CN1236700A - 发泡热塑性聚合物和木纤维型材和构件 - Google Patents
发泡热塑性聚合物和木纤维型材和构件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1236700A CN1236700A CN99100988A CN99100988A CN1236700A CN 1236700 A CN1236700 A CN 1236700A CN 99100988 A CN99100988 A CN 99100988A CN 99100988 A CN99100988 A CN 99100988A CN 1236700 A CN1236700 A CN 1236700A
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Abstract
一种包含外贴面层和含发泡热塑性材料的内层的优质复合材料型材结构部件可用于住宅和商用结构的门窗单元的组件中。这种型材结构部件优选可用于窗或门组件中。采用该型材构件能简化门、窗单元的建造,这种型材构件还易于安装在框架构件的粗开口中,并易于修饰,便于调整适当位置。该型材在结构上是坚固的,是热稳定的、有抗缩性,能嵌入紧固件并永久地将其保留着,几乎不会或完全不会损坏结构单元。该型材结构部件具有的强度足可以由两个或两个以上发泡型材构件或其它常规构件制成结构上坚固的门窗单元。
Description
本发明涉及制造安装在住宅及商用建筑中作为建筑组合件的结构构件或装饰件以及门窗单元的材料。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种具有优良性能、能直接替代木材和金属材料用于门窗、结构件或建筑领域的改进的型材或结构构件。本发明的结构构件可包括净规格木材替代品,具有复杂功能形状的结构部件如木门的横档、竖框、窗框、窗台、滑轨、档板和窗框以及各种各样的装饰件。此外,本发明还涉及用于制造商用和住宅建筑的门窗单元的结构部件。
该结构部件是由挤塑、复合的聚合物泡沫材料制造的。本发明的结构部件在建筑用组合件中能形成高强度连接。这种材料可利用常规紧固件和技术方便地进行安装、调整、填隙和修饰。这种部件具有好的耐热性能和机械性能,因而具有耐用性而且还易于制造和安装。
一般的工业、商用和住宅建筑通常涉及在常用单元组合件中采用结构部件和非结构部件。这种部件常由混凝土、石材、木材、玻璃或金属制造。这些材料是众所周知的,并且在建筑上的适用范围也是很熟悉的。
木材已用来加工成为各种形状的结构部件如净规格木料、装饰件、柱和梁,并已用来形成能与玻璃组装成门和窗单元的结构部件。木材、净规格木料、装饰件、柱、梁及包含木料的组合单元显然是有实用性的,并能很好地适用于许多住宅或商用设施中的多种用途。然而,在某些情况下,在这些用途中使用木材可能会产生一些问题。由于受真菌和昆虫的侵袭,木材会发生腐朽。此外,采用木材构件还会面临与用于建筑上木材的可获得性有关的价格问题,而且,木质构件还需要包括油漆或着色的大量维修费用。
金属(通常为铝或钢材)部件也是工业、商用和住宅建筑中常用的部件。金属部件会发生锈蚀或腐蚀问题,因而各自需要专门的施工技术和专门维护规范。乙烯基聚合材料也已经用于制造结构构件和窗及门组合件的型材。这类乙烯基聚合物材料通常包含作为主体材料的乙烯基聚合物和各种添加材料。已能将填充的和未填充的(以添加材料如纤维、无机物、染料等充填的)刚性的和柔性的热塑性材料挤塑或注塑成各种结构材料和密封材料。许多年来,Andersen Corporation已经将热塑性聚氯乙烯与木质构件复合制成了PERMASHIELD商标窗扇。这种聚氯乙烯贴面技术已公开在Zaninni的美国专利2926729和3432885中。这些在专利中公开的技术涉及通过挤塑或注塑沿木质结构件周围松散地形成一薄的聚氯乙烯贴面层或包封层。
聚氯乙烯热塑性材料也可与木产品结合用以制造挤塑材料。经初步的努力,制成了能直接挤塑形成模量一般为约500000或较低的构件。但这类构件没有足够的抗压强度,合适的热膨胀系数、弹性系数、足够的紧固件保持性或缺乏许多建筑用途所需的其它适用性能。
最近,已转让给Andersen Corporation的美国专利5486553、5539027、5406768、5497594、5441801和5518677公开了采用热塑性塑料(如聚氯乙烯)和木纤维,按FIBREX商标材料制造技术制成了高强度复合材料。这种复合材料适用于制造结构构件如可用于窗和门制造的中空型材。这些材料具有高弹性模量(800000磅/英寸2或更高)并且易于制造、组装和安装。这些具有极高强度的材料已很成功地用于窗和门的制造。
