跟踪模式，EV充放电系统也进行自由充放电；The control mode of the third and fourth DC voltage levels: the system operation mode is grid-connected operation, and the voltage/current droop power control is performed by the AC/DC converter on the grid side to realize the stable control of the DC bus voltage; at this time, the hybrid energy storage system Enter the grid-connected standby state for charging and discharging standby, the target remaining power value of the battery energy storage unit The target value of the flywheel energy storage unit is set to 70% and the constant current is used for charging and discharging. The target rotation speed of the flywheel energy storage unit is set to 80% and the constant power is used for charging and discharging. The battery energy storage unit and the flywheel energy storage unit respectively reach the target values and stop charging and discharging. , and maintain the target state for standby, the photovoltaic power generation system works in the maximum power point tracking mode, and the EV charging and discharging system also performs free charging and discharging;
第五直流电压层次的控制方式与第二直流电压层次的控制方式的区别在于：第五直流电压层次的控制方式中，当系统中负荷过载超出了系统的能量供应时实现功率减载控制，第五直流电压层次的控制方式将系统中的交直流负荷按重要性从高至低分为重要负荷和次要负荷两个等级，在需要进行功率减载时优先切除次要负荷，同时控制EV充放电系统的充放电调度维护直流母线的电压稳定。The difference between the control mode of the fifth DC voltage level and the control mode of the second DC voltage level is: in the control mode of the fifth DC voltage level, when the load overload in the system exceeds the energy supply of the system, the power load reduction control is realized. The control method of five DC voltage levels divides the AC and DC loads in the system into two levels from high to low, important loads and secondary loads. The charge and discharge scheduling of the discharge system maintains the voltage stability of the DC bus.
本发明提供的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法，结合飞轮-蓄电池混合储能方式和直流母线电压的分层控制，实现充电站直流微电网中光伏发电、电动汽车充放电、负荷功率需求以及网侧变换器充放电的协调优化控制，在充电站微电网孤岛、并网不同运行模式下，均能维持系统功率的平衡，实现直流母线电压的稳定控制，而且混合储能系统在孤岛运行状态下作为母线电压支撑时，飞轮储能平滑高频功率波动和部分低频功率，蓄电池平衡基准功率则能更好地维持母线电压的平滑稳定。The DC microgrid coordinated control method of the photovoltaic storage type electric vehicle charging station provided by the present invention combines the flywheel-battery hybrid energy storage mode and the layered control of the DC bus voltage to realize photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicle charging and discharging in the DC microgrid of the charging station , load power demand, and the coordinated optimization control of charging and discharging of grid-side converters. Under different operating modes of charging station micro-grid islanding and grid-connected, the balance of system power can be maintained, and the stable control of DC bus voltage can be realized. Moreover, hybrid energy storage When the system is used as the bus voltage support under the island operation state, the flywheel energy storage can smooth the high-frequency power fluctuation and part of the low-frequency power, and the battery balance reference power can better maintain the smooth and stable bus voltage.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中的光储式电动汽车充电站的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station in a DC micro-grid coordinated control method of an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，蓄电池储能单元和飞轮储能单元的传递函数伯德图；Fig. 2 is a Bode diagram of the transfer function of the battery energy storage unit and the flywheel energy storage unit in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the optical storage type electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention;
图3是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中的直流母线分层协调优化控制策略图，其中的图3a为网侧AC/DC向交流侧输送的充电功率图，图3b为蓄电池储能单元的充电功率图，图3c为光伏发电、电动汽车充电功率、负荷减载功率对应不同电压层的控制特性图；Figure 3 is a diagram of the DC bus layered coordination and optimization control strategy in the DC micro-grid coordination control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. Power diagram, Figure 3b is the charging power diagram of the battery energy storage unit, and Figure 3c is the control characteristic diagram of photovoltaic power generation, electric vehicle charging power, and load shedding power corresponding to different voltage levels;
