CN118043295A - 用于对制动衬垫预成型件和制动衬垫进行制造的方法以及相关的制动衬垫 - Google Patents

用于对制动衬垫预成型件和制动衬垫进行制造的方法以及相关的制动衬垫 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN118043295A
CN118043295A CN202280064342.2A CN202280064342A CN118043295A CN 118043295 A CN118043295 A CN 118043295A CN 202280064342 A CN202280064342 A CN 202280064342A CN 118043295 A CN118043295 A CN 118043295A
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Prior art keywords
preform
brake pad
ceramic particles
carbon
brake
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CN202280064342.2A
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马西莫·罗萨
奥马尔·奇维迪尼
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Lembao Public Ltd
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Lembao Public Ltd
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Publication of CN118043295A publication Critical patent/CN118043295A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
    • F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
    • F16D69/028—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides containing fibres
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
    • F16D69/023—Composite materials containing carbon and carbon fibres or fibres made of carbonizable material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/003—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts characterised by the matrix material, e.g. material composition or physical properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/02—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising combinations of reinforcements, e.g. non-specified reinforcements, fibrous reinforcing inserts and fillers, e.g. particulate fillers, incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers and with or without non-reinforced or non-filled layers
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    • B29C70/025—Combinations of fibrous reinforcement and non-fibrous material with particular filler
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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    • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
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Abstract

