CN1192012C - 整体催化剂在使二硝基甲苯加氢成甲苯二胺中的应用 - Google Patents
整体催化剂在使二硝基甲苯加氢成甲苯二胺中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于硝基芳烃组合物,即二硝基甲苯加氢的改进方法,它通过在采用整体催化剂体系的反应器中使用二硝基甲苯与氢相接触。一般地讲,改进方法在于在掺入整体催化剂的活塞流反应器体系中二硝基甲苯连续、基本无溶剂、绝热加氢成甲苯二胺。本发明通常包括步骤:将由二硝基甲苯和反应产物组分组成的进料连续地加入反应器,所述进料中含低于30%(重)的溶剂;在绝热条件下进行二硝基甲苯加氢生成甲苯二胺;从反应器中连续地取去加氢反应产物。
Description
传统工业上二硝基甲苯(二硝基甲苯)加氢成甲苯二胺(甲苯二胺)是在一个连续的三相淤浆搅拌罐式反应器中完成的。将二硝基甲苯与如甲醇等溶剂一道以5-15克·摩尔/米3的浓度加进搅拌的反应器。将精细分散的粉状催化剂,尤其是镍和钯基的催化剂悬浮在液相搅拌罐式反应器中并对二硝基甲苯的加氢作主催化剂使用。可惜,这种类型的催化工艺使用于二硝基甲苯的加氢中造成处理困难,安全、卫生和环境问题。
在搅拌的反应器中使用精细分散的粉状催化剂之外另选方案是在固定床反应器中使用粒状催化剂。虽然这种反应器技术能消除大部分的处理和废料问题,但许多工程建造的问题一般不容许固定床反应器技术用于硝基芳烃化合物的加氢中,尤其是二硝基甲苯的加氢。在反应过程中,尤其在二硝基甲苯过程中控制整个温度的上升和温度梯度是问题之一。硝基芳烃化合物在加氢期间每摩尔硝基团释放500kJ以上。第二问题是在固定床填充反应器中由于硝基芳烃的加氢需要高流速而有显著的压力降。第三个问题是液-汽分配成问题因而常导致低转化率和局部的浓度梯度。这些问题累积于生产过程中并对存在于二硝基甲苯加氢中的相当多的安全问题有影响。
装有整体催化剂的高空隙体积反应器已被使用于包括硝基芳烃,如硝基苯甲酸和m-硝基甲苯加氢的实验室规模化学方法中。这些反应器每次在低转化率下被连续循环操作,因此类似于间歇过程。
下述论文和专利是典型的采用整体催化剂和在包括硝基芳烃和其它有机化合物加氢的化学反应物方法的催化工艺。
Hatziantoniou等在Ind.Eng.Chem.Fundam.,23卷第1期82-88页(1984)中发表的“分段的两相流体整体催化剂反应器。一种可用于液相加氢的方法”中公开了在固体钯整体催化剂存在下,硝基苯甲酸(NBA)液相加氢成氨基苯甲酸(ABA)。由许多相互分离的平行板组成的整体催化剂,通过起皱表面形成平行沟槽体系,每个沟槽有1mm2的横断面积。整体催化剂组合物包括玻璃、二氧化硅、氧化铝和小量其它氧化物的混合物,用石棉纤维增强并在整体催化剂中掺入2.5%(重)的钯金属。将反应器类似等温间歇过程操作。将50-100摩尔/米3之间的进料浓度以每次低于10%转化率通过反应器循环直到最后的转化率为50%-98%之间。
Hatziantoniou等在Ind.Eng.Chem.Process Des.Dev.,25卷第4期964-970页(1986)中发表的“在具有分段气-液流的整体催化剂反应器中硝基化合物液相加氢的传质和选择性”中公开了在用钯浸渍过的整体催化剂中硝基苯和m-硝基甲苯的等温加氢。作者报导催化剂活性高并因此传质是速率控制。加氢在590-980kPa、73-103℃温度下进行。每次达到低于10%的转化率。
US 4,520,124公开了一种用于氮氧化物气相还原的片状或峰窝结构催化剂的生产方法。含孔的蜂窝结构经二氧化钛浸渍作为载体物质。然后将它浸在含催化活性的铜、铁、钒、钨或钼的氧化物的溶液中,最后焙烧形成催化剂。氮氧化物的气相还原在作为还原剂的胺存在下进行。
US 4,743,577公开了用于加氢和脱羰基反应的金属催化剂,该催化剂在多孔、烧结的金属基体上被展延成薄的表面层,在形成整体催化剂中,首先将活性催化剂材料,如钯在以多孔烧结的基体存在的第二种金属表面上展延成薄金属层,所得催化剂用于加氢、脱氧和其它化学反应。整体金属催化剂掺入包括这类催化物质如钯、镍、铑以及铂、铜、钌、钴及其混合物。担载的金属包括钛、锆、钨、铬、镍及合金。
US 5,250,490公开了一种用于各种化学反应,如加氢、脱胺、胺化等等的用电解方法制成的催化剂。催化剂由沉淀在,或固定在基体金属适当位置上的稀有金属组成,基体金属为片状、丝网、螺线绕组等等形式。优选的基体金属为低表面积,如每克材料小于1平方米的钢。能用来形成催化剂的催化剂金属包括铂、铼、钌、钯、铱等。
US 4,400,538公开了在搅拌的高压釜中单硝基苯和二硝基苯的固定床催化加氢。催化剂是一种活性的稀有金属,如钯、铱、钌、铼或铂,并以筛网或如多孔或波纹片、蜂窝结构、箔、线材等连贯体形式。温度范围从约130℃-150℃。
US 3,356,728公开了用淤浆相催化体系使芳烃多硝基化合物催化加氢成芳烃多胺。最后确定阮内镍为优选的催化剂。
US 2,976,320公开了一种利用钯或铂含水悬浮体作催化剂由二硝基甲苯催化加氢生产甲苯二胺的方法。二硝基化合物被溶于甲醇中。
本发明涉及一种用于硝基芳烃组合物加氢的改进方法,它通过在采用高孔隙体积的整体催化剂体系的反应器中使所述硝基芳烃组合物与氢相接触。一般地讲,改进在于通过装有整体催化剂的活塞流反应器系统由二硝基甲苯连续加氢而成甲苯二胺。通常该方法包括如下步骤:在绝热条件下进行二硝基甲苯加氢成甲苯二胺;往反应器中连续地加入由二硝基甲苯和反应产物组分组成的进料;从反应器中连续地除去加氢反应产物。
在更具体的形式中,改进在于如下步骤:
(a)确立100℃-140℃,优选110℃-130℃的原料进口温度;
(b)往含高孔隙体积整体催化剂的反应器中连续地经进口加入氢和含二硝基甲苯的原料;
(c)确立0.5-3%(重),优选1-2.5%(重)的二硝基甲苯原料组合物;
(d)在约135℃以上,一般低于180℃,优选从145℃-165℃的出口温度下从反应器连续地除去甲苯二胺/硝基甲苯反应产物,或者说从反应器中连续地取出包括未反应二硝基甲苯、水和甲苯二胺的加氢反应产物;
