Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
1. Sample collection
For 10 months in 2022, collecting mactra veneriformis from a certain station (N38 DEG 07'28.86' ', E118 DEG 13'51.07 '') of a yellow river delta offshore area polluted by metolachlor, dissecting the mactra veneriformis under aseptic condition, flushing twice with sterile normal saline, scraping mucus on the gill and hepatopancreas surface, adding the scraped mucus into the sterile normal saline (dilution), sealing, and then placing into an ice box for transportation to a laboratory for standby.
2. Enrichment, screening, separation and purification of strains
1. Preparation of culture medium
The enrichment medium was prepared by weighing 19.45g of sodium chloride, 5.98g of magnesium chloride, 3.24g of sodium sulfate, 1.80g of calcium chloride, 0.55g of potassium chloride, 0.16g of sodium carbonate, 0.08g of potassium bromide, 0.034g of strontium chloride, 0.022g of boric acid, 0.004g of sodium silicate, 0.0024g of sodium fluoride, 0.0016g of sodium nitrate and 0.008g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, dissolving them in 1000mL of distilled water under heating, and adjusting the pH to 7.6. 100mL of enrichment medium is taken and split into 250mL conical flasks, 20 small glass beads with a diameter of 1mm are added into each flask, and the mixture is autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 20min for later use.
Preparing 1000mL of enrichment medium, adding 15.0g of agar, heating for dissolution, packaging into 250mL conical flasks, autoclaving at 121 ℃ for 20min, and pouring into a plate for later use.
Preparing a medicine-containing flat-plate culture medium, namely preparing 1000mL of enrichment culture medium, adding 100mg of metolachlor, 100mg of MEA and 15.0g of agar, heating and dissolving, subpackaging into 250mL conical flasks, sterilizing at 121 ℃ for 20min, and pouring into a flat plate for later use.
10G of tryptone, 5g of yeast extract and 19.45g of sodium chloride (the concentration of sodium chloride in the conventional LB medium is 5 g.L -1~10g·L-1) are weighed out, dissolved in 1000mL of distilled water, and the pH value is adjusted to 7.0. 100mL of the modified LB culture medium is taken and split into 250mL conical flasks, and the mixture is autoclaved at 121 ℃ for 20min for later use.
2. Enrichment and acclimatization of strains
And simultaneously adding the metolachlor and the MEA into the enrichment medium, and enabling the concentration of the metolachlor and the MEA to be 20 mg.L -1. Adding the diluted mucus obtained in the previous step into the enrichment medium added with the metolachlor and the MEA, carrying out enrichment culture at 30 ℃ and 150 r.min -1, taking the culture every 7 days, transferring the culture into a new enrichment medium at 5% transfer amount, and gradually increasing the concentration of the metolachlor and the MEA in the enrichment medium to 40 mg.L -1、60mg·L-1、80mg·L-1、100mg·L-1 every transfer. After each transfer, culturing for 24 hours, sampling, sending to a Shandong water product quality inspection center, detecting the residual quantity of metolachlor and MEA through gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and judging the degradation degree of metolachlor and MEA.
TABLE 1 degradation rates of metolachlor and MEA by cultures
As is clear from Table 1, after 4 consecutive domestications, the degradation rates of the 5 th-generation culture on high-concentration (100 mg. L -1) metolachlor and MEA reached 69.8% and 59.6%, respectively.
3. Isolation and purification of strains
1ML of the 5 th generation culture is taken for gradient dilution, 100 mu L of dilution liquid with the dilution multiple of 10 -3、10-4、10-5、10-6 is taken and respectively coated on a medicine-containing flat plate culture medium (respectively marked as a flat plate 1, a flat plate 2, a flat plate 3 and a flat plate 4), and the mixture is placed in a 30 ℃ constant temperature incubator for 7 days.
Compared with other plates, the colony on the plate 2 has more and moderate types and quantity, a plurality of single colonies with different forms and colors are picked from the plate 2, and are respectively and continuously streaked and cultured for 3 times to obtain purified strains, and dominant strains (the colony has larger diameter, regular forms and edges and smooth surface and is provided with bulges) are selected and marked as WH-2.
The metolachlor and MEA were added simultaneously to the modified LB medium and the concentrations of metolachlor and MEA were set to 100 mg.L -1, and the strain WH-2 was inoculated into the modified LB medium with metolachlor and MEA added as described above and cultured on a 150 r.min -1 shaker at 30℃for 24 hours, and then was maintained with 30% glycerol (-70℃for preservation) as a backup strain.