图4是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，网侧AC/DC变换器的PQ控制框图，该图中的为有功功率参考信号，为无功功率参考信号，为交流侧三相电压，为交流侧d轴电压，为交流侧流经滤波电感的三相电流，为d轴滤波电感电流，为q轴滤波电感电流， 为变换器交流侧端口输出d轴参考电压，为变换器交流侧端口输出q轴参考电压；Fig. 4 is a PQ control block diagram of the grid-side AC/DC converter in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the light-storage type electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. is the active power reference signal, is the reactive power reference signal, is the three-phase voltage on the AC side, is the d-axis voltage on the AC side, is the three-phase current flowing through the filter inductor on the AC side, is the d-axis filter inductor current, is the q-axis filter inductor current, Output the d-axis reference voltage for the AC side port of the converter, Output the q-axis reference voltage for the AC side port of the converter;
图5是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，网侧AC/DC变换器的U/f控制框图，该图中的，为d轴滤波电容电流，为q轴滤波电容电流；Fig. 5 is a U/f control block diagram of the grid-side AC/DC converter in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, is the d-axis filter capacitor current, is the q-axis filter capacitor current;
图6是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，网侧AC/DC变换器的电压/电流下垂功率控制框图，该图中的为直流侧母线电压，为AC/DC变换器充电电流，为电压/电流下垂系数；Fig. 6 is a block diagram of the voltage/current drooping power control of the grid-side AC/DC converter in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. is the DC side bus voltage, charging current for the AC/DC converter, is the voltage/current droop coefficient;
图7是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，蓄电池储能单元双向DC/DC变换器的电压/电流下垂控制框图，该图中的为电压/电流下垂系数，为蓄电池充电电流，=1.06*600V（第一、第二层次）或0.96*600V（第五层次）；Fig. 7 is a block diagram of the voltage/current droop control of the bidirectional DC/DC converter of the battery energy storage unit in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. is the voltage/current droop coefficient, charging current for the battery, =1.06*600V (first and second level) or 0.96*600V (fifth level);
图8是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，飞轮储能单元的控制框图，该图中的为飞轮电机定子d轴电压参考信号，为飞轮电机定子q轴电压参考信号，为飞轮电机定子d轴电流，为飞轮电机定子q轴电流，为飞轮电机定子d轴电感，为飞轮电机定子q轴电感，为飞轮电机的极对数，为飞轮的机械角速度；Fig. 8 is a control block diagram of the flywheel energy storage unit in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the photovoltaic storage type electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. is the reference signal of the flywheel motor stator d-axis voltage, is the reference signal of the flywheel motor stator q-axis voltage, is the flywheel motor stator d-axis current, is the flywheel motor stator q-axis current, is the d-axis inductance of the flywheel motor stator, is the q-axis inductance of the flywheel motor stator, is the number of pole pairs of the flywheel motor, is the mechanical angular velocity of the flywheel;
图9是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，光伏DC/DC变换器的控制结构框图。Fig. 9 is a block diagram of the control structure of the photovoltaic DC/DC converter in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention.
图10是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法中，电动汽车阶段式恒流充电控制框图，该图中的为电动汽车蓄电池充电电流，为DC/DC变换器控制电压；Fig. 10 is a block diagram of staged constant current charging control of electric vehicles in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the photovoltaic storage type electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention. charging current for electric vehicle battery, Control voltage for DC/DC converter;
图11是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法在孤岛情况下含电池满充的仿真结果图，其中的图11a为光伏发电系统的发电功率波形图，图11b为负荷需要功率波形图，图11c为EV充放电系统的充电功率波形图，图11d为飞轮储能单元的充电功率波形图，图11e为飞轮转速波形图，图11f为蓄电池剩余电量波形图，图11g为蓄电池充电电流波形图，图11h为直流母线电压波形图；Fig. 11 is a simulation result diagram of the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention, including full charging of the battery in the case of an isolated island. Fig. 11a is a waveform diagram of the generated power of the photovoltaic power generation system, and Fig. 11b is the waveform diagram of the power required by the load, Fig. 11c is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the EV charging and discharging system, Fig. 11d is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the flywheel energy storage unit, Fig. 11e is the waveform diagram of the flywheel speed, and Fig. 11f is the waveform diagram of the remaining power of the battery , Fig. 11g is the battery charging current waveform diagram, Fig. 11h is the DC bus voltage waveform diagram;