用于对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫预成型件(6)进行制造的方法包括以下操作步骤：a)通过将呈液态形式的聚合物树脂(21)或呈颗粒粉末形式的聚合物树脂(22)与呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒(25)混合来制备热固性混合物(2)；b)将在步骤a)中获得的热固性混合物(2)与包括碳纤维的碳质材料(3)结合，以获得模制组合物(4)；c)借助于压实和热处理对在步骤b)中获得的模制组合物(4)进行模制，以获得粗预成型件(5)；d)使在步骤d)中获得的粗预成型件(5)经历热解处理，以获得制动衬垫预成型件(6)。借助于上述方法获得的制动衬垫预成型件(6)或制动衬垫(1)包括碳‑碳复合材料，该碳‑碳复合材料包括碳纤维和碳质材料基质，其中，陶瓷颗粒被均匀地分散在碳质材料基质中。

Description

用于对制动衬垫预成型件和制动衬垫进行制造的方法以及相 关的制动衬垫
技术领域
本发明涉及用于对制动衬垫预成型件、特别是用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法、用于对制动衬垫进行制造的方法以及上述制动衬垫。
背景技术
由碳基材料、即所谓的碳-碳或“C/C”复合材料制成的盘式制动衬垫的用途是已知的。存在有由包括碳质基质内的增强碳纤维的复合材料制成的衬垫。所述衬垫适于与用于盘式制动器的盘协作，该盘式制动器的盘通常也是由“C/C”材料制成的。
当需要耗散大量能量时(例如赛车或飞行器)，碳-碳复合材料是用于制造制动衬垫的轻质材料。这些材料的摩擦性能通常可以通过引入少量磨料颗粒来改进，所述磨料颗粒通过增加低温处的摩擦系数而用作摩擦学改进剂。因此，对磨料的量、分布和尺寸进行控制在制造碳-碳摩擦部件时是至关重要的。
目前用于对掺杂有磨料颗粒的碳-碳复合材料的制造方法提供了用二氧化硅胶体对碳质部分进行渗透，该二氧化硅胶体随后通过碳热反应被转化为碳化硅(SiC)。在文献EP1763644A1中描述了这种制造方法的示例。
不利的是，借助于现有技术的上述方法获得的制动衬垫存在碳质部分中的颗粒不均匀分布的问题，这是因为碳化硅(SiC)的浓度从制动衬垫的表面向芯部逐渐降低。由于衬垫的磨损使制动衬垫的逐渐耗尽碳化硅(即磨料部分)的区域暴露，因此这导致制动衬垫随时间的推移而产生不希望的变化性能。
此外，不方便的是，现有技术的制造方法不允许充分地对磨料颗粒(碳化硅)的尺寸进行控制。此外，颗粒的形态取决于二氧化硅的起始颗粒的尺寸，并且还取决于二氧化硅在渗透过程之后的凝聚以及二氧化硅与碳之间的接触表面。这通常产生较宽的颗粒尺寸分布，而这与使制动衬垫的摩擦性能保持恒定的需求相反(材料的摩擦系数需要具有一致形状和较窄范围直径的颗粒)。
此外，在现有技术的制造方法中，由于在二氧化硅热转化为碳化硅的步骤中的高操作温度(大于1400℃)，产生了一氧化硅(SiO)，而一氧化硅在熔炉的冷区域上(例如在垫圈、泵、过滤器和管道上)冷凝和积聚。这在热处理后需要仔细和昂贵的清洁操作并且使熔炉的一些部件的使用寿命大大缩短。
因此，本发明的根本问题是提供一种盘式制动器以及方便可行的获得该盘式制动器的过程，该盘式制动器克服了现有技术的缺点并且即使在极端应用中也保持高性能特性。更具体而言，本发明提出了通过磨料颗粒的数量和尺寸的更一致分布来改变衬垫自身的制动作用，以获得制动衬垫的尽可能恒定的摩擦性能。
发明内容
因此在本领域中感到需要具有一种用于对制动衬垫预成型件和制动衬垫进行制造的方法，该方法能够解决现有技术的上述缺点。特别地，感到需要实现一种制动衬垫，该制动衬垫根据随时间的磨损而具有尽可能一致的性能，并且同时该制动衬垫可以以更高效和方便的方式来制造；与此同时保持或改进“C/C”复合材料的高性能特性。
上述需求是通过根据所附独立权利要求所述的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法、用于对制动衬垫进行制造的方法和用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫来满足的，所附独立权利要求的限定形成本说明书的一部分。
根据本发明，用于对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法包括以下操作步骤：
a)通过将呈液态形式的聚合物树脂或呈颗粒粉末形式的聚合物树脂与呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒混合来制备热固性混合物；
b)将在步骤a)中获得的热固性混合物与包括碳纤维的碳质材料结合，以获得模制组合物；
c)例如在用于制动衬垫预成型件的模具中借助于压实和热处理对在步骤b)中获得的模制组合物进行模制，以获得粗预成型件；
d)使在步骤c)中获得的粗预成型件经历热解处理，以获得制动衬垫预成型件。
该方法的替代性变型提供了步骤a1)来代替步骤a)，在该步骤a1)中，通过将呈液态形式或固态颗粒形式的聚合物树脂与作为陶瓷颗粒前体的液态预制陶瓷树脂混合来制备热固性混合物。在该方法的该替代性变型中，陶瓷颗粒是在步骤c)的热处理期间或在步骤d)期间从预制陶瓷液态树脂开始形成的。