3. Colony morphology, cell shape and physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain WH-2
1. Colony morphology
Under aseptic conditions, strain WH-2 was inoculated into a non-medicated plate medium by a three-wire method, and after culturing for 48 hours, as shown in FIG. 1, it was observed that an opaque colony with smooth surface, convex morphology, circular shape and regular edges was formed, and the diameter was about 1.0mm.
2. Shape of the fungus body
Two loops of freshly cultured strain WH-2 were taken with an inoculating loop, added to 1mL of sterile water, and mixed well. And (3) covering the copper holes special for the two electron microscopes with the bacterial suspension for 3min, drying bacterial liquid by using filter paper, dyeing for 1.5min by using phosphotungstic acid, and drying the phosphotungstic acid by using the filter paper. The shape of the cells was observed under Hitachi H-7650 transmission electron microscope, and as shown in FIG. 2, strain WH-2 was in the form of a short rod without flagella.
3. Physiological and biochemical characteristics
By the identification of an API 20E bacteria identification system, the strain WH-2 can assimilate and utilize arginine, sodium citrate, urea and pyruvate, can oxidize glucose, melibiose and arabinose, cannot assimilate and utilize o-nitrobenzene-galactoside, sodium thiosulfate, kohn gelatin, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose and amygdalin, cannot hydrolyze lysine, ornithine and tryptophan and cannot produce indole.
4. Species identification of strain WH-2
Extracting genome DNA by adopting a proteinase K cleavage method, and taking 3 mu L for electrophoresis detection. The Marker is DL9000, the bands are 9000bp, 5000bp, 3000bp, 2000bp, 1000bp and 500bp in sequence from top to bottom, the loading amount is 3 mu L, the bright band is 30ng mu L -1, the rest bands are 10ng mu L -1, and P1, P2 and P3 are extraction reagent blank controls.
A16S rDNA fragment of strain WH-2 was amplified using 16S full-length amplification forward primer 8F (nucleotide sequence: 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and reverse primer 8R (nucleotide sequence: 5 '-TACGGYTACCTTGTTAYGACTT-3'), and the amplified product was detected by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and sent to the Feifen Standard technical service Co., ltd for sequencing.
The sequencing results were subjected to homology analysis using a BLAST search system and the 16S rDNA sequences of related species collected in the GenBank nucleic acid database, and a phylogenetic tree of the strain WH-2 was constructed using the MEGA 7.0 software using the neighbor-joining method, and the construction results are shown in FIG. 3.
By comparison, strain WH-2 was a Paenibacillus, clustered with Paenibacillus contaminans and forming independent internal branches, and therefore, strain WH-2 was designated Paenibacillus contaminans WH-2.
5. Growth conditions of strain WH-2 under different temperature, salinity and pH environments
1. Growth detection of strain WH-2 at different temperatures
Mu.L of WH-2 bacterial liquid cultured to an exponential phase is inoculated into a modified LB culture medium, and the culture is carried out on a 150 r.min -1 shaking table at 10 ℃, 15 ℃,20 ℃, 25 ℃,30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃ and 45 ℃ for 24 hours respectively, 3 parallel groups are arranged in each experiment, the OD 600 of the culture medium at the initial stage and the OD 600 at the 24 th stage of the experiment are measured by using an enzyme-labeling instrument, and the strain growth amount is expressed as a difference (delta OD 600) between the OD 600 of the culture medium at the 24 th stage and the OD 600 of the culture medium at the initial stage of the experiment.
The results of strain growth measurements of strain WH-2 at different temperatures are shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen from FIG. 4, the strain WH-2 can grow at 10 ℃ to 45 ℃ and the optimal growth temperature is 30 ℃.
2. Growth detection of strain WH-2 under different salinity
The amounts of sodium chloride added to the modified LB medium were adjusted to 0g, 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g, 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g and 100g (dissolved in 1000mL of distilled water), respectively, so that the salinity of the medium was 0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%, respectively, 500. Mu.L of WH-2 bacterial liquid cultured to the exponential phase was inoculated into the medium having different salinity, and the culture was carried out on a 150 r.min -1 shaker at 30℃for 24 hours, 3 replicates were set for each experiment, and the OD 600 of the medium at the initial stage and 24h of the experiment were measured by using an enzyme-labeled instrument, and the strain growth was expressed as the difference (. DELTA.OD 600) between the OD 600 of the medium at the 24h and the OD 600 of the medium at the initial stage of the experiment.
The results of the growth measurements of strain WH-2 at different salinity are shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the salinity range of the strain WH-2 is 0-10%, and the optimal salinity is 3% -4%.