PERMASHIELD商标制造技术和FIBREX商标材料制造技术都具有显著的实用性并在许多应用领域中获得了很大的成功。热塑性聚合物技术的应用可进一步扩展到其它需要获得具有高性能材料的领域中。
我们已经发现,优质结构发泡材料可用来替代石材、木材、玻璃和金属制造构件。该构件是由一种热塑性聚合物与一种木纤维混合的发泡复合物构成的热塑性泡沫体。木纤维可以由软木或常绿树木制得,或由通常称为阔叶落叶性树木的硬木制得。一般说来,由于由软木制成的纤维较长,其中木素含量高且半纤维素含量较硬木低,因此对于木纤维制造来说,软木是优选的。其它的纤维来源包括竹子、稻草、甘蔗以及来自新闻纸、纸盒、计算机打印纸等的回收纤维在内的众多二次或纤维回收源。本发明的一种优选的木纤维来源是木纤维产品或是软木经锯或磨木加工的木纤维产物或副产品。一种优质的纤维可经磨木而制成,通称为锯末或磨渣的碾磨副产品也是可采用的。
各种热塑性聚合物或树脂都可用于本发明的发泡复合材料。对于本应用目的来说,适用的树脂是包括可含有或不合辅助的填料或增强材料(除木纤维外)的,具有适用于制造结构部件、机械零件及化学加工设备零件所需的机械性能、化学性能及热性能的普通热塑性塑料。我们已经发现,适用于本发明的树脂包括缩聚物材料和乙烯基聚合材料。发泡材料能改善结构件的热性能和物理性能。各种乙烯基聚合材料可用于本发明的复合材料中。适用的乙烯基聚合物是经均聚合、共聚合或三元共聚合方法制成的聚合物。缩聚物树脂也可用于本发明的复合材料中。
有关发泡复合材料性能的改进包括提高了抗收缩性,改善了COTE、抗压强度及紧固件保持性。这类材料所表现的性能使其能成为工业用、商业用及家庭用建筑中理想的结构构件。该材料具有符合要求的热性能,其中包括最小的热膨胀系数,最低的收缩性以及最低的热畸变。而且这种材料是容易制得、装配成适用的结构并易于安装的。对本专利应用来说,名词“挤塑用料”是指经挤塑机加工后形成泡沫热塑性塑料木纤维复合材料的物质。该挤塑用料可包括一种分散有木纤维的粉状、片状或粒状热塑性离散有木纤维的材料与一种单独的发泡剂的混合物,而最后挤塑用料是通过混合物中每一成分混合在一起而形成的。或者,挤塑用料可包含一种包括热塑性材料、木纤维和预配的发泡剂的预成形粒料并预挤塑成粒料的组合物。或者,挤塑用料可以包括一种混有发泡剂的热塑性材料木纤维粒料的干燥混合物。或者,挤塑用料可以包括由热塑性材料与溶于或分散于热塑性塑料中的发泡剂相混合,然后再与单独的木纤维相共混的粒料。换言之,该挤塑用料可以包括热塑性塑料、木纤维或发泡剂的、以任何一种适用的方式形成的可挤塑用料。
附图的简要说明
图1是本说明书中讨论的用于物理性能试验的一种典型的窗台档板的立体正视图。
图2是本说明书中讨论的用于物理性能试验的一种典型的窗台档板的正视图。
图3是本说明书中讨论的用于物理性能试验的一种典型的软帘盒等比例端视图。图1-3中的结构是常用的门窗单元部件。
木纤维
用于本发明的木纤维的主要来源包括木纤维产品或木质材料(优选为软木)经粉碎、锯或碾磨后的副产品。优质的木纤维可经碾磨木料而制成,通常称为锯末的碾磨副产品或碾磨尾渣也可采用。这种木纤维具有整齐的可重现的形状及长径比。以随机抽样约100根纤维来说,纤维长度通常为至少0.05毫米,优选为0.1毫米,粗度为约0.02-1毫米,长径比通常为至少1.5。优选的纤维长度为0.1-5毫米而长径比为2与7之间,优选为2.5-6。用于本发明的优选纤维是来自通常制造门窗过程产生的纤维。通常,木质构件是沿垂直木纤维方向将木料劈成或锯成具有适当长度和宽而制成的。这种锯木操作会产生大量的副产品即锯末。为了要使形状规则的木料成为适用的已加过工的形状,通常是使木材通过一种能选择性地刨削木料而成为适用的形状的机械。这种刨削操作会产生大量的锯末或刨削尾渣副产品。最后,当已成形的材料切割成一定规格和在预成形的木质构件内开出斜榫接头,平接头,搭接头,公母榫接头时,会产生大量修整下来的废边角料。这类较大的边角料通常经机械粉碎而使其转变为具有近似锯末或刨削尾渣大小的木纤维。用于本发明的木纤维源无论颗粒大小都可共混在一起而用于制造该复合材料。该木纤维可以预筛分至优选的大小或在共混合后筛分。此外,该纤维在用于复合材料制造前可预先造粒。