(e)保持每次通过反应器的原料二硝基甲苯转化成甲苯二胺的转化率至少90%;和
(f)至少循环一部分甲苯二胺/二硝基甲苯反应产物到所述反应器的进口。
该方法带来许多优点,它们包括:
·通过高的气-液和液/固传质能达到极高的反应速率;
·能不用溶剂进行二硝基甲苯的加氢,因此排除了某些纯化步骤;
·能连续进行二硝基甲苯加氢成甲苯二胺而基本无副产物;
·在加氢过程中能利用整体催化剂,因而降低了投资成本,同时保持了固定床反应器的优点和消除了淤浆相反应器的缺点;
·由于绝热操作能产生高质量蒸汽,因此取得反应热的优点;
·能达到比普通返混DNT加氢反应器明显高的单位体积催化反应器的生产速率;
·能如固定床反应器操作加氢方法,活塞流,并具有低的压力降特性;和
·通过含高孔隙体积整体催化剂反应器的绝热操作能达到优异的单元催化剂寿命。
图1为在整体催化剂反应器中加氢速率与浓度的关系曲线,其催化剂使用每(6.4516×10-4)平方米(每平方英寸)400平方空腔(square cells persquare inch)(CPI)的0.5%钯和11%镍的二氧化硅蚀洗涂层和在整体催化剂反应器中加氢速率与浓度的关系曲线,其催化剂使用每(6.4516×10-4)平方米(每平方英寸)200空腔的1%钯和11%镍的二氧化硅基面涂层。
图2为在63%甲苯二胺和37%水的溶液中有关二硝基甲苯和氨基硝基甲苯(ANT)绝热分解速率与温度函数的关系曲线。
图3是用于在装有整体催化剂的高孔隙体积反应器中从二硝基甲苯生产甲苯二胺的流程图。
二硝基甲苯在它通过催化加氢转化成甲苯二胺中有着特殊的问题。二硝基甲苯对反应条件特别敏感,如若在常规方法中反应原料和反应区段中它的浓度大于2%(重),温度偏移能导致生产装置爆炸。因此,与一般硝基芳烃相反,二硝基甲苯在如0.5%以下低浓度,140℃-170℃反应温度下进行加氢。如甲醇等溶剂已被包含在反应介质中以调节由于加氢引起的温度偏移。
二硝基甲苯加氢的安全问题是工业生产操作中长久所关注的问题。例如,一般趋势在工业制备中用搅拌罐式反应器,使用低于0.2%(重)的或图1中标明A范围的浓度进行返混催化加氢。在较高的二硝基甲苯浓度,尤其用镍基催化剂时,因为硝基芳烃对镍催化剂起氧化作用,二硝基甲苯加氢速率能降低。在较高反应温度,如150℃-170℃条件,如采用返混加氢容器,催化剂失活会很快导致在反应介质中产生较高的二硝基甲苯浓度,因而会导致温度的偏移并因此可能导致上面提到的爆炸。因而必须避免在图2中有关二硝基甲苯分解数据表明的条件。
在反应方法中,高传质速率特别严格,因为二硝基甲苯与催化剂连续地接触往往会造成催化剂的失活。在二硝基甲苯的加氢中达到高传质速率是困难的(二硝基甲苯转化成甲苯二胺需要六个摩尔氢),并且高传质速率还被在甲苯二胺反应产物中相对低的氢溶解性所牵制。通过在返混反应中增加氢压力和产生优化的喷雾和震摇已达到高传质。
现已发现在采用整体催化剂的、有大于65%和有时大于80%含孔隙空间的高空隙体积反应器中,二硝基甲苯能容易地进行连续地加氢,并解决了由于进口二硝基甲苯原料高浓度存在的安全问题。出乎所料地,只要遵守规定的一系列条件,能使二硝基甲苯转化成甲苯二胺而不会伴随产生催化剂失活和大量副产物形成,通过活塞流绝热操作是连续加氢方法的关键问题。
二硝基甲苯的加氢关键之一是使用整体催化剂,充分活化的催化剂引发或“阻断”(“kick off”)在低温(100℃-140℃,优选从100℃-120℃)下二硝基甲苯的加氢,以通过绝热操作允许反应器中温度显著上升。这种催化剂在130℃和1600kPa氢压下应能产生大于1.5,优选大于2克摩尔DNT/米3(催化剂)秒的反应速率。绝热条件和活性整体催化剂组分允许连续加氢的整个反应区段温度剧升。间歇方法和采用整体催化剂的先前的硝基芳烃加氢方法的不同温度曲线可供连续加氢使用。此外,在绝热条件下操作提供的不同反应器温度曲线可供反应热的利用以控制反应条件和出人意料地控制反应介质的稳定性。二硝基甲苯的绝热加氢保持了反应介质的稳定性,因为氨基硝基甲苯的立即和连续形成。氨基硝基甲苯比二硝基甲苯的稳定性高一数量级。因此,当在达到135℃和以上时,一般低于170℃的出口反应温度之前,二硝基甲苯快速反应成氨基硝基甲苯,那么基本上能避免伴随其它方法产生的安全问题和大量副产物的形成。
加入反应器体系的进料是由甲苯二胺、水和二硝基甲苯混合物组成的,因此基本上没有溶剂,换言之,小于30%(重)。由于无溶剂,这意味着进料是基本上由二硝基甲苯和由二硝基甲苯加氢反应产物组分组成的载体组成的。在二硝基甲苯的返混加氢和某些其它方法中,形成加氢进料需要有一种溶剂(除二硝基甲苯可溶解的二硝基甲苯加氢反应产物之外),通常为甲醇。它的用量常为进料的30%-70%(重)。当然,在本发明方法中,可以使用溶剂,例如高达进料的约30%(重),但优选是低于5%(重)并最优选是不用溶剂。因从返混操作中可知,使用溶剂则需要额外的回收步骤,所以应避免使用它。
在加氢方法中可以使用高二硝基甲苯进料浓度和控制的流速通过高孔隙体积反应器。进料中二硝基甲苯的浓度典型地为图1中标明B的范围内,与二硝基甲苯返混加氢的典型二硝基甲苯浓度(图1标明A的)相反,更确切地讲,进料中二硝基甲苯的浓度为0.2%-3%,优选的为1%-2%(重)范围之内。
减少加氢方法中生成的副产物量关键是在二硝基甲苯浓度高时控制反应器的进口温度。重要是控制在可操作的进口温度的下限,例如在二硝基甲苯浓度为约1%-2%(重)时控制在100℃-120℃。温度高于140℃势必会使二硝基甲苯自相反应生成不希望的副产物。这就是除安全问题外可能产生的问题(注意图2,它表明了在140℃及其以上温度时二硝基甲苯的高分解速率)。因此,当二硝基甲苯进料浓度为0.5%-1%(重)时,最好使用130℃-140℃的进口温度,而当二硝基甲苯浓度为1%-2%和稍高时,用100℃-120℃进口温度。
控制进行二硝基甲苯加氢成甲苯二胺的绝热条件以使出口温度达到135℃-180℃,尤其为约145℃-165℃。更优选的反应器的出口温度为135℃-170℃范围内。由于在绝热条件下操作反应器,因此引起反应器温度升高至少20℃-约75℃的范围之内,优选在25℃-50℃之间,所以可以进行连续加氢,能减少副产物的形成和提高方法的安全性。
