CN113865112B - Electric water heater with adjustable power consumption, system and control method - Google Patents
Electric water heater with adjustable power consumption, system and control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113865112B CN113865112B CN202111282982.4A CN202111282982A CN113865112B CN 113865112 B CN113865112 B CN 113865112B CN 202111282982 A CN202111282982 A CN 202111282982A CN 113865112 B CN113865112 B CN 113865112B
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可调节功耗的电热水器、电热水器系统及其控制方法，包括上部恒温器、上部加热元件第一下部恒温器、下部加热元件，所述上部恒温器和第一下部恒温器之间设有常闭开关,常闭开关处于断开状态时，所述第一下部恒温器、下部加热元件停止工作；包括第二下部恒温器，所述第二下部恒温器接所述下部加热元件，所述上部恒温器和所述第二下部恒温器之间设有常开开关,常开开关处于闭合状态时，所述第二下部恒温器可控制所述下部加热元件加热。本发明能够对聚合电热水器进行直接负载控制，有效调节总功耗。
The invention relates to an electric water heater with adjustable power consumption, an electric water heater system and a control method thereof, comprising an upper thermostat, an upper heating element, a first lower thermostat, and a lower heating element, the upper thermostat and the first lower thermostat A normally closed switch is arranged between the thermostats. When the normally closed switch is in an off state, the first lower thermostat and the lower heating element stop working; a second lower thermostat is included, and the second lower thermostat is connected to the ground. For the lower heating element, a normally open switch is arranged between the upper thermostat and the second lower thermostat. When the normally open switch is in a closed state, the second lower thermostat can control the heating of the lower heating element. The invention can directly control the load of the aggregated electric water heater and effectively adjust the total power consumption.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an electric water heater with adjustable power consumption, a system and a control method.
Background
An Integrated Energy System (IES) relates to various energy forms, and the core of the IES is to realize the economic and efficient utilization of energy. Pumped storage power stations, batteries, flywheels, distributed generation resources, and Demand Side Management (DSM) are flexible energy options that can provide the required fast response ancillary services. There are two control methods in demand side management: direct load control and indirect load control. In direct load control, the power consumption of the load is directly controlled by the utility company or system operator. Fine tuning requirements are easy, but it is difficult to maintain acceptable comfort for the end user when the load shedding time is longer than the period of time that the thermostat control device can coast. In contrast, in the indirect load control, the power consumption of the load is manually controlled by a customer or automatically controlled by an appliance, and information such as a real-time power rate and a frequency deviation of the power system is considered. For example, setpoint control of a thermostat control device based on real-time electricity prices has less impact on the end user than offloading. However, the relationship between the amount of change in the external parameter (e.g., electricity rate) and the power consumption is very complicated. Not only is the relationship non-linear, but after control is initiated, power consumption may oscillate due to lack of load diversity. Therefore, direct load control is often employed in exemplary projects and practical applications using demand-side management of thermostat control devices.
Thermostatic control equipment (TCA) includes residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems; an electric water heater; a refrigerator. Thermostat control devices (TCA) suitable for regulating applications are: 1) Always in an operating state, since adjustment is required at any time; 2) High capacity in order to obtain a considerable response with few devices. Since Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) store thermal energy, consumption during short (or super) supplies can be diverted rather than simply reduced (or increased). How to directly control the load of an electric polymerization water heater (EWH) and effectively adjust the total power consumption is a technical problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electric water heater, a system and a control method capable of adjusting power consumption, which can carry out direct load control on an aggregated electric water heater and effectively adjust the total power consumption.
Based on the same inventive concept, the invention has three independent technical schemes:
1. an electric water heater capable of adjusting power consumption comprises an upper thermostat, an upper heating element, a first lower thermostat and a lower heating element, wherein a normally closed switch (SW 1) is arranged between the upper thermostat and the first lower thermostat, and when the normally closed switch (SW 1) is in an off state, the first lower thermostat and the lower heating element stop working; the heating device comprises a second lower thermostat, wherein the second lower thermostat is connected with the lower heating element, a normally open switch (SW 2) is arranged between the upper thermostat and the second lower thermostat, and when the normally open switch (SW 2) is in a closed state, the second lower thermostat can control the lower heating element to heat.