图12是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法在孤岛情况下含电池过放的仿真结果图，其中的图12a为光伏发电系统的发电功率波形图，图12b为负荷需要功率波形图，图12c为EV充放电系统的充电功率波形图，图12d为飞轮储能单元的充电功率波形图，图12e为飞轮转速波形图，图12f为蓄电池剩余电量波形图，图12g为蓄电池充电电流波形图，图12h为直流母线电压波形图；Figure 12 is a simulation result diagram of the DC micro-grid coordination control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention, including battery over-discharge simulation results in the case of an isolated island, where Figure 12a is a waveform diagram of the generated power of the photovoltaic power generation system. 12b is the waveform diagram of the power required by the load, Fig. 12c is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the EV charging and discharging system, Fig. 12d is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the flywheel energy storage unit, Fig. 12e is the waveform diagram of the flywheel speed, and Fig. 12f is the waveform diagram of the remaining power of the battery , Fig. 12g is the battery charging current waveform diagram, Fig. 12h is the DC bus voltage waveform diagram;
图13是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法在并网情况下网侧AC/DC变换器采用PQ控制的仿真结果图，其中的图13a为光伏发电系统的发电功率波形图，图13b为负荷需要功率波形图，图13c为EV充放电系统的充电功率波形图，图13d为飞轮储能单元的充电功率波形图，图13e为飞轮转速波形图，图13f为蓄电池剩余电量波形图，图13g为蓄电池充电电流波形图，图13h为直流母线电压波形图；Fig. 13 is a simulation result diagram of the grid-side AC/DC converter adopting PQ control in the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 13a is a photovoltaic power generation system Fig. 13b is the waveform diagram of the power required by the load, Fig. 13c is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the EV charging and discharging system, Fig. 13d is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the flywheel energy storage unit, Fig. 13e is the waveform diagram of the flywheel speed, Fig. 13f is a waveform diagram of the remaining power of the battery, FIG. 13g is a waveform diagram of the charging current of the battery, and FIG. 13h is a waveform diagram of the DC bus voltage;
图14是本发明实施例的光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法在并网情况下混合储能充电的仿真结果图，其中的图14a为光伏发电系统的发电功率波形图，图14b为负荷需要功率波形图，图14c为EV充放电系统的充电功率波形图，图14d为飞轮储能单元的充电功率波形图，图14e为飞轮转速波形图，图14f为蓄电池剩余电量波形图，图14g为蓄电池充电电流波形图，图14h为交流母线充电功率波形图，图14i为直流母线电压波形图。Fig. 14 is a simulation result diagram of hybrid energy storage charging of the DC micro-grid coordinated control method of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station according to the embodiment of the present invention in the case of grid connection, and Fig. 14a is a waveform diagram of the generated power of the photovoltaic power generation system, Figure 14b is the waveform diagram of the power required by the load, Figure 14c is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the EV charging and discharging system, Figure 14d is the waveform diagram of the charging power of the flywheel energy storage unit, Figure 14e is the waveform diagram of the flywheel speed, and Figure 14f is the waveform diagram of the remaining power of the battery Fig. 14g is the battery charging current waveform, Fig. 14h is the AC bus charging power waveform, and Fig. 14i is the DC bus voltage waveform.
具体实施方式detailed description
以下结合附图说明对本发明的实施例作进一步详细描述，但本实施例并不用于限制本发明，凡是采用本发明的相似结构及其相似变化，均应列入本发明的保护范围，本发明中的顿号均表示和的关系。The embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the present embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention. All similar structures and similar changes of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention. The commas in all indicate the relationship between and.
如图1所示，本发明实施例所提供的一种光储式电动汽车充电站的直流微网协调控制方法，涉及光储式电动汽车充电站，所述光储式电动汽车充电站中配置有光伏发电系统，及用于电动汽车充放电控制的EV充放电系统，其特征在于：在光储式电动汽车充电站中配置混合储能系统，并在混合储能系统中配置蓄电池储能单元及飞轮储能单元；通过步骤S1的方法分配混合储能系统的功能角色；通过步骤S2的方法进行分层协调优化控制；As shown in Figure 1, a DC micro-grid coordinated control method for an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station provided by an embodiment of the present invention relates to an optical-storage electric vehicle charging station, and the optical-storage electric vehicle charging station is equipped with There are photovoltaic power generation systems, and EV charging and discharging systems for electric vehicle charging and discharging control, which are characterized in that: a hybrid energy storage system is configured in the solar storage electric vehicle charging station, and a battery energy storage unit is configured in the hybrid energy storage system and the flywheel energy storage unit; assigning the functional role of the hybrid energy storage system through the method of step S1; performing layered coordination and optimization control through the method of step S2;
步骤S1：分配混合储能系统的功能角色Step S1: Assign the functional roles of the hybrid energy storage system
在混合储能系统作为光储式电动汽车充电站的直流母线电压支撑时，用一个时间常数为T的一阶巴特沃兹低通滤波器分离混合储能系统的充放电功率，即：When the hybrid energy storage system is used as the DC bus voltage support of the solar-storage electric vehicle charging station, a first-order Butterworth low-pass filter with a time constant of T is used to separate the charging and discharging power of the hybrid energy storage system, namely:
其中，为蓄电池储能单元的充电功率，为混合储能系统的充电功率，为飞轮储能单元的充电功率，为拉普拉斯算子；in, The charging power of the battery energy storage unit, For the charging power of the hybrid energy storage system, is the charging power of the flywheel energy storage unit, is the Laplacian operator;
利用飞轮储能单元平滑高频功率波动及低频功率，利用蓄电池储能单元维持直流母线电压平滑稳定；Use the flywheel energy storage unit to smooth high-frequency power fluctuations and low-frequency power, and use the battery energy storage unit to maintain the DC bus voltage smooth and stable;
当混合储能系统处于空闲储备状态时，对飞轮储能单元进行恒定功率充放电，使其达到目标转速后维持不变，对蓄电池储能单元则进行恒定电流充放电，使其达到目标剩余电量值；When the hybrid energy storage system is in an idle reserve state, the flywheel energy storage unit is charged and discharged with a constant power to keep it constant after reaching the target speed, and the battery energy storage unit is charged and discharged with a constant current to make it reach the target remaining power value ;
图2为蓄电池储能单元和飞轮储能单元的传递函数伯德图，该图中的ωf为对应时间常数为T的滤波角频率，从图2可以看出，在混合储能系统作为直流母线电压支撑时，飞轮储能单元可以补偿角频率大于ωf的所有高频波动分量，并且分担一部分低频波动，从而使蓄电池储能单元承担直流分量和部分低频分量，输入功率相对稳定平滑，进而维持直流母线电压的平滑稳定；Figure 2 is the Bode diagram of the transfer function of the battery energy storage unit and the flywheel energy storage unit. ωf in this figure is the filter angular frequency corresponding to the time constant T. When the voltage is supported, the flywheel energy storage unit can compensate all high-frequency fluctuation components with an angular frequency greater than ωf, and share a part of low-frequency fluctuations, so that the battery energy storage unit bears the DC component and part of the low-frequency component, and the input power is relatively stable and smooth, thereby maintaining DC Smooth and stable bus voltage;
步骤S2：分层协调优化控制（参见图3）Step S2: Hierarchical coordinated optimization control (see Figure 3)
设定直流母线标准电压为600V，并设定切换点滞环电压ΔU为3V，根据系统功率平衡原则，以直流侧母线标准电压为额定参考阈值，将直流电压由高至低分为5个层次，对直流母线采用其当前电压值所属的直流电压层次的控制方式进行协调优化控制；Set DC bus standard voltage 600V, and set the switching point hysteresis voltage ΔU to 3V. According to the principle of system power balance, the standard voltage of the DC side bus is used as the rated reference threshold, and the DC voltage is divided into 5 levels from high to low. The control method of the DC voltage level to which the current voltage value belongs is coordinated and optimally controlled;
直流电压的5个层次以标幺值表示，第一直流电压层次为1.06-1.10，第二直流电压层次为1.02 -1.06，第三直流电压层次为1.00-1.02，第四直流电压层次为0.98-1.00，第五直流电压层次为0.94-0.98；The 5 levels of DC voltage are expressed in per unit value, the first DC voltage level is 1.06-1.10, the second DC voltage level is 1.02-1.06, the third DC voltage level is 1.00-1.02, and the fourth DC voltage level is 0.98- 1.00, the fifth DC voltage level is 0.94-0.98;
第一直流电压层次的控制方式：直流母线的当前电压值属于该层次则表明系统功率过剩，The control method of the first DC voltage level: if the current voltage value of the DC bus belongs to this level, it indicates that the system has excess power.
则由光伏发电系统的单向DC/DC变换器进行稳压控制，维持直流母线电压为1.06+ΔU，其系统功率平衡公式为：The unidirectional DC/DC converter of the photovoltaic power generation system performs voltage stabilization control to maintain the DC bus voltage at 1.06 +ΔU, the system power balance formula is:
其中，为光伏发电系统的输出功率，为光伏发电系统的直流侧负荷需求功率，为光伏发电系统的交流侧负荷需求功率，为光伏发电系统向EV充放电系统输出的充电功率，为蓄电池储能单元的充电功率；in, is the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the DC side load demand power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the AC side load demand power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the charging power output from the photovoltaic power generation system to the EV charging and discharging system, Charging power for the battery energy storage unit;
此时对EV充放电系统进行充电控制，对蓄电池储能单元进行最大电流充电并在目标剩余电量值达到80%后停止充电，对飞轮储能单元进行维持转速运转并保持存储功率不变，在系统孤岛时对网侧AC/DC变换器采用U/f控制（该控制方法为现有技术，参见图5），在系统并网运行时对网侧AC/DC变换器采用PQ控制（该控制方法为现有技术，参见图4）或以恒定最大电流向交流侧输送功率；At this time, the charging control of the EV charging and discharging system is carried out, and the battery energy storage unit is charged with the maximum current and reaches the target remaining power value. Stop charging after reaching 80%, maintain the speed of the flywheel energy storage unit and keep the stored power unchanged, and use U/f control for the AC/DC converter on the grid side when the system is isolated (this control method is an existing technology, see Figure 5), when the system is connected to the grid, the AC/DC converter on the grid side is controlled by PQ (this control method is an existing technology, see Figure 4) or the power is delivered to the AC side with a constant maximum current;