此外，根据本发明的用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫包括碳-碳复合材料，该碳-碳复合材料包括碳纤维和碳质材料基质(或碳质基质)。此外，陶瓷颗粒被均匀地分散在碳质基质中。
本发明的其他特征和优点将通过对本发明的在下文中仅以非限制性示例的方式给出的一些优选实施方式的描述而变得更加清楚。
附图说明
图1A示出了根据本发明的实施方式的盘式制动器衬垫的一部分的俯视轴测图；
图1B示出了通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得的图1A的制动衬垫的横截面的图像；
图1C示出了通过光学显微镜获得的图1B的横截面的一部分的图像，其中，示出了碳纤维、通过CVI过程形成的碳(表示为CVI基质)、通过对聚合物进行热解而形成的碳(表示为热解树脂)和残余孔隙率。
图2A示出了通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得的制动衬垫预成型件的靠近该预成型件的最外表面的部分的图像，该制动衬垫预成型件是根据现有技术的制造方法获得的；
图2B示出了通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得的图2A的制动衬垫预成型件的一部分的图像，而该部分靠近该预成型件的最内芯部；
图3A示出了通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得的制动衬垫预成型件的靠近该预成型件的最外表面的部分的图像，该制动衬垫预成型件是按照根据本发明的实施方式的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法获得的；
图3B示出了通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)获得的图3A的制动衬垫预成型件的一部分的图像，而该部分靠近该预成型件的最内芯部；
图4示出了示出了根据本发明的第一实施方式的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法的概要框图(框A1、B1、C1、D和E)以及根据按照本发明的方法的第二实施方式的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法的概要框图(框A2、B2、C2、D和E)，该第二实施方式是该第一实施方式的替代方案；
图5A至图5E各自以说明性的方式示出了根据本发明的第一实施方式的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法的一系列步骤中的步骤；
图6A至图6E各自以说明性的方式示出了根据本发明的第二实施方式的用于对制动衬垫预成型件进行制造的方法的一系列步骤中的步骤。
具体实施方式
参照上述附图，附图标记6总体上表示根据本发明的用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫预成型件。
本发明还涉及用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫1，该制动衬垫1是在制动衬垫预成型件上执行干式和/或湿式精加工步骤、例如进行车削和铣削以获得所需的几何设计之后直接从制动衬垫预成型件6获得的。
根据本发明的用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫1包括碳-碳复合材料，该碳-碳复合材料包括碳纤维和碳质材料基质。特别地，陶瓷颗粒被均匀地分散在碳质材料基质中。
根据碳-碳复合材料的实施方式，在衬垫的不同的两个随机识别的区域之间，在5mm3体积内的陶瓷颗粒的体积密度在±20％的限度内变化。
为了获得上述制动衬垫预成型件6，本发明的主要目的是用于对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫预成型件6进行制造的方法，该方法包括将在下文详细描述的一系列步骤。用于对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫预成型件6进行制造的方法的一般实施方式提供：
a)通过将呈液态形式的聚合物树脂21或呈颗粒粉末形式的聚合物树脂22与呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒25混合来制备热固性混合物2；
b)将在步骤a)中获得的热固性混合物2与包括碳纤维的碳质材料3结合以获得模制组合物4；
c)例如在制动衬垫预成型件用的模具中借助于压实和热处理对在步骤b)中获得的模制组合物4进行模制，以获得粗预成型件5(或经聚合的复合材料)；
d)使在步骤c)中获得的粗预成型件5经历热解处理，以获得制动衬垫预成型件6。
根据本方法的实施方式，呈液态形式的聚合物树脂21或呈固态颗粒形式的聚合物树脂22包括选自下述各者的树脂中的一种或更多种树脂：酚醛树脂、丙烯酸树脂、呋喃树脂、异氰酸酯树脂、聚苯乙烯。