按照本发明,进料由二硝基甲苯和二硝基甲苯加氢反应产物组成,所述进料含有低于10重量%的溶剂。
在操作中,氢压在约1000kPa-9000kPa范围,典型的为约3000kPa-6000kPa。因为二硝基甲苯对催化剂稍有毒害,因此,在高压下操作延长了催化剂的活性有助于二硝基甲苯的加速加氢。现已发现优选的条件是二硝基甲苯(ppm)除以总的氢压(kPa)的值应低于8,优选低于约6。当此值超过6时,在整体反应器反应产物中的未反应的二硝基甲苯和副产物会变得不令人满意,导致更多催化剂失活和在抛光反应器上更大负荷。前者主要随停留时间而变化,而后者随进口温度而变化。优选的(二硝基甲苯/氢压,ppm/kPa)比值为约2-6。
保持在整体沟槽中表面液体和气体速度,以达到二硝基甲苯每次转化率90%或更高。典型地,为获得这样的转化率,通过整体沟槽的表面速度在0.1-1米/秒范围,停留时间在10-120秒。当二硝基甲苯浓度提高时,有时需要增加停留时间,但因此常造成副产物含量增加。
本发明所述绝热方法中采用的整体催化剂由用催化剂金属涂层的多孔基体或碱金属基体所组成。通常整体催化剂基于长的狭窄毛细沟槽、环形的,正方形的或矩形的蜂窝,从而气体和液体在层流状态下同向流过沟槽。在这些限定的沟槽和这些条件下,气体和液体流促进了含气体泡的“泰勒”流挤压过液体。这种毛细管作用促使初始气-液和液-固传质很快。因此,增浓的二硝基甲苯进料能很快地降低其浓度,因此形成高效和充分的反应器,并比固定床反应器压力降显著降低。有效的整体反应器内的压力降对于混合的气/液表面速度为0.1-2米/秒之间,在有400CPI的整体反应器中有50%气体滞留量时,可在2kPa/m-200kPa/m。蜂窝整体催化剂的尺寸范围为平板之间1-10mm沟壁间距。另外,整体催化剂可以有100-600空腔/(6.4516×10-4)平方米(每平方英寸)(CPI),沟槽的形态可以是正方、六边、环状、椭圆状。
适用于二硝基甲苯加氢的催化剂金属被浸渍或直接涂于整体的基体上或在已沉积在整体催化剂上的基面涂层中。催化剂金属包括元素周期表中VI和VIII组那些金属和通常用于二硝基甲苯加氢的金属。催化剂金属组分的实例包括钴、阮氏镍或海棉镍、钯、铂、铜等等。常使用金属混合物,实例之一是钯和镍。对于用基面涂层浸渍的整体催化剂,在基面涂层内一般确定催化剂金属组分一个百分重量。基面涂层可以整体催化剂总量的1%-20%量施加。典型催化剂金属填充量为基面涂层的0.1%-25%,优选从1%-10%(重)。催化剂金属可以用现有技术通常认可的方法掺入到整体催化剂中。用催化剂金属的盐溶液初湿(Incipient Wetness)是用于在整体基体上加入金属催化剂组分的方法实例之一或通过基面涂层。优选的整体催化剂采用钯和镍的混合物,按10%基面涂层计浓度范围为0.5%-1.5%钯和5%-20%镍。
虽然不受理论的约束,但方法的设计为在邻近反应速率曲线的水平段的浓度加入二硝基甲苯,水平段曲线是最高的反应速率(图1的B面积)。由于降低进料口温度DNT的分解减少了。由于进料通过含整体催化剂的高孔隙体积反应器和保持二硝基甲苯与氢压(ppm与H2kPa)之比足够低,2-6,当物流通过反应器床时,它的温度提高推动反应趋向完成,同时这样也没有生成大量的副产物。由于产生热量,二硝基甲苯被转化,单次转化率大于90%。整体反应器的绝热操作和活塞流操作使得安全性能提高,因为当物流流过温度提高的反应器时,物流中的氨基硝基甲苯和甲苯二胺也相应增加。因此,通过保持进料的进口温度在整个反应器体系的最低点和氢浓度(压力)足够高以进行二硝基甲苯的基本上瞬时的加氢,结合高的二硝基甲苯浓度,通过绝热操作能提高连续性生产。
为有利于了解本方法,现参考图3。用于二硝基甲苯加氢形成甲苯二胺的方法包括通过管线2加入二硝基甲苯用来与由加氢反应产物组成的载体相混合。将载体加到二硝基甲苯中或通过管线4,因此形成了包括约0.2%-3%(重)优选1%-2%之间二硝基甲苯的进料组合物。而后通过管线6输送进料,与通过管线8输入的氢相混合以形成进口进料,将进口进料通过管线10加入高孔隙体积催化剂床12中。虽然进口表示在高孔隙体积催化剂床12的上部,进料也可在床的底部加入并向上通过床。
高孔隙体积催化剂床装有10%(重)的涂于其上的氧化铝基面涂层的整体催化剂,400CPI(正方形状),按基面涂层重量计,基面涂层含1%钯和10%镍。通过管线10加入的进料优选预热到约100℃-120℃之间的温度,并加压到约1600kPa-8000kPa,一般3000kPa-6500kPa范围的操作压力。将氢和液态的二硝基甲苯/二硝基甲苯加氢反应产物在绝热条件下通过整体催化剂。当进料从反应器一端流到另一端时,反应热造成进料的温度上升并取决于进料的浓度。优选最后出口温度在145℃-165℃范围。高温提高了每单位体积催化剂的反应速率并导致二硝基甲苯的浓度从进口到出口相应降低。通过管线14取出反应产物,在分离罐15中将过量的氢从液态加氢反应产物中分离。将液态产物通过管线13取出,经循环泵16泵输过列管式换热器。从加氢反应产物中除去热并以高压蒸汽回收。
冷却后的加氢反应产物通过管线18从列管式换热器中取出,同时分出一部分通过管线4返回到本方法的反应器区段,而另一部分通过管线20移到抛光反应器22中,然后通过阀24降压。抛光反应器(例如具有悬浮镍催化剂的普通搅拌的罐式反应器或小型整体反应器)是供给使加氢反应产物中未反应的二硝基甲苯完成加氢。通常在反应产物中的未反应二硝基甲苯在低温下转化成甲苯二胺。最后这过程被称作抛光并完成残留的二硝基甲苯转化基本达到100%。得到的甲苯二胺和水的混合物通过管线26取出,将它装入蒸馏回收体系(图上未表示出)。用于从加氢反应产物中回收甲苯二胺的方法为通常在现有技术中采用的方法。
下述实例打算用来说明本发明的各种实施例,但并不打算限制本发明的范围。
实例1 在高孔隙体积反应器中甲苯二胺的加氢