第二直流电压层次的控制方式：由蓄电池储能单元通过双向DC/DC变换器进行电压/电流下垂控制（该控制方法为现有技术，参见图7），维持母线电压的稳定，其系统功率平衡公式为：The control mode of the second DC voltage level: the battery energy storage unit conducts voltage/current droop control through a bidirectional DC/DC converter (this control method is an existing technology, see Figure 7) to maintain the stability of the bus voltage, and its system power The balance formula is:
其中，为蓄电池储能单元的充电功率，为光伏发电系统的输出功率，为光伏发电系统的直流侧负荷需求功率，为光伏发电系统向EV充放电系统输出的充电功率，为光伏发电系统的交流侧负荷需求功率，为直流侧母线经网侧AC/DC向交流侧母线输入的功率，为飞轮储能单元的充电功率；in, The charging power of the battery energy storage unit, is the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the DC side load demand power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the charging power output from the photovoltaic power generation system to the EV charging and discharging system, is the AC side load demand power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the power input from the DC-side bus to the AC-side bus through the grid-side AC/DC, Charging power for the flywheel energy storage unit;
此时由飞轮储能单元平滑蓄电池储能单元的充放电功率，光伏发电系统工作于最大功率点跟踪模式，对EV充放电系统进行充电或放电控制，对网侧AC/DC变换器的控制方式与第一直流电压层次的控制方式相同；At this time, the flywheel energy storage unit smoothes the charge and discharge power of the battery energy storage unit, and the photovoltaic power generation system works in the maximum power point tracking mode to control the charge or discharge of the EV charge and discharge system, and the control method of the AC/DC converter on the grid side The control method is the same as that of the first DC voltage level;
第三、第四直流电压层次的控制方式：系统运行模式为并网运行，由网侧AC/DC变换器进行电压/电流下垂功率控制（该控制方法为现有技术，参见图6）实现直流母线电压的稳定控制，其系统功率平衡公式为：The control mode of the third and fourth DC voltage levels: the system operation mode is grid-connected operation, and the AC/DC converter on the grid side performs voltage/current droop power control (this control method is an existing technology, see Figure 6) to realize DC The stability control of the bus voltage, the system power balance formula is:
其中，为直流侧母线经网侧AC/DC向交流侧母线输入的功率，为光伏发电系统的输出功率，为光伏发电系统的直流侧负荷需求功率，为光伏发电系统向EV充放电系统输出的充电功率，为混合储能系统的充电功率；in, is the power input from the DC-side bus to the AC-side bus through the grid-side AC/DC, is the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the DC side load demand power of the photovoltaic power generation system, is the charging power output from the photovoltaic power generation system to the EV charging and discharging system, Charging power for the hybrid energy storage system;
此时，混合储能系统进入并网备用状态进行充放电待用，蓄电池储能单元的目标剩余电量值的目标值设置为70%并采用恒定电流充放电，飞轮储能单元的目标转数设置为80%并采用恒定功率充放电，蓄电池储能单元与飞轮储能单元分别达到目标值后停止充放电，并维持目标状态进行待用，光伏发电系统工作于最大功率点跟踪模式，EV充放电系统也进行自由充放电；At this time, the hybrid energy storage system enters the grid-connected standby state for charging and discharging, and the target remaining power value of the battery energy storage unit The target value of the flywheel energy storage unit is set to 70% and the constant current is used for charging and discharging. The target rotation speed of the flywheel energy storage unit is set to 80% and the constant power is used for charging and discharging. The battery energy storage unit and the flywheel energy storage unit respectively reach the target values and stop charging and discharging. , and maintain the target state for standby, the photovoltaic power generation system works in the maximum power point tracking mode, and the EV charging and discharging system also performs free charging and discharging;
第五直流电压层次的控制方式与第二直流电压层次的控制方式类似，其区别在于：第五直流电压层次的控制方式中，当系统中负荷过载超出了系统的能量供应时实现功率减载控制，第五直流电压层次的控制方式将系统中的交直流负荷按重要性从高至低分为重要负荷和次要负荷两个等级，在需要进行功率减载时优先切除次要负荷，同时控制EV充放电系统的充放电调度维护直流母线的电压稳定。The control mode of the fifth DC voltage level is similar to the control mode of the second DC voltage level, the difference is that in the control mode of the fifth DC voltage level, power load shedding control is realized when the load overload in the system exceeds the energy supply of the system , the control method of the fifth DC voltage level divides the AC and DC loads in the system into two levels according to the importance from high to low: important load and secondary load. The charging and discharging scheduling of the EV charging and discharging system maintains the voltage stability of the DC bus.
图8是飞轮储能单元的控制原理框图，图9是光伏DC/DC变换器的控制结构框图，图10是电动汽车阶段式恒流充电控制框图。Fig. 8 is a block diagram of the control principle of the flywheel energy storage unit, Fig. 9 is a block diagram of the control structure of the photovoltaic DC/DC converter, and Fig. 10 is a block diagram of the staged constant current charging control of the electric vehicle.