优选地，步骤a)的陶瓷颗粒25包括碳化硅(SiC)和/或氮化硅(Si3N4)。
根据本方法的有利的实施方式，步骤a)的陶瓷颗粒25具有包括在0.5微米与100微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸，优选地具有包括在1微米与50微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸，甚至更优选地具有包括2微米与30微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸。
优选地，步骤a)还包括对诸如聚丙烯酸化合物或聚乙烯亚胺化合物等的分散剂进行混合的步骤，以改进陶瓷颗粒的分散。
根据实施方式，步骤a)还提供使用机械混合处理或超声处理，以改进陶瓷颗粒25的解聚和分散。
根据实施方式，热固性混合物2包括相对于该热固性混合物2的总重量按重量计3％至20％的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒25，优选地，热固性混合物2包括相对于该热固性混合物2的总重量按重量计9％至15％的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒25。基于陶瓷颗粒25的含量，可以调节材料的摩擦性能并且针对每种应用对材料的摩擦性能进行优化。
特别地，热固性混合物2包括相对于该热固性混合物2的总重量按重量计至少10％的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒25的实施方式以牺牲更高温度为代价而允许在低于300℃的温度处有利于摩擦。
根据热固性混合物2包括相对于该热固性混合物2的总重量按重量计至少3％且至多10％(不包括端值)的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒的另外的实施方式，摩擦效应具有更均衡的性能，即使在高于300℃的温度处也是如此。
明显的是，将在步骤a)中获得的热固性混合物2与包括碳纤维的碳质材料3连结的步骤b)可以以不同的方式进行，例如通过浸渍或通过压实或通过混合等来进行。
根据实施方式，碳质材料3包括二维或基本上二维的织物层31，优选地包括碳纤维织物层。在该实施方式中，步骤b)包括下述操作步骤：用热固性混合物2对二维织物层31进行浸渍，并且将所述层连结在一起，以形成将要在步骤c)中进行模制的模制组合物4。在这种情况下，模制组合物也称为预浸料。
根据实施方式的变型，碳质材料3包括短切碳纤维32。优选地，在步骤b)中，在短切碳纤维32已经连结至步骤a)的热固性混合物2之后，如此获得的模制组合物4随后在步骤c)中通过热模制来成形，以形成粗预成型件5，该粗预成型件5优选地为聚合的(经聚合的复合材料)。
根据有利的实施方式，碳质组合物4包括按重量计50％至80％的该碳质材料3以及按重量计20％至50％的所述热固性混合物2，优选地，碳质组合物4包括按重量计65％至75％的所述碳质材料3以及按重量计25％至35％的所述热固性混合物2。这允许获得足够量的树脂2以对碳质材料3进行结合，并且同时保持尽可能多的碳质纤维以增加机械阻力。
根据实施方式，对模制组合物4进行模制的步骤c)包括以下步骤c1)：借助于真空压实技术、例如借助于真空袋对模制组合物4进行压实。
此外，优选地，操作步骤c1)还包括使模制组合物4经历高压釜固化处理的步骤。在碳质组合物4包括二维或基本上二维的织物层31的情况下，该实施方式是优选的。
在该实施方式中，在步骤c1)中，高压釜处理是在介于5巴与15巴之间(包括端值)的压力处进行的。
根据实施方式的变型，对模制组合物4进行模制的步骤c)提供借助于在单轴压力机中进行模制来对模制组合物4进行热模制的操作步骤c2)。在碳质组合物包括短切碳纤维32的情况下，该实施方式是优选的。
根据实施方式，在步骤c2)中，热模制是在介于5巴与50巴之间(包括端值)的压力处进行的。
优选地，步骤c1)或步骤c2)是在介于100℃与160℃之间(包括端值)的温度处进行至少30分钟。这允许获得完全交联的聚合物树脂。
根据实施方式，在步骤d)之后，该方法还包括步骤e)，在该步骤e)中，使制动衬垫预成型件6经历碳致密化过程，以获得经致密化的衬垫预成型件7，所述碳致密化过程例如是借助于CVD(化学汽相沉积)技术、CVI(化学汽相渗透)、PIP(聚合物渗透和热解)或通过沥青(pitch)的PIP的致密化过程。
根据是否仅存在有呈蒸汽形式的碳的涂覆部或渗透部，第一致密化技术是CVD(化学汽相沉积)或CVI(化学汽相渗透)。通常，如果材料是多孔的并且因此具有高孔隙率，则称为化学汽相渗透(CVI)。这些方法涉及使用碳氢混合物(例如甲烷和丙烷)以及在高温和低压下使待处理材料暴露于这些混合物。操作温度约为900℃至1200℃，优选地约为1000℃至1100℃，并且使用小于300毫巴的压力，优选地使用10毫巴至100毫巴的压力。碳氢化合物分解，从而形成元素碳，该元素碳然后被沉积或渗透在待处理的材料的基质中。需要使用熔炉的该方法涉及将薄层(通常几微米)沉积在纤维上，其中，需要数十至数百小时的处理时间，以获得所需的致密化。通过这种方式，可以在纤维上实现超过10微米(通常10微米至20微米)的总体覆盖。