这种锯末材料中可包含相当比例的与其相容的副产物废料。这类副产物包括废聚氯乙烯或其它已在木质构件上用作涂料、贴面或包封料的热塑性或聚合物材料;回收的由热塑性材料或复合材料制的结构构件;涂层中的聚合物材料;热熔粘合剂,溶剂基粘合剂,粉末状粘合剂等形式的粘合剂成分;包括水基漆,醇酸漆,环氧漆等的油漆;防腐剂,防霉剂,抗菌剂,杀虫剂等以及其它常见的制造木门、窗过程产生的废料。木纤维材料中废料总含量通常低于掺入复合材料中木纤维总量的25(重量)%。全部再利用废料中热塑性材料约占10(重量)%。通常,预期再利用废料量为锯末重量的约1-约25(重量)%,优选为2-20(重量)%,最一般为约3-约15(重量)%。
水分控制是制造复合的线形挤出物或粒料的一个重要要素。水分会影响或改变复合物及发泡产品的恒定性。根据所用的设备和加工条件,控制材料中水含量对于形成密度基本上无显著变化的、基本上没有内部孔隙或表面缺陷的合格的结构件可能是很重要的。当加热形成粒料或使线形挤出体发泡时,锯末中所含水分会从新挤出的结构构件表面突然气化,并且由于水分的迅速蒸发,在挤出的构件内部形成的深层蒸汽泡会从内部通过热的热塑性挤出体而留下明显的缺陷。与此相类似,表面的水分也会形成气泡而在挤出的构件中留下裂缝,气泡或其它表面缺陷。此外,应避免采用湿敏性工程树脂。水能与某些缩聚物反应而导致聚合物的熔体指数(MI)(MI按照ASTM1238测定)增加和分子量(Mn或Mw)降低。
根据砍伐树木时的相对湿度和季节,其含水量可为30-300(重量)%(以纤维含量计)。在粗锯切和加工成净规格材后,风干的木材的含水量为20-30(重量)%(以纤维含量计)。窑内烘干的切成一定长度的净规格材的含水量典型的为8-12%,一般为8-10(重量)%(以纤维计)。某些木材如杨树或山杨可能有较高的水分,而某些硬木可能含水量较低。
由于木材纤维源中含水量的不同和挤出体对含水量的敏感性,将粒料中含水量控制在8(重量)%以下(以粒料重量计)是重要的。对于按非排气式挤出工艺挤出的结构构件来说,粒料应尽可能干燥,其含水量应在0.01-5%之间,优选低于1.5(重量)%。当采用排气式设备制造挤出线形结构构件时,如果在排气式挤出设备的挤出头中最后成形结构构件前能干燥该热塑性材料的话,则含水量低于8(重量)%也是可允许的。
热塑性聚合物、均聚物、共聚物及聚合物合金
各种各样的热塑性聚合物或树脂都可用于本发明的发泡复合材料。对于本应用目的来说,适用的树脂是包括含有或不含填料或增强材料的、具有适用作结构部件、机械零件及化学加工设备组件所需的机械性能,化学性能和热性能的普通热塑性材料。我们已经发现,适用于本发明的树脂包括缩聚物材料和乙烯基聚合材料。乙烯基聚合物和缩聚物树脂以及它们的合金包括诸如丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)、聚乙酰基树脂、聚丙烯酸树指、碳氟树脂、尼龙、苯氧基树脂、聚丁烯树脂、聚芳醚如聚苯醚,聚苯基硫醚材料、聚碳酸酯材料、氯化聚氧树脂、聚醚砜树脂、聚苯醚树脂、聚砜树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、热塑性聚氨酯弹性体以及许多其它树脂材料。乙烯基聚合物一般通过含烯属不饱和烯烃基团的单体的聚合作用制得的。缩聚物树脂一般通过缩聚合反应制得,缩聚合反应通常被认为是一种两个或两个以上分子结合的逐步化学反应,在反应过程中常常(但未必)伴有水或某些其它简单的挥发性物质的分离。如果形成聚合物,则该反应过程称为缩聚合反应。
乙烯基聚合物
各种各样可在复合材料中使用的乙烯基聚合材料都可用于本发明的复合材料中。适用的乙烯基聚合物是通过均聚合方法、共聚合方法或三元共聚合方法制造的聚合物。均聚物包括聚烯烃(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚-1-丁烯等)、聚氯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。也可采用α-烯烃与第二种单体的共聚物,如乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-己烯共聚物、乙烯-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、乙烯-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物等。虽然苯乙烯的均聚物不是优选的,但苯乙烯与第二种乙烯基单体聚合而成的共聚物材料是可采用的。