Further, an off temperature threshold of the second lower thermostat is higher than an off temperature threshold of the first lower thermostat.
Furthermore, the normally closed switch (SW 1) and the normally open switch (SW 2) are connected with a water heater controller.
2. An electric water heater system with adjustable power consumption comprises a plurality of electric water heaters, and the electric water heaters comprise central controllers which are in communication connection with the electric water heater controllers.
3. A control method of an electric water heater system comprises the following steps:
step 1: each electric water heater controller uploads electric water heater state parameters to the central controller;
step 2: calculating the current total power consumption P of the electric water heater system based on the state parameters of the electric water heaters tot And the total power consumption P at the next moment woc ；
And step 3: obtaining the total power consumption target P of the electric water heater system tar ；
And 4, step 4: total power consumption target P tar Greater than total power consumption P woc When the electric water heater is used, a normally open switch (SW 2) of the electric water heater is closed, so that the power consumption is increased; total power consumption target P tar Less than total power consumption P woc When the electric water heater is used, a normally closed switch (SW 1) of a part of the electric water heater is switched off, so that the power consumption is reduced.
Further, in step 3, the maximum power consumption P that can be adjusted and increased at the next moment of the electric water heater system is calculated ur And a reduced maximum power consumption P can be adjusted dr 。
Further, when the total power consumption target P tar And total power consumption P woc Power consumption difference of△P tar When the total power consumption is within the complete adjustable range, in step 4, the partial electric water heater is adjusted until the total power consumption target P of the electric water heater system is reached tar 。
Further, in step 1, the uploading of the electric water heater state parameters to the central controller by the electric water heater controller comprises c 1 、c 2 、t after ，c 1 Representing a switch state parameter of the first lower thermostat, c 2 Indicating a switch state parameter, t, of the upper thermostat after The time length from the current time when the central controller sends the switching command last time is represented.
Further, in step 2, the total power consumption P of the electric water heater system at the next moment woc Is obtained by the following formula,
wherein P is tot (t) Total Power consumption of the electric Water heater System at time t, P rate N (A) is the number of electric water heaters that satisfy condition A for the rated power of the heating element;
c 2 =2 represents that the upper thermostat switch at the last time is open, and the upper thermostat switch at the next time is closed;
c 2 =3 represents that the upper thermostat switch was closed at the previous time and was open at the next time;
c 1 =2 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was open at the last instant and may be closed at the next instant;
c 1 =3 denotes that the first lower thermostat switch was closed at the last moment, the first lower thermostat switch was open at the next moment, and the upper thermostat switch was in an open state at the next moment.
c 1 And =5 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was closed at the previous time, the first lower thermostat switch was open at the next time, and the upper thermostat switch was in a closed state at the next time.
