CN114709062A - 一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法 - Google Patents

一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN114709062A
CN114709062A CN202210117911.7A CN202210117911A CN114709062A CN 114709062 A CN114709062 A CN 114709062A CN 202210117911 A CN202210117911 A CN 202210117911A CN 114709062 A CN114709062 A CN 114709062A
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李井朋
刘峰
裴慧波
韩惠东
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Baotou Yunsheng Strong Magnetic Material Co ltd
Ningbo Yunsheng Magnet Devices Technology Co Ltd
Ningbo Yunsheng Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,先通过成型压制得到单重为1kg~8kg的压坯,然后直接对压坯进行烧结,在压坯烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,控温冷却结束后,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为‑0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体。烧结毛坯磁体机械加工成半成品曳引机磁钢后一级时效工艺和二级时效工艺结束后均采用充氩风冷工艺,优点是在不降低合格率、不增加成本基础上,能够提高曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力一致性和退磁曲线方形度一致性,使曳引机磁钢具有较高耐温性。

Description

一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种曳引机磁钢制造方法,尤其是涉及一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制 造方法。
背景技术
钕铁硼永磁体是当代磁性最强的永磁体,它不仅具有高磁能积、高性价比等优异特 性,而且容易加工成各种尺寸,现已广泛应用于航空、航天、通讯技术、电子、电声、 机电、计算技术、自动化技术、汽车工业、石油化工、磁分离技术、仪器仪表、磁医疗 技术及其他需用永磁磁场的装置和设备中,特别适用于研制高性能、小型化、轻型化的 各种换代产品。随着磁悬浮高铁、高性能数控机床、大马力电机等高技术应用相关技术 的突破,对钕铁硼永磁体提出了越来越高的要求,钕铁硼永磁体的充磁方向的尺寸从简 单的薄小到难度更高的厚大产品,而且要求当钕铁硼永磁体磁化尺寸为6mm~15mm产 品时,钕铁硼永磁体同时具有高的长高比以及高的宽高比,其中,长高比是指钕铁硼永 磁体的长度与其高度(指磁化方向)之比,宽高比指的是钕铁硼永磁体的宽度与其高度 (指磁化方向)之比,长高比和宽高比反映了钕铁硼永磁体的成型难度。
作为钕铁硼永磁体之一的曳引机磁钢成本要求苛刻,牌号多为无重稀土可量产的35SH、38SH,形状多为瓦形产品,其特点是长高比或宽高比≥10且单片成品单重在 100g~800g之间。目前制备高长高比、高宽高比的曳引机磁钢时,在充分考虑压坯规格 的可成型性基础上,为了提高成型生产效率和材料利用率,成型阶段压坯规格设计时尽 可能采用一块多出的工艺,成型生坯单重基本控制在1kg~8kg,成型生坯烧结形成大块 烧结毛坯磁体后再经过机械加工成所需规格的初始成品,然后将初始成品进行表面处理 得到曳引机磁钢。但是,这种大块的成型生坯在烧结冷却阶段需要慢冷才能解决材料开 裂的问题,而成型生坯在烧结阶段慢冷又会影响曳引机磁钢的磁性能,尤其是一级时效 或一、二级时效慢冷会大幅度地降低曳引机磁钢的矫顽力,从而降低曳引机磁钢的耐温 性。
公告号为CN105741994B的中国发明专利中公开了一种钕铁硼磁体的制作方法,该制作方法在烧结前将钕铁硼生坯直接加工成成品形状后再烧结,获得了磁体热处理后的性能状态,避免了钕铁硼生坯烧结慢冷对磁性能的影响。但是,因钕铁硼生坯与烧结钕 铁硼毛坯相比密度较低,钕铁硼生坯加工过程中容易损坏,且对于一些有弧形面的产品 或异形产品,生坯状态下加工,烧结过程中毛坯在不同方向的收缩率很难精确计算,有 可能导致烧结后的毛坯与目标产品尺寸存在较大偏差,以致合格率降低,同时,生坯加 工都在惰性气体保护气氛或者保护油中进行,对设备的要求比较严格,成本增加;最重 要的是生坯加工成成品形状后再烧结,比表面积增大,导致烧结过程中更易氮化、氧化, 烧结钕铁硼磁体中氧、氮含量增加,以致得到的成品磁体的内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形 度的一致性很差,最终会降低产品的耐温性。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,该制造 方法能够在不降低曳引机磁钢合格率、不增加成本的基础上,提高曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形度一致性。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案为:一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造 方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)称取29-35wt%R、0-4wt%M、0.9-1.1wt%B以及59.9-70.1wt%Fe,混合均匀,其中R为Pr、Nd、Gd、Ho中的一种或多种,M为Co、Al、Cu、Ga、Nb、Ti、Zr中的一 种或多种;按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品牌号配比,采用常规速凝工艺制备成厚度为 0.25mm~0.50mm的铸片;
(2)将上述铸片放入氢破炉中进行氢破碎处理,制得氢破粗粉,在氢破碎处理过程中,控制氢含量≤1200ppm;
(3)将上述氢破粗粉放入气流磨中,控制气流磨的分选轮转速在2500~6000转/分, 制得粒径为2.0μm~5.0μm的粉料;