然而,一类优选的热塑性材料包括苯乙烯共聚物。名词苯乙烯共聚物是指苯乙烯与第二种乙烯基单体共聚合而产生的乙烯基聚合物。这类材料含至少5(摩尔)%苯乙烯,其余是一种或多种其它乙烯基单体。这些材料中重要的一类是苯乙烯丙烯腈(SAN)聚合物。SAN聚合物是通过苯乙烯与丙烯腈及任选其它单体的共聚合而产生的无定形的无规线形共聚物。已经利用乳液聚合、悬浮聚合和连续本体聚合技术对SAN进行了共聚合。SAN共聚物具有透明性、优良的热性能、好的耐化学品性及硬度。这些聚合物的特征也在于其刚度、尺寸稳定性及载荷能力。烯烃改性的SAN(OSA聚合材料)和丙烯酸苯乙烯丙烯腈(ASA聚合材料)都是大家知道的。这些材料较未改性的SAN稍软,但有韧性的、不透明的,是已经具有出乎意料地高的耐候性的两相三元共聚物。
ASA树脂是经本体共聚合作用或经接枝共聚合作用制成的无定形的无规三元共聚物。在本体共聚合作用中,丙烯酸单体、苯乙烯与丙烯腈结合形成杂三元聚合物。根据另外一种制备技术,可将苯乙烯丙烯腈低聚物与单体接枝到丙烯酸弹性体骨架上。这类材料的特征为具有优良调节的色泽稳定性,性能保持性以及在室外曝置下的性能稳定性的户外耐天候及耐紫外产品。这些材料也能与其它包括聚氯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在内的各种聚合物共混或形成合金。一类重要的苯乙烯共聚物包含丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯单体。这些树脂是由三种单体共聚制得的、用途广泛的一类热塑性工程塑料。每种单体都赋予最终的三元共聚物材料一种重要性能。该最终聚合物材料具有优良的与加工性、刚度及强度相联系的耐热性、耐化学品性和表面硬度。该聚合物也是坚韧的和耐冲击性的。苯乙烯共聚物类树脂的熔体指数范围为约0.5-25,优选为约0.5-20。
能用于本发明复合材料中的一类重要的工程树脂包括丙烯酸树脂。丙烯酸树脂包括主要单体成分为丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯的范围很宽的一系列聚合物和共聚物。这些树脂常以硬的、透明片状或粒状形态提供。丙烯酸单体通常是通过过氧化物、偶氮化合物或辐射能引发的自由基聚合过程而聚合的。在商品聚合物配方中常添加有各种添加剂,添加剂作为改性剂在聚合过程可赋予聚合物某些特定的使用性能。树脂级用途的粒料一般或是大批制造(连续溶液聚合),然后经挤出和切粒,或是在挤塑机中连续地聚合,聚合过程中未转化的单体在减压下除去并回收供循环利用。丙烯酸塑料通常是用丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸高级烷基酯及其它可共聚的乙烯基单体制造的。用于本发明复合材料中优选的丙烯酸树脂材料的熔体指数为约0.5-50,优选为约1-30克/10分钟。聚合物共混物或聚合物合金也可用于制造本发明的粒料或线型挤出体。这类合金通常包括两种可溶混的聚合物共混成的一种均匀组合物。聚合物共混物领域的科学进步和工业发展已经不需开发新的聚合物材料,而只需通过形成可溶混的聚合物共混物或合金来实现重要的物理性能的改进。处于平衡态的聚合物合金包含以两种大分子成分的链段均匀混合的单相状态存在的两种无定形聚合物的混合物。可溶混的无定形聚合物一旦充分冷却就成为玻璃状态,均匀的或互溶混聚合物的共混物只有一单个依赖于组成的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。不溶混的或非合金的聚合物共混物通常呈现出与不溶混的聚合物相有关的两个或两个以上玻璃化转变温度。以最简单情况而言,聚合物合金的性能反映了组合物中各成分所拥有的权重平均性能。然而,一般来说,该性能是随组合物中各成分的具体性能,各成分的形态(玻璃态,橡胶态或半结晶态),共混物的热力学状态以及其力学状态(无论分子和相态是否取向)而以复杂方式变化的。对热塑性工程树脂材料的主要要求是树脂要有足够的热塑性能以能与木纤维进行熔体共混,成形为线形挤出体粒料,并使该复合材料或粒料可用热塑加工方法进行挤塑或注塑成刚性结构构件。工程树脂及树脂合金可从包括B.F.Goodrich,G.E.,Dow,及Dupont公司在内的许多制造商购得。
缩聚物树脂