反应器由圆柱体整体反应器床组成,约5米高,0.5米直径,总体积1.0米3。催化剂床由含10%氧化铝基面涂层的方形空腔的工业上400CPI堇青石整体支撑物和按基面涂层计10%镍和1%钯的催化剂金属充填物制成。
反应器体系类似于图3安装,过量的氢气利用压缩机循环回反应器的进口,为论证本方法的目的没有使用抛光反应器。连续地作为熔化的液体加入二硝基甲苯进料,没有使用溶剂。将甲苯二胺和水产物连续地取去。加入化学计量要求过量的氢。
改变各种方法条件,包括进料速率、循环比、压力、进口温度、出口温度。模拟反应器设计以使形成的气/液传质速率为10和传质速率为1。这些条件列于表1中。有关二硝基甲苯转化成甲苯二胺的转化率、副产物的结果列于表2中。
表1 加氢条件
催化剂活性的定义是如图1的A区说明的,反应速率(克摩尔二硝基甲苯/(米3整体催化剂·秒))与浓度(克摩尔二硝基甲苯/(米3液相))的低浓度范围直线斜率。
为帮助了解表中数据的排布,提供下列说明:试验1-3表明进口的二硝基甲苯浓度的影响。试验4-6重复1-3试验,但在高压下。试验7-9重复4-6试验,但在缩短停留时间下。试验10基本重复试验8,但在缩短停留时间和高压下。试验11-14表明提高进口温度和类似试验1-3进料浓度时压力相应增加的影响。试验16-31表明传质系数1对比传质系数1-10的试验1-15和31-34的总的影响。试验15-19类似于试验1-3和试验12,但在中等压力下。试验20-23类似于试验4-6,但在降低的气/液传质速率下。试验24-27表示在高压力,降低的气/液传质,DNT浓度为~1.3%(重)下提高进口温度的影响。试验28表示在低气-液传质下低进口温度和低进口DNT浓度的影响(对照试验6)。试验31-34表示在适中的二硝基甲苯浓度,如从约1.4~3.2%下停留时间和高压力的影响。
表1
| 试验号 | 进料速率 | 进口温度 | 进口二硝基甲苯浓度 | 进口二硝基甲苯浓度 | 总压力 | 二硝基甲苯/压力进口比 | 停留时间 | 气/液传质系数 | 催化剂活性 |
| mole/(m3sec) | ℃ | mole/m3 | ppm | kPa | ppm/kPa | seconds | seconds-1 | seconds-1 | |
| 1 | 2.00 | 110 | 237 | 43134 | 1600 | 27.0 | 119 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 2 | 2.00 | 110 | 142 | 25844 | 1600 | 16.2 | 71 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 3 | 2.00 | 110 | 71 | 12922 | 1600 | 8.1 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 4 | 2.00 | 110 | 237 | 43134 | 4800 | 9.0 | 119 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 5 | 2.00 | 110 | 142 | 25844 | 4800 | 5.4 | 71 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 6 | 2.00 | 110 | 71 | 12922 | 4800 | 2.7 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 7 | 6.00 | 110 | 237 | 43134 | 4800 | 9.0 | 40 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 8 | 6.00 | 110 | 144 | 26208 | 4800 | 5.5 | 24 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 9 | 6.00 | 110 | 76 | 13832 | 4800 | 2.9 | 12 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 10 | 9.00 | 110 | 150 | 27300 | 6400 | 4.3 | 16 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 11 | 2.00 | 120 | 71 | 12922 | 1600 | 8.1 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 12 | 2.00 | 130 | 71 | 12922 | 1600 | 8.1 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 13 | 2.00 | 130 | 71 | 12922 | 4800 | 2.7 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 14 | 2.00 | 140 | 71 | 12922 | 4800 | 2.7 | 36 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