本发明实施例的方法采用Matlab/Simulink进行了仿真实验，实验参数如下：The method of the embodiment of the present invention adopts Matlab/Simulink to carry out simulation experiment, and experimental parameter is as follows:
光伏发电系统的额定输出功率为20kW，网侧AC/DC变换器的额定容量为30kW；The rated output power of the photovoltaic power generation system is 20kW, and the rated capacity of the grid-side AC/DC converter is 30kW;
电动汽车的动力电池采用额定电压为360V的磷酸铁锂电池组，充放电方式采用基于剩余电量的阶段式恒流充放电（该方式为现有技术，参见图10），电流大小分别为15A、10A和5A，电动汽车充电桩设为4台，孤岛运行时，由于系统容量限制，仅开放1台充电站进行充放电；The power battery of the electric vehicle adopts a lithium iron phosphate battery pack with a rated voltage of 360V, and the charging and discharging method adopts a staged constant current charging and discharging based on the remaining power (this method is an existing technology, see Figure 10), and the currents are 15A, 10A and 5A, 4 electric vehicle charging piles are set, and only 1 charging station is opened for charging and discharging due to the limitation of system capacity when operating in an isolated island;
储能蓄电池也采用与电动汽车动力电池规格相同的蓄电池，系统容量为100Ah，额定储放功率为20kW，并网充放电时采用0.15C（即为15A）恒流控制方式；The energy storage battery also adopts the battery with the same specifications as the electric vehicle power battery, the system capacity is 100Ah, the rated storage and discharge power is 20kW, and the constant current control method of 0.15C (that is, 15A) is adopted for grid-connected charging and discharging;
飞轮储能的最大储放功率限制为10kW，最高转速为10000r/min，最低转速为5000r/min，其待用标准转速为8000 r/min；The maximum storage and discharge power of the flywheel energy storage is limited to 10kW, the maximum speed is 10000r/min, the minimum speed is 5000r/min, and the standard speed for standby is 8000r/min;
直流侧负荷为电阻型L1，由于直流负荷经DC/DC变换器接入直流母线，其端电压为恒定值，又可视为恒功率型，容量大小为5kW；交流侧负荷为恒功率型交流L2、L3，容量均为5kW；交直流型负荷按L1、L2、L3重要性依次递减。The DC side load is resistive type L1, since the DC load is connected to the DC bus through the DC/DC converter, its terminal voltage is a constant value, and can be regarded as a constant power type with a capacity of 5kW; the AC side load is a constant power type AC The capacity of L2 and L3 is 5kW; the AC and DC loads are in descending order of importance according to L1, L2 and L3.
图11是在孤岛情况下含电池满充的仿真结果图，仿真情况为：t=1.2s时，储能蓄电池的目标剩余电量值达到80%，为保护电池停止充电；飞轮电机跟随蓄电池进入维持转速模式；直流母线电压升高进入第一直流电压层次，由光伏变换器稳压控制维持母线电压的平衡；t=2.2s后，电动汽车充电电流由15A变为10A，母线电压随之略有升高；t=3.2s后，负荷L3合上，PL变为15kW，母线电压随之降低，仍工作于第一直流电压层次；t=4.2s后，光伏输入功率减小为10kW，系统存在功率缺额，飞轮迅速启动补充放电，并使直流母线电压逐步过渡到第五直流电压层次，由蓄电池放电维持母线电压的稳定。Figure 11 is the simulation result diagram of full charging of the battery in the case of an isolated island. The simulation situation is: when t=1.2s, the target remaining power value of the energy storage battery When it reaches 80%, stop charging to protect the battery; the flywheel motor follows the battery and enters the speed maintenance mode; the DC bus voltage rises and enters the first DC voltage level, and the balance of the bus voltage is maintained by the photovoltaic converter voltage stabilization control; after t=2.2s, The charging current of the electric vehicle changes from 15A to 10A, and the bus voltage increases slightly; after t=3.2s, the load L3 is turned on, PL becomes 15kW, the bus voltage decreases accordingly, and it still works at the first DC voltage level; After t=4.2s, the photovoltaic input power is reduced to 10kW, and there is a power shortage in the system, the flywheel quickly starts supplementary discharge, and the DC bus voltage Gradually transition to the fifth DC voltage level, and the battery discharge maintains the stability of the bus voltage.
由图11可见，系统直流母线电压在第一直流电压层次的光伏变换器稳压控制效果明显，防止了因光伏输入功率过剩而造成的直流母线电压持续升高。It can be seen from Figure 11 that the photovoltaic converter voltage stabilization control effect of the system DC bus voltage at the first DC voltage level is obvious, which prevents the DC bus voltage from continuously rising due to excess photovoltaic input power.