(4)按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品规格、重量选取相应的成型模具,将粉料装入成型模具内,先在磁场强度大于等于2.0T的磁场中进行取向成型,然后进行等静压,得到 单重为1kg~8kg的压坯;
(5)将压坯装进烧结盆中,进入真空烧结炉进行烧结;
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进 入自然冷却状态,当真空烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气 至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃出炉,得到烧 结毛坯磁体;
(7)将烧结毛坯磁体进行机械加工,得到单重为100g~800g的多个半成品毛坯曳引 机磁钢;
(8)将多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢摆放在多个烧结盆中后放入真空烧结炉中进行二 级回火处理,其中,一级时效温度为850℃-930℃,保温2h-5h后向真空烧结炉中充入 氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~85℃,再 升温进入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中 充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,风冷到50℃以下出 炉,得到半成品曳引机磁钢;
(9)对半成品曳引机磁钢进行磨加工、酸洗和电镀,最终获得高耐温性的成品曳引机磁钢。
所述的步骤(7)中半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢相对于成品曳引机磁钢在尺寸上具有0.1mm~0.5mm余量,优选0.2mm~0.3mm。
所述的步骤(8)中,真空烧结炉中多个烧结盆的摆盆间距≥1cm,优选1cm~2cm。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于先通过成型得到单量为1kg~8kg的大尺寸压坯, 然后直接对大尺寸压坯进行烧结,避免先加工成成品形状后再烧结导致的合格率降低以 及成本增加的问题,在压坯烧结结束后,将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结 炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃ 出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体,由此在烧结后采用分阶段慢冷工艺进行冷却,避免烧结毛坯 磁体开裂问题,最后在回火处理时,一级时效工艺和二级时效工艺结束后均采用充氩风 冷工艺,避免了一级时效和二级时效慢冷工艺,可缩短热处理时间1h~3h,显著降低生 产成本和设备能耗,且在一级时效和二级时效过程中,半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢摆放在多 个烧结盆中,有利于提高半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢的充分冷却,避免冷却不均匀现象,从 而提高半成品曳引机磁钢的磁性能,尤其是内禀矫顽力的一致性和和退磁曲线方形度一 致性,最终获得高耐温性的成品曳引机磁钢。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施例一:一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,其中曳引机磁钢的牌号为35SH,成品规格为R310.1mm×R310.1mm×58mm×6.6mm×100mm,成品单重298g, 长高比=15.1。坯料规格设计102mm×60mm×37.7mm,坯料单重1890g,坯料出数:1 出5片,包括以下步骤:
(1)称取29-35wt%R、0-4wt%M、0.9-1.1wt%B以及59.9-70.1wt%Fe,混合均匀,其中R为Pr、Nd、Gd、Ho中的一种或多种,M为Co、Al、Cu、Ga、Nb、Ti、Zr中的一 种或多种;按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品牌号配比材料,采用常规速凝工艺制备成厚度 为0.25mm~0.50mm的铸片;
(2)将上述铸片放入氢破炉中进行氢破碎处理,制得氢破粗粉,在氢破碎处理过程中,控制氢含量≤1200ppm;
(3)将上述氢破粗粉放入气流磨中,控制气流磨的分选轮转速在2500~6000转/分, 制得粒径为2.0μm~5.0μm的粉料;
(4)按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品规格、重量选取相应的成型模具,将粉料装入成型模具内,先在磁场强度大于等于2.0T的磁场中进行取向成型,然后进行等静压,得到 单量为1890g的压坯;
(5)将压坯装进烧结盆中,进入真空烧结炉进行烧结,具体为:在 5.0×10-2Pa~1.0×10-3Pa真空条件下升温至1030℃~1100℃,保温4h~8h;
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,防止真空烧结炉高温解除加热后温度急剧下降造成产品裂纹; 控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空 烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后 启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体;
(7)将烧结毛坯磁体进行机械加工,得到单重为298g±3g的多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢;
(8)将多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢摆放在多个烧结盆中后放入真空烧结炉中进行二 级回火处理,其中,一级时效温度为850℃~930℃,保温2h~5h后向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~85℃,再 升温进入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中 充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却到50℃以下出 炉,得到半成品曳引机磁钢;