| 15 | 2.00 | 110 | 237 | 43134 | 3200 | 13.5 | 119 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 16 | 2.00 | 110 | 142 | 25844 | 3200 | 8.1 | 71 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 17 | 2.00 | 110 | 72 | 13104 | 3200 | 4.1 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 18 | 2.00 | 120 | 72 | 13104 | 3200 | 4.1 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 19 | 2.00 | 130 | 72 | 13104 | 3200 | 4.1 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 20 | 2.00 | 110 | 71 | 12922 | 4800 | 2.7 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 21 | 2.00 | 110 | 142 | 25844 | 4800 | 5.4 | 71 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 22 | 2.00 | 110 | 237 | 43134 | 4800 | 9.0 | 119 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 23 | 2.00 | 110 | 142 | 25844 | 6400 | 4.0 | 72 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 24 | 2.00 | 110 | 71 | 12922 | 6400 | 2.0 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 25 | 2.00 | 120 | 71 | 12922 | 6400 | 2.0 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 26 | 2.00 | 130 | 71 | 12922 | 6400 | 2.0 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 27 | 2.00 | 140 | 71 | 12922 | 6400 | 2.0 | 36 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 28 | 3.00 | 110 | 73 | 13286 | 4800 | 2.8 | 24 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 29 | 3.00 | 110 | 143 | 26026 | 4800 | 5.4 | 48 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 30 | 3.00 | 100 | 143 | 26026 | 4800 | 5.4 | 48 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| 31 | 12.00 | 120 | 141 | 25662 | 8000 | 3.2 | 12 | 10.0 | 0.5 |
| 32 | 12.00 | 120 | 141 | 25662 | 6400 | 4.0 | 15 | 10.0 | 0.5 |
| 33 | 12.00 | 120 | 178 | 32396 | 6400 | 5.1 | 30 | 10.0 | 0.5 |
| 34 | 6.00 | 140 | 78 | 14200 | 6400 | 2.2 | 13 | 10.0 | 0.5 |
表2
| 试验号 | 出口温度 | 出口二硝基甲苯浓度 | 二硝基甲苯转化率/次 | 最后二硝基甲苯生成甲苯二胺产率 | 副产物 |
| ℃ | ppm | % | % | wt% | |
| 1 | 180 | 0 | 100.0% | 83.7% | 16.3 |
| 2 | 159 | 2 | 100.0% | 97.4% | 2.6 |
| 3 | 135 | 49 | 99.6% | 99.5% | <0.5 |
| 4 | 187 | 0 | 100.0% | 91.4% | 8.6 |
| 5 | 160 | 0 | 100.0% | 99.0% | 1.0 |
| 6 | 135 | 1 | 100.0% | 99.5% | <0.5 |
| 7 | 187 | 50 | 99.9% | 91.4% | 8.6 |
| 8 | 160 | 345 | 98.7% | 98.9% | 1.0 |
| 9 | 135 | 975 | 99.8% | 99.5% | <0.5 |
| 10 | 150 | 1463 | 94.6% | 98.8% | 1.0 |
| 11 | 145 | 47 | 99.6% | 99.3% | 0.7 |
| 12 | 155 | 43 | 99.7% | 98.3% | 1.7 |
| 13 | 155 | 1 | 100.0% | 99.4% | 0.6 |
| 14 | 165 | 1 | 100.0% | 98.5% | 1.5 |
| 15 | 179 | 0 | 100.0% | 82.2% | 17.8 |
| 16 | 159 | 25 | 99.9% | 96.9% | 3.1 |
| 17 | 135 | 153 | 98.8% | 99.7% | <0.5 |
| 18 | 145 | 145 | 98.9% | 99.2% | 0.8 |
| 19 | 155 | 128 | 99.0% | 98.0% | 2.0 |
| 20 | 135 | 10 | 99.9% | 99.8% | <0.5 |
| 21 | 160 | 0 | 100.0% | 97.9% | 2.1 |
| 22 | 182 | 0 | 100.0% | 85.6% | 14.4 |
| 23 | 160 | 0 | 100.0% | 98.4% | 1.6 |