图12是在孤岛情况下含电池过放的仿真结果图，仿真情况为：t=2.2s后，直流母线电压由第二直流电压层次过渡到第五直流电压层次，进入蓄电池放电模式；t=5.8s后，储能蓄电池的目标剩余电量值下降至40%，为防止蓄电池过放影响寿命，迅速切除L3；此时蓄电池仍在放电，0.05s后（即t=5.85s），继续切除负荷L2，在飞轮的平缓过渡下，直流母线电压穿过第四、第三直流电压层次，进入第二直流电压层次，进入蓄电池充电模式。Figure 12 is the simulation result diagram of battery over-discharge in the case of an isolated island. The simulation situation is: after t=2.2s, the DC bus voltage transitions from the second DC voltage level to the fifth DC voltage level, and enters the battery discharge mode; t= After 5.8s, the target remaining power value of the energy storage battery When it drops to 40%, in order to prevent the life of the battery from being over-discharged, L3 is quickly cut off; at this time, the battery is still discharging, and after 0.05s (that is, t=5.85s), continue to cut off the load L2. Under the smooth transition of the flywheel, the DC bus voltage Pass through the fourth and third DC voltage levels, enter the second DC voltage level, and enter the battery charging mode.
由图12可知，在系统储能蓄电池过放情况下，系统能有效切除负荷，维持直流母线电压稳定的同时，改善蓄电池充放电环境，进一步延长蓄电池的使用寿命。It can be seen from Figure 12 that in the case of over-discharge of the energy storage battery of the system, the system can effectively remove the load, maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage, improve the charging and discharging environment of the battery, and further extend the service life of the battery.
图13是在并网情况下网侧AC/DC变换器采用PQ控制的仿真结果图，仿真情况为：使网侧AC/DC无功输出功率恒定为5kvar，并只开放一台充电桩工作， t=0.2s～2.2s时，光伏系统发电功率=20kW，网侧AC/DC向交流侧输送的有功功率=10kW；电动汽车充电电流为15A，有效充电功率为5.4kW；飞轮电机储能功率逐渐下降，转速n呈减加速度上升，逐步将光伏剩余功率平滑过渡给储能蓄电池；蓄电池充电电流逐渐增加，随之直流母线电压平滑上升，工作于第二直流电压层；t=2.2s～4.2s时，减小为10kW，飞轮电机快速响应补充能量的缺额，由充电模式变为放电模式，并逐步过渡功率缺额给蓄电池；随着蓄电池充电电流的减小，直流母线电压穿越第三、第四直流电压层次，过渡到第五直流电压层次，进入蓄电池放电模式；t=4.2s～6.2s时，负荷L3合上，变为15kW，母线电压继续工作在第五直流电压层次并持续下降；t=6.2s～8.2s时，电动汽车改变充电模式，充电电流变为10A，电动汽车有效充电功率为3.6kW；飞轮由放电模式迅速切换为充电模式，平滑突变的功率；蓄电池继续放电，变化平缓；t=8.2s～12.2s时，减小为5kW，变为10kW，系统产生一定较小的冲击电流，但迅速恢复。Figure 13 is the simulation result diagram of the grid-side AC/DC converter adopting PQ control under the grid-connected condition. The simulation situation is: keep the grid-side AC/DC reactive output power constant at 5kvar, and only open one charging pile to work. When t=0.2s～2.2s, the power generated by the photovoltaic system =20kW, the active power delivered by grid side AC/DC to AC side =10kW; electric vehicle charging current is 15A, effective charging power is 5.4kW; flywheel motor energy storage power Decrease gradually, the speed n increases with a deceleration, and gradually transfer the remaining photovoltaic power to the energy storage battery smoothly; the charging current of the battery Gradually increases, with the DC bus voltage Rising smoothly, working in the second DC voltage layer; when t=2.2s～4.2s, Reduced to 10kW, the flywheel motor quickly responds to the shortage of supplementary energy, changes from charging mode to discharging mode, and gradually transfers the power shortage to the battery; as the charging current of the battery decreases, the DC bus voltage crosses the third and fourth DC voltages level, transition to the fifth DC voltage level, and enter the battery discharge mode; when t=4.2s～6.2s, the load L3 is turned on, becomes 15kW, the bus voltage continues to work at the fifth DC voltage level and continues to drop; when t=6.2s～8.2s, the electric vehicle changes the charging mode, the charging current becomes 10A, and the effective charging power of the electric vehicle is 3.6kW; the flywheel is controlled by The discharge mode is quickly switched to the charge mode, and the sudden power is smooth; the battery continues to discharge, and the change is gentle; when t=8.2s～12.2s, reduced to 5kW, When it is changed to 10kW, the system produces a certain small inrush current, but recovers quickly.