(9)对半成品曳引机磁钢进行磨加工、酸洗和电镀,最终获得高耐温性的成品曳引机磁钢。
为验证本发明的优异性,设置如下对比例进行对比:
对比例一:本对比例与实施例1在步骤上,(1)~(5)完全相同,且使用制备批次 相同的粉料,区别在于后续步骤不同,后续步骤具体为:
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制 在2℃/min~3℃/min,防止真空烧结炉高温解除加热后温度急剧下降造成产品裂纹;控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空烧 结炉自然冷却到350℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启 动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~200℃,此时烧结毛坯磁体不出炉;
(7)升温进入一级时效阶段,一级时效温度850℃~930℃,保温2h~5h后解除真空烧结炉加热,产品随真空烧结炉自然冷却到350℃~550℃,向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至 压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~150℃,再升温进 入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中充入氩 气至压强为-0.02MPa,随炉冷却到300℃-400℃再启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷 却到50℃以下出炉,得到半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢;
(8)将半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢进行机械加工、磨加工、酸洗和电镀,制备得到成品曳引机磁钢。
随机选择实施例一和对比例一中各6片成品曳引机磁钢进行成品磁性能检验,具体 数据如表1所示:
表1实施例一与对比例一的成品磁性能对照
Figure BDA0003497228010000051
Figure BDA0003497228010000061
随机选择实施例一和对比例一各30片成品曳引机磁钢进行成品老化检验,具体数据如表2所示:
表2实施例一与对比例一的成品老化对照
Figure BDA0003497228010000062
Figure BDA0003497228010000071
通过表1、表2参数比较可知:采用本发明制备得到的曳引机有以下优点:
(1)对比表1可知,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形度一致性得到明显改善,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力提升0.8kOe左右,成品曳引机磁钢退磁曲线方形度提 升2%,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形度的提升可改善磁钢的耐温性,同 时可降低材料的配方成本。
(2)对比表2可知,本发明制备成品曳引机磁钢老化测试均达到老化标准要求,并且成品曳引机磁钢抗老化能力提升50%,极大地提高了曳引电机的使用环境。
实施例二:一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,其中曳引机磁钢的牌号为38SH,成品规格为R49.5mm×40mm×90.1mm×7.5mm,成品单重169g,长高比=12。 坯料规格设计91mm×41mm×45mm,坯料单重1330g,坯料出数:1出5片。包括以 下步骤:
(1)称取29-35wt%R、0-4wt%M、0.9-1.1wt%B以及59.9-70.1wt%Fe,混合均匀,其中R为Pr、Nd、Gd、Ho中的一种或多种,M为Co、Al、Cu、Ga、Nb、Ti、Zr中的一 种或多种;按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品牌号配比材料,采用常规速凝工艺制备成厚度 为0.25mm~0.50mm的铸片;
(2)将上述铸片放入氢破炉中进行氢破碎处理,制得氢破粗粉,在氢破碎处理过程中,控制氢含量≤1200ppm;
(3)将上述氢破粗粉放入气流磨中,控制气流磨的分选轮转速在2500~6000转/分, 制得粒径为2.0μm~5.0μm的粉料;
(4)按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品规格、重量选取相应的成型模具,将粉料装入成型模具内,先在磁场强度大于等于2.0T的磁场中进行取向成型,然后进行等静压,得到 单量为1330g的压坯;
(5)将压坯装进烧结盆中,进入真空烧结炉进行烧结,具体为:在5.0×10-2Pa~1.0×10-3Pa真空条件下升温至1030℃~1100℃,保温4h~8h;
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,防止真空烧结炉高温解除加热后温度急剧下降造成产品裂纹; 控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空 烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后 启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体;
(7)将烧结毛坯磁体进行机械加工,得到成品单重为169g±3g的多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢;
(8)将多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢摆放在多个烧结盆中后放入真空烧结炉中进行二 级回火处理,其中,一级时效温度为850℃~930℃,保温2h~5h后向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~85℃,再 升温进入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中 充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却到50℃以下出 炉;
(9)对半成品曳引机磁钢进行磨加工、酸洗和电镀,最终获得高耐温性的成品曳引机磁钢。
为验证本发明的优异性,设置如下对比例进行对比:
对比例二:本对比例与实施例一在步骤上,(1)~(5)完全相同,且使用制备批次相同的粉料,区别在于后续步骤不同,后续步骤具体为:
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,防止真空烧结炉高温解除加热后温度急剧下降造成产品裂纹; 控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空 烧结炉自然冷却到350℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后 启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~200℃,此时烧结毛坯磁体不出炉;
(7)升温进入一级时效阶段,一级时效温度850℃~930℃,保温2h~5h后解除真空烧结炉加热,产品随真空烧结炉自然冷却到350℃~550℃,向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至 压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~150℃,再升温进 入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中缓慢充 入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随炉冷却到300℃-400℃再启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却, 冷却到50℃以下出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体;
(8)将烧结毛坯磁体进行机械加工、磨加工、酸洗和电镀,制备得到成品曳引机磁钢。
随机选择实施例二和对比例二各6片成品曳引机磁钢进行成品磁性能检验,具体数 据如表1所示:
表3实施例二与对比例二的成品磁性能对照
Figure BDA0003497228010000091
随机选择实施例二和对比例二各30片成品曳引机磁钢进行成品老化检验,具体数据如表2所示:
表4实施例二与对比例二的成品老化对照
Figure BDA0003497228010000092
Figure BDA0003497228010000101
通过表3、表4参数比较可知:采用本发明制备得到的曳引机有以下优点:
(1)对比表3可知,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形度一致性得到明显改善,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力提升1.6kOe左右,成品曳引机磁钢退磁曲线方形度提 升2%,成品曳引机磁钢内禀矫顽力和退磁曲线方形度的提升可改善磁钢的耐温性,同 时可降低材料的配方成本。
(2)对比表4可知,本发明制备成品曳引机磁钢老化测试均达到老化标准要求,并且成品曳引机磁钢抗老化能力提升50%以上,极大地提高了曳引电机的使用环境。

Claims (3)

1.一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)称取29-35wt%R、0-4wt%M、0.9-1.1wt%B以及59.9-70.1wt%Fe,并混合均匀,得到粉料,其中,R为Pr、Nd、Gd、Ho中的一种或多种,M为Co、Al、Cu、Ga、Nb、Ti、Zr中的一种或多种;按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品牌号配比,采用常规速凝工艺将粉料制备成厚度为0.25mm~0.50mm的铸片;
(2)将上述铸片放入氢破炉中进行氢破碎处理,制得氢破粗粉,在氢破碎处理过程中,控制氢含量≤1200ppm;
(3)将上述氢破粗粉放入气流磨中,控制气流磨的分选轮转速在2500~6000转/分,制得粒径为2.0μm~5.0μm的粉料;
(4)按所需制备的曳引机磁钢产品规格、重量选取相应的成型模具,将粉料装入成型模具内,先在磁场强度大于等于2.0T的磁场中进行取向成型,然后进行等静压,得到重量为1kg~8kg的压坯;
(5)将压坯装进烧结盆中,进入真空烧结炉进行烧结;
(6)烧结结束后,先将真空烧结炉控温冷却至750℃~900℃,其中控温冷却速率控制在2℃/min~3℃/min,控温冷却结束后,不再对真空烧结炉进行加热,真空烧结炉进入自然冷却状态,当真空烧结炉自然冷却到450℃~550℃,再向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,当冷却至60℃出炉,得到烧结毛坯磁体;
(7)将烧结毛坯磁体进行机械加工,得到单重为100g~800g的多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢;
(8)将多个半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢摆放在多个烧结盆中后放入真空烧结炉中进行二级回火处理,其中,一级时效温度为850℃~930℃,保温2h~5h后向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却至75℃~85℃,再升温进入二级时效阶段,二级时效温度为450℃~550℃,保温4h~8h后向真空烧结炉中充入氩气至压强为-0.02MPa,随后启动风机对真空烧结炉进行冷却,冷却到50℃以下出炉,得到半成品曳引机磁钢;
(9)对半成品曳引机磁钢进行磨加工、酸洗和电镀,最终获得高耐温性的成品曳引机磁钢。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,其特征在于所述的步骤(7)中半成品毛坯曳引机磁钢相对于成品曳引机磁钢在尺寸上具有0.1mm~0.5mm余量,优选0.2mm~0.3mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种提高曳引机磁钢耐温性的制造方法,其特征在于所述的步骤(8)中,真空烧结炉中多个烧结盆的摆盆间距≥1cm,优选1cm~2cm。
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US20150130318A1 (en) * 2012-03-01 2015-05-14 Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd. Resin composition for rotor fixing, rotor, and automotive vehicle
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