能用于本发明复合材料中的缩聚物树脂包括聚酰胺,聚酰胺-酰亚胺聚合物,聚芳基砜,聚碳酸酯,聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯,聚醚酰亚胺,聚醚砜,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,热塑性聚酰亚胺,聚亚苯基醚共混物,聚苯硫,聚砜,热塑性聚氨酯等。优选的缩聚工程树脂包括聚碳酸酯材料,聚苯氧材料以及包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯以及聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯材料在内的聚酯材料。
聚碳酸酯工程树脂是具有高冲击强度、尺寸稳定性、透明性、耐热性的高性能、无定形热塑性工程树脂。聚碳酸酯通常归为一种聚酯或带有机羟基化合物的碳酸。最普通的聚碳酸酯是由双酚A(作为羟基化合物)与碳酸共聚合而成的。这种材料常常是由双酚A与光气(COCl2)反应而制成的。为了提高诸如耐热等性能,可在制造聚碳酸酯时将苯二甲酸酯单体导入聚合挤塑机中。而且,也可采用三官能材料来提高熔体强度或者形成挤坯吹塑材料。聚碳酸酯可常作为一种与其它商品聚合物一起制造合金的成分,而可用作多用途共混物料。聚碳酸酯能与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂、苯乙烯马来酸酐树脂等相混合。优选的合金包含苯乙烯共聚物与聚碳酸酯。聚碳酸酯材料的优选熔体指数应在0.5与7克/10分钟之间,优选为1与5克/10分钟之间。
包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯等的各种聚酯缩聚物材料都可用于本发明的工程树脂木纤维热塑性复合材料中。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯与聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯是高性能缩聚物材料。这类聚合物常通过二元醇(乙二醇,1,4-丁二醇)与对苯二甲酸二甲酯或2,6-二羧基萘之间的共聚合作用制成的。在该聚合过程中,聚合混合物经加热至高温而发生释放甲醇的酯交换反应并形成工程塑料。同样,聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯与聚萘二甲酸丁二醇酯材料可通过如上所采用的酸源、萘二羧酸的共聚合作用制成。萘二甲酸酯热塑性材料较对苯二甲酸酯材料有更高的Tg和更高的高温稳定性。然而,所有这些聚酯材料都可用在本发明复合结构材料中。这类材料具有优选的以熔体流动性能为特征的分子量。适用的聚酯材料的粘度,在265℃下为约500-2000厘泊(cp),优选约800-1300厘泊。
聚苯氧材料是可用在高达330℃温度范围的热塑性工程塑料。聚苯氧具有优良的机械性能,尺寸稳定性及介电特性。通常,聚苯氧是以与其它聚合物或纤维结合时作为聚合物合金或共混物的形态制备和销售的。聚苯氧通常包括2,6-二甲基-1-酚的均聚物。该聚合物通常称为聚(氧-(2,6-二甲基-1,4-亚苯基))。聚亚苯基常用作与聚酰胺(一般为尼龙6-6)形成合金或共混物,与聚苯乙烯或高抗冲击聚苯乙烯等形成合金。用于本发明的聚苯氧材料的优选熔体指数通常为约1-20,优选为约5-10克/10分钟。265℃的熔体粘度约1000厘泊。
发泡
发泡热塑性塑料一般是通过将气相分散在整个液态聚合物相中或使气相在聚合物中膨胀而制成的,产生的泡沫体包含一种聚合物成分和一种包括在闭孔或开孔结构中的气体成分。制得的发泡状态的保持性对维持所希望的结构性能是很重要的。最普通的发泡方法涉及使待发泡的热塑性材料膨胀。该膨胀过程一般包括三个步骤:首先,在流体或塑料相中产生少量不连续体或泡孔,接着,这些不连续体增长至产生泡孔结构所要求的体积,然后,该泡孔结构通过物理(冷却)或化学(交联)方法得以稳定而形成发泡或微孔聚合物结构。
实际上所有热塑性泡沫体是以惰性气体发泡剂或以化学发泡剂分解的方法发泡的。惰性气体发泡剂通常是利用惰性气体如氮气或二氧化碳,含3-5个碳原子的烃,氯化烃及含氯氟烃如CFC-11、CFC-12、CFC-113、CFC-114进行发泡的。化学发泡剂是通过在高温条件下分解产生惰性气体发泡的。物理发泡剂是通过溶解或分散在塑料或熔融聚合物液相中的发泡剂,在压力降低时突然气化成能使聚合物产生微孔结构的气态而实现发泡的。就本发明的应用来说,优选的发泡剂是通用的重氮发泡剂,这类发泡剂分解时产生的氮气是一种能使整个聚合物/木纤维复合材料产生微孔结构的有效惰性发泡剂。更具体地说,能用于本发明方法中的发泡剂包括化学发泡剂如有机或无机碳酸氢盐或草酸盐、偶氮-化学品、酰肼(hydrozides)、及硝酸胺。在较低压力区能气化而产生气体的低沸点液体包括二氧化碳、脂族烃如丙烷、丁烷、戊烷及它们的异构体。氯代烃和氟代烃如二氯甲烷、二氯二氟甲烷及一氯三氟甲烷都是适用的。发泡剂通常以众所周知的方法与热塑性材料相混合。一般,化学发泡剂是在共混材料导入挤塑机入口前与热塑性粒料或粉料相混合的。物理发泡剂可按计量导入挤塑机中,于发泡前在低压段与熔融聚合物完全混合。这种发泡过程对本技术领域普通技术熟练人员来说是一种众所周知的方法。为了保证在恰当的时间和位置产生发泡并且不浪费发泡剂,必须小心控制发泡剂的加入量和挤塑温度。