| 24 | 135 | 3 | 100.0% | 99.8% | <0.5 |
| 25 | 145 | 3 | 100.0% | 99.6% | <0.5 |
| 26 | 155 | 3 | 100.0% | 99.0% | 1.0 |
| 27 | 165 | 3 | 100.0% | 97.7% | 2.3 |
| 28 | 135 | 372 | 97.2% | 99.7% | <0.5 |
| 29 | 159 | 116 | 99.6% | 97.8% | 2.2 |
| 30 | 150 | 137 | 99.5% | 99.1% | 0.9 |
| 31 | 169 | 296 | 98.8% | 99.0% | 1.0 |
| 32 | 166 | 3 | 100.0% | 99.1% | 0.9 |
| 33 | 181 | 0 | 100.0% | 97.0% | 3.0 |
| 34 | 167 | 46 | 99.7% | 99.0% | 1.0 |
从表1和表2所报导的试验结果能得出一些看法,即副产物的形成直接与进口的DNT浓度和进口温度成比例。当DNT浓度超过约3%(重)时,副产物形成太高。提高氢压力也这样,氢压力提高有助气体传递和也有助缩短停留时间(注意试验1、4、7和22)。
试验1-6表示由于绝热操作进口的二硝基甲苯浓度与出口温度的关系。提高压力基本上不影响出口温度,但会造成减少副产物。
试验2、3、5和6清楚地表示通过在进口的DNT浓度为~2.5%或更低时绝热操作能达到副产物量少于3%,优选的少于1%。从这几个实例中,看到二硝基甲苯浓度对压力的影响,以二硝基甲苯/压力比表示,优选的比值范围为2-6。
试验7-10表示相对于试验1-3停留时间的影响。这些试验表明缩短停留时间会使副产物形成稍有减少。在二硝基甲苯的浓度低于约2.5%时,缩短停留时间副产物的形成很小改变。
试验16-28表示反应器的几何形状对二硝基甲苯加氢和副产物的影响。低的气/液传质系数1,它是在反应器设计的低位,相对气/液传质系数10较高的反应器形成的副产物稍多些(比照试验21与试验5)。在DNT浓度约为1.3%(重)时,副产物形成基本一样(比照试验20与试验6)。
试验31-34表示催化剂活性对特性的影响,试验10和32比较,表明副产物形成能保持在低于1%(重),而有极高的转化率。
总之,这些结果表明当在绝热条件操作时,能安全地进行采用含整体催化剂反应器体系的二硝基甲苯的连续加氢。这些结果表明二硝基甲苯浓度高于3%(重)时往往造成过量的副产物形成,例如高于约3%(重),甚至在高压力下。优选的进料浓度可认为是约1%-2%(重),进口温度范围为约110℃-140℃,优选为约110℃-130℃。可以使用的压力为1600kPa-8400kPa。在这样的进口温度和优选的进料浓度下,反应器内的绝热温度的升高范围为约25℃-50℃,它使得有可能控制整个反应而不会形成过量副产物。
这些结果表明在二硝基甲苯的连续加氢中有钯和镍的基面涂层的整体催化剂是有效的。在所表明的条件下,单次通过催化剂床足以使得二硝基甲苯转率达到95%以上,甲苯二胺产率超过98%。
这些结果也显示用于掺入本文所述类型催化剂的DNT加氢的等温方法将会导致过量副产物形成或导致延长循环时间或过大的反应器尺寸。
Claims (9)
1.在一种用于在采用整体催化剂并且反应器空隙体积大于65%的反应器中通过使二硝基甲苯组合物与氢相接触进行二硝基甲苯组合物中二硝基甲苯连续加氢成甲苯二胺的方法,其中包括如下步骤:
(a)往反应器中连续地加入由二硝基甲苯和反应产物组分组成的进料,其中反应器进口的进料中二硝基甲苯的浓度范围为0.2-3重量%;
(b)使进料通过反应器活塞流;
(c)在绝热条件二硝基甲苯进行加氢生成甲苯二胺;
(d)从反应器中连续地取出包括未反应二硝基甲苯、水和甲苯二胺的加氢反应产物,其中反应器的进口温度为100℃-140℃。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中反应器的出口温度为135℃-170℃范围内。
3.如权利要求2的方法,其中进料由二硝基甲苯、二硝基甲苯加氢反应产物组分以及溶剂组成,并且所述进料中含有低于10重量%的所述溶剂。
4.如权利要求1或3的方法,其中整体催化剂有100-600空腔/平方英寸。
5.如权利要求4的方法,其中反应器温度上升在25℃-50℃范围内。
6.如权利要求5的方法,其中在反应器体系内停留时间为10-120秒。
7.如权利要求6的方法,其中确定和保持以ppm计的二硝基甲苯/以kPa计的氢总压的比值为2-6。
8.如权利要求7的方法,其中整体催化剂上掺入有催化剂金属镍和钯。
9.如权利要求1的方法,其中反应器的出口温度范围在145-165℃内。
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| DE102006060572A1 (de) * | 2006-12-19 | 2008-06-26 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Toluylendiaminen durch katalytische Hydrierung von Dinitrotoluolen |
| US9643162B2 (en) * | 2007-05-29 | 2017-05-09 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Activated base metal catalysts |
| US8889911B2 (en) * | 2007-05-29 | 2014-11-18 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Activated base metal catalysts |
| KR101372177B1 (ko) * | 2007-05-29 | 2014-03-07 | 에보니크 데구사 게엠베하 | 활성화된 베이스 금속 촉매 |