称为LPI(液态聚合物渗透)或PIP(聚合物渗透和热解)的不同方法涉及用液态聚合物对待处理材料的基质进行渗透以及随后进行高温热处理(热解)从而使得沉积在碳纤维上的聚合物碳化。在这种情况下，在获得预成型件的适当致密化之前，需要多个渗透和热解步骤。
根据实施方式，可以使用致密化技术的组合，例如PIP技术和CVI技术的组合。
根据实施方式，步骤e)包括下述步骤：对在步骤d)中获得的制动衬垫预成型件6进行致密化，直至获得至少1.5克/立方厘米(g/cm3)的最终材料密度为止，优选直至获得大于1.65克/立方厘米(g/cm3)的最终材料密度为止。
这些密度赋予经致密化的制动衬垫预成型件7的材料适当的机械强度、导热性和耐磨性。
为了对制动衬垫预成型件6进行制造，该制造方法可选地还提供下述步骤：
i)可选地，对叠置的二维或基本上二维的织物层进行针刺，以形成交织的三维结构；
ii)可选地，对短切纤维进行针刺，以形成三维的交织结构。
针刺可以通过下述方法来进行：该方法提供使用特殊的针状件，该针状件通过将纤维轴向引导至衬垫而与纤维的一部分接合，从而允许获得三维结构。
第一实施方式示例
下文对按照根据本发明的方法的实施方式获得的制动衬垫预成型件6的实施方式示例进行描述，对于该制动衬垫预成型件6，在图3A和图3B中示出了通过SEM获得的一些详细部分。
根据该实施方式示例的制动衬垫预成型件6是借助于以下操作步骤获得的：
-通过将呈固态形式的异氰酸酯聚合物树脂22与呈粉末形式的碳化硅(Sic)的陶瓷颗粒25混合来制备热固性混合物2，每个陶瓷颗粒具有约2微米的平均颗粒尺寸；
-将在步骤a)中获得的热固性混合物2与碳质材料3结合以获得模制组合物4，该碳质材料3包括短切碳纤维32。
该实施方式示例中所获得的模制组合物4包括按重量计30％的异氰酸酯聚合物树脂、按重量计3％的碳化硅(Sic)陶瓷颗粒以及按重量计67％的短切碳纤维。
随后，通过在压力机中进行压实和热处理而在制动衬垫预成型件模具中对上述模制组合物4进行模制，以获得粗预成型件5。
随后，使粗预成型件5经历热解处理和热处理，以获得然后形成有碳-碳组合物的制动衬垫预成型件6。
随后，还借助于CVI(化学汽相渗透)致密化技术使制动衬垫预成型件6经历致密化处理，以获得经致密化的制动衬垫预成型件7。
图3A和图3B示出了本实施方式示例的SEM图像，这些SEM图像可以容易地与相应的图2A和图2B进行比较，图2A和图2B示出了通过根据现有技术的方法获得的制动衬垫预成型件6的相应部分的SEM图像。在图像中，碳化硅(SiC)对应于与背景相比较浅的点(呈白色/浅灰色)。
图像之间的比较清楚地表明，在图3A和图3B中(即在本发明中)，在从预成型件的表面区域(图3A)过度到预成型件的较深区域(图3B)中，碳化硅(SiC)颗粒的密度没有显著降低。
相反，在通过已知技术制成的预成型件中，图2B示出了碳化硅颗粒的密度相对于图2A明显降低，图2A涉及预成型件的最表层部分。
如从已经描述的内容中可以理解的，本发明的制动衬垫预成型件6、制动衬垫1以及该预成型件6和制动衬垫1的相关制造方法允许克服现有技术中存在的缺点。
特别地，本发明提供了用于对碳-碳复合材料进行制造的方法，该复合材料掺杂有均匀分散在碳质材料基质中的陶瓷颗粒，该复合材料能够保证恒定的制动性能，而无需考虑衬垫磨损。
此外，有利地，由于根据本发明的方法在渗透过程期间并不需要氧化硅转化成碳化硅的高温，因此根据本发明的方法与现有技术的方法相比更高效，这是因为根据本发明的方法不需要使用高温并且降低了在过程中所使用的机械的冷部分上形成氧化硅沉积的风险。此外，使用SiC颗粒而不是使用必须被转化的二氧化硅，允许对所引入的粉末的尺寸进行控制，否则所述粉末会受到其进行转化所需的热处理的影响。
清楚地是，本领域技术人员可以对上述衬垫预成型件、衬垫和方法进行多种改变和调节，以满足特定和偶然的需求，这些改变全部落入所附权利要求中限定的保护范围内。

Claims (18)

1.一种用于对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫预成型件(6)进行制造的方法，所述方法包括以下操作步骤：
a)通过将呈液态形式的聚合物树脂(21)或呈颗粒粉末形式的聚合物树脂(22)与呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒(25)混合来制备热固性混合物(2)；
b)将在步骤a)中获得的所述热固性混合物(2)与包括碳纤维的碳质材料(3)结合，以获得模制组合物(4)；
c)借助于压实和热处理对在步骤b)中获得的所述模制组合物(4)进行模制，以获得粗预成型件(5)；