实施例
发泡PVC-木纤维复合材料配方
所有泡沫PVC木纤维复合材料的试验都是采用按如下方法制造的材料来完成的:
*以每小时75磅的供料速率供入标准PVC木纤维复合粒料(见美国专利5486553、5539027、5406768、5497594、5441801和5518677中关于粒料的资料)。
*以每分钟约13.5克的速率同时供入Reedy International AP-40(产生氮(N2)气的叠氮化合物)发泡剂(1.786磅/小时,2.38%)。
*以每分钟约36.1克的速率同时供入Rohm&Haas Paraloid K-415丙烯酸改性剂(4.776磅/小时,6.37%)。
挤塑机操作条件
制造发泡PVC/木纤维复合材料所用材料和挤塑机操作条件列于下表中:
| 基材种类,密度 | 标准PVC木纤维粒料60%PVC,40%木纤维密度=0.6915 |
| 挤塑机段 | 温度℃ |
| 机筒1段 | 175.0 |
| 机筒2段 | 175.0 |
| 机筒3段 | 185.0 |
| 机筒4段 | 185.0 |
| 模头1段 | 185.0 |
| 模头2段 | 185.0 |
| 模头3段 | 185.0 |
| 螺杆润滑油 | 185.0 |
| 模头熔体温度 | 199.0 |
| 螺杆料穴 | 250.0 |
| 其它条件 | |
| 螺杆转速RPM | 10.10 |
| AMPS | 60.00 |
| 机头压力 | 2840psi |
| 排气口真空度 | 10.00psi |
| 供料方法 | SCHENCK |
| 供料速率(磅/小时) | 75.00 |
| 引出机料室 | 395.0 |
| 引出机转速RPM | 6.600 |
| 生产率(英寸/分钟) | 48.50 |
| (克/英尺) | 156.0 |
| (磅/小时) | 83.00 |
| 定径套块真空度 | 6.000psi |
| 第一槽真空度 | 1.000psi |
| 冷却水温度(°F) | 45.00psi |
| 共挤塑用途 | CAPPING贴面层 |
| 共挤塑1段温度 | 180.0℃ |
| 共挤塑2段温度 | 180.0℃ |
| 共挤塑3段温度 | 180.0℃ |
| 共挤塑4段温度 | 180.0℃ |
| 共挤塑模头接套温度 | 180.0℃ |
| 螺杆转速RPM | 7.100 |
| 螺杆AMPS | 8.600 |
| 共挤塑机头压力 | 7940psi |
发泡复合材料其它试验结果:实验
无贴面层
密度(g/cc) 细颗粒(50目) 标准 平刨片
60/401 80.87 0.82 0.84
70/30 未测出 0.77 未测出 **标准粒状复合材料=1.4g/cc
80/20 0.71 0.71 0.74 松木=0.4g/cc
热膨胀系数 细颗粒(50目) 标准 平刨片
(×10-5in/in°F)
60/40 1.74
70/30 **PVC=4.0×10-5in/in°F
80/20 2.57 2.81 标准粒料复合材料=1.2
挠曲模量(psi) 细颗粒(50目) 标准 平刨片
60/40 333,115 未测出 293,775
70/30 未测出 227,643 未测出 **PVC=410,000psi
80/20 147,663 132,611 170,608 标准粒料复合材料=1,000,000psi
钉子钉入(磅) 细颗粒(50目) 标准 平刨片
60/40 129 未测出 149 **钉弯前未透入标准粒状复合材
料
70/30 未测出 118 未测出
80/20 84 77 129 橡树:弯曲前稍穿透
1PVC与木纤维的重量比
线性热膨胀系数
对各种聚合物进行线性热膨胀系数试验(ASTM No.D696-91ε1)。将每种聚合物挤塑成供试验的软帘盒,试验结果汇集于下表中:
| 汇总表 | |
| 试样类别 | 热膨胀系数(C.O.E) |
| GEON87020(标准微孔PVC;无纤维) | 3.30×10-5 |