| US20080312480A1 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-18 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Catalytic process for converting renewable resources into paraffins for use as diesel blending stocks |
| DE102007045125A1 (de) * | 2007-09-20 | 2009-04-02 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von aromatischen Aminen |
| BRPI0722161A2 (pt) * | 2007-10-15 | 2014-03-18 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Misturas catalíticas em pó de filtragem rápida |
| US8298499B2 (en) * | 2007-11-02 | 2012-10-30 | University Of Connecticut | Process intensification in microreactors |
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| US7524995B1 (en) | 2008-06-12 | 2009-04-28 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Continuous process to produce hexafluoroisopropanol |
| DE102008063991A1 (de) | 2008-12-19 | 2010-06-24 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Isocyanaten in der Gasphase |
| DE102008064281A1 (de) * | 2008-12-20 | 2010-06-24 | Bayer Technology Services Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Diamintoluol durch vielstufig adiabate Hydrierung |
| DE102008063308B4 (de) * | 2008-12-29 | 2013-03-07 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Toluylendiamin durch Hydrierung von Dinitrotoluol |
| US8865608B2 (en) * | 2009-02-27 | 2014-10-21 | Uop Llc | Turndown thermocompressor design for continuous catalyst recovery |
| US10792647B2 (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2020-10-06 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Base metal catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds |
| CN101733169B (zh) * | 2009-12-14 | 2012-07-04 | 江苏圣奥化学科技有限公司 | 一种用于制备对苯二胺类防老剂的铜系催化剂的预处理工艺 |
| HUE030188T2 (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2017-04-28 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Process for the preparation of aromatic amines |
| CN105593205B (zh) * | 2013-10-08 | 2017-12-12 | 科思创德国股份有限公司 | 制备二氨基甲苯的方法 |
| CN106349081A (zh) * | 2016-08-29 | 2017-01-25 | 江苏天嘉宜化工有限公司 | 3,4‑二氨基甲苯的合成方法 |
| KR102500508B1 (ko) * | 2017-12-28 | 2023-02-16 | 한화솔루션 주식회사 | 사이클로도데센의 제조 방법 및 이의 합성 장치 |
| CN114289034B (zh) * | 2021-12-27 | 2024-02-02 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种贵金属催化剂和制备方法及其在催化二硝基甲苯加氢制备甲苯二胺应用 |
| TWI802304B (zh) * | 2022-03-02 | 2023-05-11 | 南亞塑膠工業股份有限公司 | 製造末端胺基聚苯醚的方法 |
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| US3356728A (en) * | 1964-03-12 | 1967-12-05 | Olin Mathieson | Process of preparing aromatic polyamines by catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic polynitro compounds |