d)使在步骤d)中获得的所述粗预成型件(5)经历热解处理，以获得制动衬垫预成型件(6)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，呈液态形式的聚合物树脂(21)或呈颗粒固态形式的聚合物树脂(22)包括选自下述各者的树脂中的一种或更多种树脂：酚醛树脂、丙烯酸树脂、呋喃树脂、异氰酸酯树脂、聚苯乙烯。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，步骤a)的所述陶瓷颗粒(25)包括碳化硅(SiC)和/或氮化硅(Si3N4)。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤a)的所述陶瓷颗粒(25)具有包括在0.5微米与100微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸，优选地，步骤a)的所述陶瓷颗粒(25)具有包括在1微米与50微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸，甚至更优选地，步骤a)的所述陶瓷颗粒(25)具有包括在2微米与30微米之间的平均颗粒尺寸。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述热固性混合物(2)包括相对于所述热固性混合物的总重量按重量计3％至20％的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒(25)，优选地，所述热固性混合物(2)包括相对于所述热固性混合物的总重量按重量计介于9％与15％之间的呈粉末形式的陶瓷颗粒。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，步骤a)还包括对分散剂进行混合的步骤，所述分散剂优选地是聚丙烯酸化合物或聚乙烯亚胺化合物。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述碳质材料(3)包括二维织物层(31)，以及步骤b)包括下述操作步骤：用所述热固性混合物(2)对所述二维织物层(31)进行浸渍，并且将所述层连结在一起，以形成将要在步骤c)中进行模制的所述模制组合物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中，所述碳质组合物(3)包括按重量计50％至80％的所述碳质材料和按重量计20％至50％的所述热固性混合物(2)，优选地，所述碳质组合物(3)包括按重量计65％至75％的所述碳质材料和按重量计25％至35％的所述热固性混合物。
9.根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述碳质材料(3)包括短切碳纤维(32)。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，对所述模制组合物(4)进行模制的步骤c)包括以下操作步骤：
c1)借助于真空压实技术对所述模制组合物(4)进行压实，例如借助于真空袋对所述模制组合物(4)进行压实，并且还使所述模制组合物经历高压釜固化处理；
c2)借助于在单轴压力机中进行模制来对所述模制组合物(4)进行热模制。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中，步骤c1)或步骤c2)是在介于100℃与160℃之间的温度处进行至少30分钟，且该温度范围包括端值。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法，其中，在步骤c1)中，所述热模制是在介于5巴与50巴之间的压力处进行的，且该压力范围包括端值；以及在步骤c2)中，所述高压釜处理是在介于5巴与15巴之间的压力处进行的，且该压力范围包括端值。
13.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，在步骤d)之后，所述方法还包括操作步骤e)，在所述操作步骤e)中，使所述制动衬垫预成型件(6)经历碳致密化过程，以获得经致密化的制动衬垫预成型件(7)，所述碳致密化过程例如是借助于CVD(化学汽相沉积)技术、CVI(化学汽相渗透)、PIP(聚合物渗透和热解)或者沥青浸渍的致密化过程。
14.一种对盘式制动器用的制动衬垫(1)进行制造的方法，所述方法包括：根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的用于对制动衬垫预成型件(6)进行制造的方法，以及使所述制动衬垫预成型件(6)经历干式精加工和/或湿式精加工的操作步骤。
15.一种制动衬垫预成型件(6)，所述制动衬垫预成型件(6)是借助于根据权利要求1至13中的任一项所述的方法获得的。
16.一种制动衬垫(1)，所述制动衬垫(1)是借助于根据权利要求14所述的方法获得的。
17.一种用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫(1)，所述制动衬垫(1)包括碳-碳复合材料，所述碳-碳复合材料包括碳纤维和碳质材料基质，其中，陶瓷颗粒被均匀地分散在所述碳质材料基质中。
18.根据权利要求17所述的用于盘式制动器的制动衬垫(1)，其中，在所述衬垫的不同的两个随机识别的区域之间，在5mm3的体积内的陶瓷颗粒的体积密度在±20％的限度内变化。
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