3. Growth detection of strain WH-2 at different pH values
The pH values of the improved LB culture media were respectively adjusted to 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, 500 mu L of WH-2 bacterial liquid cultured to an exponential phase was inoculated into the culture media with different pH values, and the culture media were cultured on a 150 r.min -1 shaking table at 30 ℃ for 24 hours, 3 parallel groups were set for each experiment, OD 600 of the culture media at the initial stage and 24 hours were measured by using an enzyme-labeling instrument, and the strain growth amount was expressed as the difference (DeltaOD 600) between OD 600 of the culture media at the 24 hours and OD 600 of the culture media at the initial stage.
The results of the growth measurements of strain WH-2 at different pH values are shown in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, the pH value of the strain WH-2 is 3-10, and the optimal growth pH value is 7-8.
In summary, the strain WH-2 can grow in the conditions of 3-10 of the C, pH value of 10-45 degrees and 0-10% of sodium chloride concentration (w/v), the optimal growth temperature is 30 ℃, the optimal growth pH value is 7-8, the optimal salinity is 3-4%, and the strain WH-2 has the characteristics of wide temperature range, strong salt and acid and alkali resistance and the like, and is suitable for being used in different sea environments.
6. Degradation effect of strain WH-2 on metolachlor and MEA in marine environment
The improved LB culture medium is optimized and regulated according to the optimal salinity (3% -4%) of the strain WH-2, specifically, the dosage of sodium chloride is further increased from 19.45g to 30g, namely, 10g of tryptone, 5g of yeast extract and 30g of sodium chloride are weighed and dissolved in 1000mL of distilled water, and the pH value is regulated to 7.0, so that the high-salt LB culture medium is obtained. And (3) subpackaging 100mL of high-salt LB culture medium into 250mL conical flasks, and autoclaving at 121 ℃ for 20min for later use.
1. Degradation rate of the strain WH-2 on metolachlor and MEA under different inoculation amounts
(1) Degradation rate of strain WH-2 on metolachlor under different inoculation amounts
Adding metolachlor into a sterilized high-salt LB culture medium, enabling the concentration of the metolachlor to be 50 mg.L -1, inoculating a strain WH-2 into the high-salt LB culture medium added with the metolachlor according to 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of inoculum size, culturing the mixture for 24 hours on a 150 r.min -1 shaking table at 30 ℃, sampling the mixture for 24 hours, and sending the sample to a Shandong water quality inspection center to detect the residual quantity of the metolachlor through gas chromatography mass spectrometry, so as to judge the degradation degree of the metolachlor.
(2) Degradation rate of MEA by strain WH-2 at different inoculum sizes
MEA was added to the sterilized high-salt LB medium and the MEA concentration was set to 50 mg.L -1, and the strain WH-2 was inoculated to the above-mentioned high-salt LB medium supplemented with MEA in an inoculum size of 0, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 3 in each group, and incubated at 30℃for 24 hours on a 150 r.min -1 shaker, and the 24 th sample was sent to the Shandong provincial aquatic products quality inspection center to detect the residual amount of MEA by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, to judge the degradation degree of MEA.
The results of the biodegradation rate statistics of the strain WH-2 on metolachlor and MEA under different inoculation amounts are shown in FIG. 7. As can be seen from FIG. 7, the degradation efficiency of both metolachlor and MEA was significantly improved with the increase of the inoculation amount of the strain WH-2, and the degradation efficiency was balanced when the inoculation amount exceeded 5%, so that the optimal inoculation amount of the strain WH-2 was 5%.
2. Culture of strain WH-2
The strain WH-2 is inoculated into a high-salt LB culture medium and cultured for 24 hours at 30 ℃ on a 150 r.min -1 shaking table to obtain a fermentation broth.
3. Preparation of contaminated seawater samples and marine sediment samples
And simultaneously adding the metolachlor and the MEA into the seawater to ensure that the concentration of the metolachlor and the MEA is 50 mg.L -1, thereby obtaining a polluted seawater sample.
The method comprises the steps of simultaneously adding metolachlor and MEA to ocean sediment, and enabling the concentration of the metolachlor and the MEA to be 50 mg.kg -1, so that a polluted ocean sediment sample is obtained.
4. Treatment of contaminated samples with strain WH-2
The fermentation broth of strain WH-2 was added to the contaminated seawater sample and the contaminated marine sediment sample, respectively, at an inoculum size of 5% (v/v), and left to stand at 30℃for 7 days.
During the standing treatment, the concentrations of metolachlor and MEA were sampled every 24 hours, and the biodegradation rate and degradation half-life of metolachlor and MEA were calculated.
5. Results
The statistical results of the biodegradation rates of metolachlor and MEA in the contaminated seawater samples are shown in FIG. 8. As can be seen from FIG. 8, after the polluted seawater sample is treated by the strain WH-2 for 7 days, the biodegradation rate of metolachlor is 91.6%, the degradation half-life is 2.52 days, the biodegradation rate of MEA is 78.9%, and the degradation half-life is 3.56 days.