| DE2044657A1 (en) * | 1970-09-09 | 1972-03-23 | Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik AG, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Toluylene diamine prepn - using solid ni or ru - contg catalyst |
| US4520124A (en) * | 1981-03-19 | 1985-05-28 | Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Method for producing a catalytic structure for the reduction of nitrogen oxides |
| US4400538A (en) * | 1981-06-11 | 1983-08-23 | Mobay Chemical Corporation | Fixed bed catalyst for MNB and DNT hydrogenation |
| US4513149A (en) * | 1982-04-05 | 1985-04-23 | Olin Corporation | Raney nickel alloy expanded mesh hydrogenation catalysts |
| US4743577A (en) * | 1986-10-14 | 1988-05-10 | Amoco Corporation | Catalyst composition |
| US5250490A (en) * | 1991-12-24 | 1993-10-05 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Noble metal supported on a base metal catalyst |
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| DE19521587A1 (de) * | 1995-06-14 | 1996-12-19 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren und Katalysator zur Herstellung von aromatischen Aminen durch Gasphasenhydrierung |
| FR2741877B1 (fr) * | 1995-12-01 | 1998-02-13 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procede d'hydrogenation de composes nitres aromatiques |
| DE19651688A1 (de) * | 1996-12-12 | 1998-06-18 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von aromatischen Aminen durch Gasphasenhydrierung |
-
1998
- 1998-08-07 US US09/130,936 patent/US6005143A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-08-03 KR KR1019990031780A patent/KR100339285B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-04 BR BR9903380-1A patent/BR9903380A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-04 DE DE69906893T patent/DE69906893T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-04 EP EP99115409A patent/EP0978505B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-06 CN CNB991175131A patent/CN1192012C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-06 JP JP11223566A patent/JP2000080061A/ja not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2000080061A (ja) | 2000-03-21 |
| DE69906893T2 (de) | 2003-11-06 |
| DE69906893D1 (de) | 2003-05-22 |
| CN1245163A (zh) | 2000-02-23 |
| KR100339285B1 (ko) | 2002-06-03 |
| KR20000017021A (ko) | 2000-03-25 |
| BR9903380A (pt) | 2000-10-17 |
| US6005143A (en) | 1999-12-21 |
| EP0978505A2 (en) | 2000-02-09 |
| EP0978505A3 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
| EP0978505B1 (en) | 2003-04-16 |
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