Further, the air conditioner is characterized in that,the increased maximum power consumption P can be adjusted at the next moment ur And the reduced maximum power consumption P can be adjusted dr Is obtained by the following formula of the formula,
P ur (t+Δt)＝p rate N(c 1 ＝0,t after >5min)
P dr (t+Δt)＝-p rate {N(c 1 ＝0,t after >5min.)+N(c 1 ＝2,t after >5min.)}
P rate for the nominal power of the heating element, N (A) is the number of electric water heaters which satisfy the condition A, t after The time length from the current time to the time when the central controller sends the switching command at the last time is represented;
c 1 =0 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was open at the last moment, the first lower thermostat switch may still be open at the next moment;
c 1 =2 denotes that the first lower thermostat switch was open at the last moment and that the first lower thermostat switch may be closed at the next moment.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
a normally closed switch (SW 1) is arranged between the upper thermostat and the first lower thermostat, and when the normally closed switch (SW 1) is in an off state, the first lower thermostat and the lower heating element stop working; the heating device comprises a second lower thermostat, wherein the second lower thermostat is connected with the lower heating element, a normally open switch (SW 2) is arranged between the upper thermostat and the second lower thermostat, and when the normally open switch (SW 2) is in a closed state, the second lower thermostat can control the lower heating element to heat; the second lower thermostat has an off temperature threshold that is higher than an off temperature threshold of the first lower thermostat. The normally closed switch (SW 1), the normally open switch (SW 2) and the second lower thermostat are additionally arranged, so that when the total power consumption of the electric water heater needs to be reduced, the normally closed switch (SW 1) of part of the electric water heater is disconnected, and when the total power consumption of the electric water heater needs to be increased, the normally open switch (SW 2) of part of the electric water heater is closed, the direct load control is carried out on the electric water heater, the total power consumption is effectively adjusted, and therefore renewable energy can be contained for a power grid, and economic benefits and social benefits are obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the electrical circuit of the electric water heater of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a configuration and temperature profile of a prior art electric water heater;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the usage amount of hot water in the conventional electric water heater.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings, but it should be understood that these embodiments are not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art should understand that functional, methodological, or structural equivalents or substitutions made by these embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
Electric Water Heaters (EWH) are divided into thermodynamic models and hot water consumption models.
(1) Thermodynamic model
Conventional electric water heaters have two pairs of heating elements and thermostats. Only one heating element can be turned on at any time. When hot water is used, cold water enters the bottom of the tank and remains there because it is denser than hot water. Thus, the water in the water tank is divided into three layers in the vertical direction: low density hot water, high density cold water and an intermediate mixing layer as shown in figure 2. As hot water is drawn from the tank, the mixing layer moves from the bottom of the tank to the top. If the cold water layer rises to a level that triggers the lower thermostat, the lower heating element is turned on to heat the cold water. If hot water is continuously drawn from the tank, the cold water layer may rise to a level that triggers the upper thermostat. The upper heating element is then turned on and the lower heating element turned off to preferentially heat only the top water layer. Once the top layer is heated, the thermostat will turn off the top heating element and turn on the lower heating element to heat the water from the bottom.
According to the actual production condition of the electric water heater, thermodynamic modeling is carried out on the electric water heater, and the following preconditions are as follows:
1) The thickness of the mixed layer is zero. The two layers were then modeled with a fixed volume: the volume of the lower layer (layer 1) is L 1 Upper layer (layer 2)) Has a volume of L 2 。
2) In one layer, the water temperature is uniform. Upper layer temperature T 2 Is always higher than or equal to the temperature T of the lower layer 1 。
3) Upper thermostat monitor T 2 And a lower thermostat (first lower thermostat) monitoring T 1 。
4) The upper heating element heats only the upper water layer.
5) If T is 1 <T 2 The lower element only heats the lower layer. If T is 1 >T 2 It heats both layers.
6) Consider T 1 To T 2 Accumulated water amount L for post-use used 。L used <L 1 The temperature of water flowing from the lower layer to the upper layer is T 2 ，L used ≥L 1 Is at time T 1 . When T is 1 By heating the lower layer to T 2 When L is used Is reset to zero. This assumption simulates the rise of the mixed layer.
Therefore, the energy balance equations of the upper and lower layers are as follows:
wherein c and m are the specific heat capacity and density of water, respectively; p is thermal power; the subscript of p denotes the movement of heat, 1 denotes the lower water, 2 denotes the upper water, e denotes the heating element, and a denotes the ambient air. For example, p 1e Is the thermal power, p, transferred from the underlying heating element to the underlying water a1 Is the heat radiation of the lower water layer to the surrounding air, p hw Is the hot water consumption.
Lower or upper heating elements p ie (i =1or 2) the power of the input is calculated as p rate s i Wherein p is rate Rated power of heating element, s i Is in a thermostat state.