| 70%PVC-30%木纤维 | 2.18×10-5 |
| 80%PVC-20%木纤维 | 2.81×10-5 |
| 60%PVC-40%木纤维(50目) | 1.83×10-5 |
| 60%PVC-40%木纤维(平刨片) | 1.86×10-5 |
| 80%PVC-20%木纤维(50目) | 2.57×10-5 |
| 80%PVC-20%木纤维(平刨片) | 2.63×10-5 |
| PVC(GEON)配方 | 3.15×10-5 |
| PVC-木纤维复合材料配方(未发泡) | 1.74×10-5 |
发泡木纤维复合材料的热稳定性较未发泡PVC木纤维复合材料更好,也较PVC更好。而且,发泡材料的热膨胀系数较这些材料为低。低热膨胀系数的优点是能使窗扇与窗口相配合并使窗户更能适应气候的变化。
平板弯曲试验
采用16英寸跨距试样,通过INSTRON试验机按三点负载方式进行平板弯曲试验,以测得的力/位移数据组确定各种聚合物的横向强度。该试验是在横截面尺寸为0.688×2.078英寸,长度为16英寸的试样上进行的。将标准力施加于试样的中点并增加到试样位移达0.25英寸为止。记录每一试验所用的力和算得的杨氏模量。下表列出了每种预定挠曲为0.25英寸(ASTM试验方法No.D-1037-96a)的试样材料的载荷(磅-力(lbs))及杨氏模量。
| 试样类别 | 挠曲0.25英寸时载荷(磅-力) | 杨氏模量(磅/英寸2) |
| 指形连接/油漆/边缘上胶/胶合板包面(木材) | 193.88 | 1,196,140 |
| 未发泡PVC-木纤维(无贴面) | 35.33 | 213,768 |
| 0.060英寸PVC-木纤维有贴面薄壳 | 53.84 | 325,631 |
| 未发泡PVC,有贴面 | 32.17 | 190,275 |
| 泡沫芯 | 58.44 | 350,268 |
虽然发泡材料的强度不及木材或非发泡复合材料那样高,但它的性能足可以用作平板并可用于一般住宅建筑领域应用中。
保持力试验
采用1000磅载荷传感器、横梁速度为每分钟0.200英寸的型号为5500R INSTRON试验机,对发泡PVC-木纤维复合材料进行保持力试验。紧固件以“窄的方式”也就是通过乙烯基面层拧入PVC-木纤维复合材料,并从另一侧面层穿出。为此,采用带有导向套管的以低速旋转的螺旋式干油枪将若干个No.8×2英寸镀锌平圆柱头螺钉旋入有定位孔和没有定位孔的试样中。同时借助锤子以手工钉入方法将若干个4D光制钉子钉入以进行试验。所有试验都是以Ponderosa松木作为对照样的。
| 试样 | 峰值载荷(lbs) | 标准偏差(载荷) | 峰值位移(英寸) | 标准偏差(位移) | 断 裂 能(英寸-磅) | 标准偏差(断裂能) |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,发泡PVC-木纤维复合材料,无定位孔 | 517 | 42 | 0.094 | 0.029 | 72.2 | 7.9 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,松木,无定位孔 | 554 | 40 | 0.072 | 0.013 | 52.7 | 8.9 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,发泡PVC-木纤维复合材料,有定位孔 | 480 | 44 | 0.094 | 0.010 | 54.6 | 5.9 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,松木有定位孔 | 512 | 34 | 0.080 | 0.008 | 48.6 | 3.3 |
| 钉子,发泡PVC-木纤维复合材料 | 85 | 1 | 0.024 | 0.010 | 2.8 | 1.7 |
| 钉子,松木 | 68 | 11 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 4.2 | 2.7 |
该发泡复合材料的保持紧固件(如螺钉或钉子等)的性能基本上与松木相同(在试验偏差以内)。该结果出乎意料之处在于该复合材料既具有泡沫材料性能又有松木构件的整体性。
螺纹挤损(strip-out)试验
采用带有导向套管的以低速旋转的螺旋式干油枪将若干个No.8×2英寸镀锌平圆柱头螺钉旋入有定位孔和没有定位孔的试样中,以进行螺纹挤损试验。采用一种手动转矩板手来测定螺纹挤损所需的扭矩。为了使螺纹贯通整个试样啮合,旋入的每一螺钉要穿过隔块和试块。