由图13可知，在并网模式下，当采用PQ控制时，网侧相当于交流负荷，类似于孤岛运行模式；随着光伏输入功率和系统负荷的变化，以及电动汽车充电工况的改变，混合储能系统中的飞轮电机和蓄电池的功率互补，能很好的维持系统工作于第二、第五直流电压层的电压平衡，过渡平缓，效果明显。It can be seen from Figure 13 that in the grid-connected mode, when PQ control is adopted, the grid side is equivalent to the AC load, which is similar to the island operation mode; with the change of photovoltaic input power and system load, and the change of charging conditions of electric vehicles, The power of the flywheel motor and the battery in the hybrid energy storage system complement each other, which can well maintain the voltage balance of the system working in the second and fifth DC voltage layers, and the transition is smooth and the effect is obvious.
图14是在并网情况下混合储能充电的仿真结果图，仿真情况为：负荷L2、L3由大电网供电，只保留直流负荷L1由直流母线供电，且4台充电桩同时开放；t=0.2～2.2s时，系统并网仿真开始，=20kW，负荷需求功率=5kW，电动汽车有效充电功率总计为14.4kW；蓄电池以15A恒电流充电，飞轮电机以5kW恒功率充电；<0kW，交流侧向直流侧供电，直流母线电压工作于第四直流电压层次，由双向AC/DC变换器维持直流母线电压的稳定；t=2.2s～4.2时，减小为10kW，此时交流侧向直流侧供电增加，直流母线电压略有降落，继续工作在第四直流电压层次；t=4.2～8.2s时，继续减小为5kW，电动汽车有效充电功率增加到21.6kW；此时直流母线功率剩余负荷超过双向变换器的供电功率极限，混合储能系统切换为平衡母线功率模式，飞轮开始平滑蓄电池端口的功率变化，由于直流母线电压继续维持在第四直流电压层次，蓄电池电流为0A；t=8.2s后，回升为10kW，电动汽车有效充电功率为-21.6kW，转变为放电模式；混合储能系统改变控制策略为继续充电，没过多久蓄电池和飞轮电机依次分别达到目标剩余电量值和目标转速n值，停止充电，直流母线电压随之略有变化，继续工作在第三、第四直流电压层次。Figure 14 is the simulation result of hybrid energy storage charging under grid-connected conditions. The simulation situation is: the loads L2 and L3 are powered by the large power grid, and only the DC load L1 is powered by the DC bus, and the four charging piles are open at the same time; t = From 0.2 to 2.2s, the system grid-connected simulation starts, =20kW, load demand power =5kW, the total effective charging power of the electric vehicle is 14.4kW; the battery is charged with a constant current of 15A, and the flywheel motor is charged with a constant power of 5kW; <0kW, the AC side supplies power to the DC side, the DC bus voltage works at the fourth DC voltage level, and the DC bus voltage is maintained by the bidirectional AC/DC converter stable; t=2.2s～4.2, Reduced to 10kW, at this time the power supply from the AC side to the DC side increases, the DC bus voltage drops slightly, and continues to work at the fourth DC voltage level; when t=4.2～8.2s, Continue to reduce to 5kW, and the effective charging power of electric vehicles increases to 21.6kW; at this time, the residual load of the DC bus power exceeds the power supply limit of the bidirectional converter, the hybrid energy storage system switches to the balanced bus power mode, and the flywheel starts to smooth the power of the battery port change, since the DC bus voltage continues to maintain at the fourth DC voltage level, the battery current is 0A; after t=8.2s, Recovered to 10kW, the effective charging power of the electric vehicle was -21.6kW, and changed to the discharge mode; the hybrid energy storage system changed the control strategy to continue charging, and it did not take long for the battery and the flywheel motor to reach the target remaining power values in sequence and the target speed n value, stop charging, the DC bus voltage changes slightly, and continue to work at the third and fourth DC voltage levels.
由图14可知，并网模式下混合储能系统能有效进行充电控制，并结合其控制策略的改变与双向AC/DC变换器共同作用，进一步维持直流母线电压的平衡。It can be seen from Figure 14 that the hybrid energy storage system in the grid-connected mode can effectively control the charging, and combine the change of its control strategy with the bidirectional AC/DC converter to further maintain the balance of the DC bus voltage.
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| CN104092250A (en) * | 2014-07-30 | 2014-10-08 | 重庆大学 | Distributed economic dispatch and coordination control method for micro-grid system |
| CN104158169A (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2014-11-19 | 湖南工业大学 | Voltage control method for photovoltaic DC micro-grid bus |
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| CN102983563A (en) * | 2012-11-15 | 2013-03-20 | 中国电力科学研究院 | Coordination control method for common direct current bus mixing energy storage systems |
| CN104158169A (en) * | 2014-05-16 | 2014-11-19 | 湖南工业大学 | Voltage control method for photovoltaic DC micro-grid bus |
| CN104092250A (en) * | 2014-07-30 | 2014-10-08 | 重庆大学 | Distributed economic dispatch and coordination control method for micro-grid system |
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