Thermal radiation p ai (i =1or 2) is calculated as:
p ai ＝cmL i (T i -T a )/τ
wherein T is a Is the ambient temperature and τ is the time constant, set to 120 hours. When T is i ＝120°F、T a =60 ° F and L i P when =80gal (303 l) ai About 100W.
(2) Hot water consumption model
Based on load investigation, an electric water heater hot water consumption model is established, and a hot water consumption curve of a single electric water heater is generated. According to the actual production situation, the following are preconditions:
a) The consumed hot water cannot be recovered in real time by electric heating; therefore, the thermal energy is discharged from the hot-water storage tank.
b) Consumption of unit energy E per use of hot water unit The EWH is turned on to compensate for energy dissipation. This is because of T 1 Or T 2 Below the lower threshold of the thermostat, so that the minimum heating duration is
Although the average load curve p of the electric water heater ave Is a constantly changing curve, but the load curve of a single electric water heater is an irregular pulse sequence with rated power amplitude due to turning on and off. Thus, each t is simulated using the average load curve and a random number x between 0 and 1 least The on/off state of each EWH of a cycle; if it is x<p ave /p rate It is in the on state, otherwise it is in the off state.
Then, a hot water consumption pulse is assigned to each pulse of the heater load, as shown in fig. 3. In FIG. 3, t delay Is the time delay from the beginning of consumption of hot water to the beginning of turning on the heating element. For a single EWH, t delay The value of (A) depends on the T at the beginning of the hot water use 1 And T 2 . Due to T 1 And T 2 At this stage there is no calculation, t delay And (4) randomly distributing. It should be noted that t delay <cmL 1 ΔT th /p hw Wherein cmL 1 ΔT th /p hw For hot water consumption of p hw The time required for the operation. Because in cmL 1 ΔT th /p hw Inner, i.e. T 1 At the same maximum temperature, T, as the upper threshold of the thermostat at the beginning of the hot water use 1 Will also fall to the lower thermostat threshold T lth The following.
The first embodiment is as follows:
electric water heater capable of adjusting power consumption
As shown in fig. 1, comprises an upper thermostat 1, an upper heating element 2, a first lower thermostat 3, a lower heating element 4, which is prior art. A normally closed switch SW1 is arranged between the upper thermostat 1 and the first lower thermostat 3, and when the normally closed switch SW1 is in an off state, the first lower thermostat 3 and the lower heating element 4 stop working; the heating device comprises a second lower thermostat 5, wherein the second lower thermostat 5 is connected with the lower heating element 4, a normally open switch SW2 is arranged between the upper thermostat 1 and the second lower thermostat 5, and when the normally open switch SW2 is in a closed state, the second lower thermostat 5 can control the lower heating element to heat. The opening temperature threshold of the second lower thermostat 5 is higher than the opening temperature threshold of the first lower thermostat 3. The normally closed switch SW1 and the normally open switch SW2 are connected with a water heater controller.
Example two:
electric water heater system with adjustable power consumption
The electric water heater comprises a plurality of electric water heaters, and the electric water heaters comprise central controllers which are in communication connection with the electric water heaters.
Under the control of the central controller, when the total power consumption of the electric water heater system needs to be increased, a normally open switch SW2 of part of the electric water heater is closed; when the total power consumption of the electric water heater system needs to be reduced, the normally closed switch SW1 of part of the electric water heater is disconnected.
Example three:
control method of electric water heater system with adjustable power consumption
The method comprises the following steps:
step 1: and each electric water heater controller uploads the state parameters of the electric water heater to the central controller.