The statistics of the biodegradation rate of metolachlor and MEA in the contaminated marine sediment samples are shown in fig. 9. As can be seen from FIG. 9, after the contaminated marine sediment sample was treated with the strain WH-2 for 7 days, the biodegradation rate of metolachlor was 87.3%, the degradation half-life was 2.93 days, the biodegradation rate of MEA was 73.5%, and the degradation half-life was 4.39 days.
The results show that the strain WH-2 has high-efficiency bioremediation effect on marine environments (including seawater and marine sediments) polluted by metolachlor and MEA.
7. Safety of strain WH-2 on marine animals and marine microalgae
The strain WH-2 is inoculated into a high-salt LB culture medium, and is subjected to shaking culture at 30 ℃ and 150 r.min -1 to reach an exponential phase, and is centrifuged at 5000 r.min -1 for 5min, and thalli are collected into a sterile PBS buffer solution for later use.
1. Safety of strain WH-2 on sea fish
The juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is from a Shandong smoke table, is temporarily raised in natural seawater (water temperature 25+/-0.5 ℃) for 7 days, is fed for 2 times per day and changed for 2 times per day, is continuously inflated, is used for timely cleaning feces, picking out dead and unhealthy individuals, and is stopped feeding 1 day before an experiment, and the juvenile turbot is selected as an experimental object, is divided into an experimental group and a control group, wherein 3 juvenile turbots are arranged in parallel, and 10 juvenile turbots are arranged in parallel.
The strain WH-2 is added into the water body of the experimental group to a final concentration of 10 7CFU·mL-1, the sterile PBS buffer solution with the same dosage is added into the water body of the control group, 1 time of feeding and 1 time of changing water every 24 hours during the experiment, 2/3 time of changing water each time, continuous aeration, timely cleaning of excrement and continuous observation are carried out for 7 days.
The observation result shows that all the young fishes are healthy and active and have no death.
2. Safety of strain WH-2 on ocean copepods
Both the Chinese salt-water fleas (Halicyclops SINENSIS KIEFER) and the Pacific spindle fleas (ACARTIA PACIFICA) were harvested from the yellow river delta offshore area. Natural seawater is filtered by a 0.45 mu m mixed cellulose filter membrane and then used, the water temperature is 20+/-0.5 ℃, and the light-dark ratio is L:D=12 h:12 h. After 3 days of domestication culture, 300 healthy and active adults are selected for experiments, an experiment group and a control group are arranged, each group is provided with 3 parallels, and 50 parallels are all filled in a 250mL conical flask.
Strain WH-2 is added into the water body of the experimental group to a final concentration of 10 7CFU·mL-1, the same dose of sterile PBS buffer solution is added into the water body of the control group, rhodotorula marina is fed for 1 time every 24 hours during the experiment period, and the water body is subjected to micro-aeration and continuous observation for 3 days.
As a result, each group of daphnia survived normally without death.
3. Safety of strain WH-2 on marine microalgae
The Chlorella (Nitzschia closterium f. Minissima) is provided by the sea resource and environmental institute algae room in Shandong province. The natural seawater and the f/2 culture solution are sterilized and then used for culturing the Nicotiana microcephala, the water temperature is 25+/-0.5 ℃, the illumination intensity is 3000lx, and the light-dark ratio is L:D=12 h:12 h. Pre-culturing for 3 generations, and performing experiments after microscopic examination of normal cells and entering a logarithmic growth phase. An experimental group and a control group are arranged, each group is provided with 3 parallels, and 100mL of logarithmic growth phase algae liquid is taken from each parallels and filled into a 250mL conical flask.
Strain WH-2 was added to the experimental group water to a final concentration of 10 7CFU·mL-1, the same dose of sterile PBS buffer was added to the control group water, and the continuous observation was performed for 3 days, and the number of algal cells was counted under a microscope using a hemocytometer.
The statistical result shows that the number of the algae cells in each group has no obvious difference.
The results show that the strain WH-2 is relatively safe for marine fish, marine copepods and marine microalgae at a concentration of 10 7CFU·mL-1 and below.
8. Preservation of bacterial species
Paenibacillus WH-2, latin name Paenibacillus contaminans WH-2, is sent to China general microbiological culture Collection center (CGMCC) for preservation, the preservation date is 2024 and 04 month 10, the preservation number is CGMCC No.30299, and the preservation unit address is Beijing, china.
It should be noted that the above examples are only examples for clearly illustrating the present invention, and are not limiting to the embodiments of the present invention. Other variations or modifications of the above teachings will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Not all embodiments are exhaustive. Obvious changes and modifications which are extended by the technical proposal of the invention are still within the protection scope of the invention.