Each electric water heater controller uploads the state parameters of the electric water heater to the central controller, wherein the state parameters comprise c 1 、c 2 、t after ，c 1 Representing a switch state parameter of the first lower thermostat, c 2 Indicating a switch state parameter, t, of the upper thermostat after The time length from the current time when the central controller sends the switching command last time is represented.
c 1 The values represent the following meanings:
| c 1 | last moment first lower thermostat on-off state | First lower thermostat on-off state at next moment |
| 0 | 0 (indicating that the switch is off, the same applies hereinafter) | May be 0 |
| 1 | 1 (indicating switch closed, the same as below) | May be 1 |
| 2 | 0 | May be 1 |
| 3 | 1 | Must be 0 |
| 4 | 0 | Must be 0 |
| 5 | 1 | Must be 0 |
c 2 The values represent the following meanings:
| c 2 | upper thermostat on-off state at last moment | Upper thermostat on-off state at next time |
| 0 | 0 (indicating that the switch is off, the same applies hereinafter) | 0 |
| 1 | 1 (indicating switch closed, the same as below) | 1 |
| 2 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 0 |
Wherein, c 1 =4 or c 1 And =5 simultaneously also indicates that the upper thermostat switch is in the closed state at the next moment.
Step 2: based on the state parameters of each electric water heater, the current total power consumption P of the electric water heater system is calculated tot And total power consumption P at the next time woc 。
Total power consumption P of electric water heater system at next moment woc Is obtained by the following formula,
wherein P is tot (t) Total Power consumption of the electric Water heater System at time t, P rate For the rated power of the heating element, N (a) is the number of electric water heaters that satisfy condition a.
c 2 =2 represents that the upper thermostat switch was off at the last instant and was on at the next instant;
c 2 =3 represents that the upper thermostat switch was closed at the previous time and was open at the next time;
c 1 =2 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was open at the last instant and may be closed at the next instant;
c 1 and =3 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was closed at the previous time, the first lower thermostat switch was open at the next time, and the upper thermostat switch was in an open state at the next time.
c 1 =5 denotes that at the last moment the first lower thermostat switch was closed, at the next moment the first lower thermostat switch was open and at the next moment the upper thermostat switch was in a closed state.
Next of the electric water heater systemThe moment can adjust the maximum power consumption P ur And the reduced maximum power consumption P can be adjusted dr Is obtained by the following formula,
P ur (t+Δt)＝p rate N(c 1 ＝0,t after >5min)
P dr (t+Δt)＝-p rate {N(c 1 ＝0,t after >5min.)+N(c 1 ＝2,t after >5min.)}
P rate for the nominal power of the heating element, N (A) is the number of electric water heaters which satisfy the condition A, t after And the time length from the current time when the central controller sends the switching command last time is represented. Condition t after >5min in order to avoid frequent on/off switching.
c 1 =0 indicates that the first lower thermostat switch was open at the last moment, and that the first lower thermostat switch may still be open at the next moment.
And 3, step 3: obtaining the total power consumption target P of the electric water heater system tar 。
And 4, step 4: total power consumption target P tar Greater than the total power consumption P woc When the electric water heater is started, the normally open switch SW2 of the electric water heater is closed, so that the power consumption is increased; total power consumption target P tar Less than total power consumption P woc When the electric water heater is used, the normally closed switch SW1 of part of the electric water heater is switched off, so that the power consumption is reduced.
When the total power consumption target P tar And total power consumption P woc Power consumption difference Δ P of tar When the total power consumption is within the complete adjustable range, adjusting the partial electric water heater until the total power consumption target P of the electric water heater system is reached tar . The fully adjustable range is when the total power consumption target P tar Greater than total power consumption P woc Time, power consumption difference Δ P tar Less than the maximum power consumption P that the electric water heater system can adjust to increase ur (ii) a When total power consumption target P tar Less than total power consumption P woc Time, power consumption difference Δ P tar Is less than the maximum power consumption P that the electric water heater system can reduce by regulation dr The absolute value of (c).
When the total power consumption target P tar And total power consumption P woc Power consumption difference Δ P of tar If the power consumption is not in the complete adjustable range, adjusting the partial electric water heater to be as close to the total power consumption target P as possible tar 。
The control steps are executed once every 1 minute, and the adjustment by minutes is realized.
The above-listed detailed description is merely a detailed description of possible embodiments of the present invention, and it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and equivalent embodiments or modifications made without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
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