| 试样 | 平均螺纹挤损扭力(英寸-磅) | 标准偏差 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,PVC-木纤维复合材料,无定位孔 | 28.1 | 2.1 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,松木,无定位孔 | 25.4 | 2.1 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,PVC-木纤维复合材料,有定位孔 | 26.5 | 2.1 |
| 平圆柱头螺钉,松木,有定位孔 | 25.2 | 0.4 |
与保持力试验类似,螺纹挤损试验结果表明,发泡复合材料在组合成钉固结构或螺钉固定结构时,在结构整体性方面是与松木结构件等同的。
| 收缩率试验180°F空气烘箱 | ||
| 材料 | 收缩率(%) | 附注 |
| Gossen模塑泡沫砖 | 1.86 | 商品泡沫PVC型材 |
| Extrutech Plastics,Inc | 2.3 | 商品泡沫PVC型材 |
| 泡沫PVC(GEON87020)带排气窗台档板 | 1.9 | |
| 有贴面(0.010英寸)泡沫PVC(GEON87020)2英寸软帘盒型材(图3) | 1.25 | |
| 泡沫PVC-木纤维复合材料带排气窗台档板型材 | 0 | 测不出 |
| 泡沫PVC-木纤维复合材侧档板型材 | 0 | 测不出 |
| 泡沫PVC-木纤维复合材料2英寸软帘盒型材 | 未测出 | 型材严重变形(成弓形)未进行测量 |
| 有贴面(0.010英寸)泡沫PVC(GEON87020)2英寸窗帘盒型材(图3) | 1.25 | |
注释
*用于窗和门的ASTM D4726 PVC型材允许最大收缩率达2.2%,试验方法按ASTM D1042-在180°F空气烘箱中加热60分钟。
*标准粒料复合材料挤塑型材的连续平均收缩率为约0.4%。
*未复合的PVC挤塑型材的典型平均收缩率为约2%。
本发明的发泡PVC/木纤维复合材料的收缩值是很低的。该收缩率低于10英寸标准发泡(famed)复合材料试样的可测值。标准PVC(无纤维或未发泡)在标准试验条件下的收缩率为约1.8-2.2%。标准PVC/木纤维复合材料在标准试验条件下的收缩率为约0.4%。在我们的试验中,发现发泡复合材料的热膨胀系数大于未发泡复合材料热膨胀系数,因此我们预期发泡复合材料的收缩率会比未发泡复合材料大,但出人意料的是发泡复合材料几乎不发生收缩。
上述对试验数据和实施例的详细说明,为了解本发明的方法和范围提供了基础,然而,在不违背本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明可以有许多种实施方案。因此本发明的范围是由附后的权利要求书规定的。
Claims (38)
1.一种形成包含一种乙烯基聚合物组合物和一种增强木纤维的发泡复合材料的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
(a)将包含一种聚合物组合物,一种木纤维源和一种能使聚合物组合物发泡的试剂的挤塑用料导入包括机筒、至少一个螺杆传动装置的挤出机流径,该流径还包括一个位于温度为约165-190℃的第一加热区和温度为约165-190℃的第二加热区之间的排水汽孔,该挤塑流径通向模芯和包括一定径规的成形模头;
(b)由挤塑用料在模头中形成发泡构件;和
(c)使定径规中实心发泡构件的表面与一种液体相接触,以使构件的至少部分表面具有硬而光滑的特征。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中挤塑用料到达排水汽孔前是经剪切作用并加热到至少100℃。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中在排水汽孔后,挤塑用料被加热到熔点以上并形成熔融的挤塑用料,因而可防止发泡气体经排水汽孔逸出。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中挤塑用料的温度在形成熔融挤塑用料前不超过发泡剂分解温度。
5.如权利要求4的方法,其中分解温度高于150℃。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中聚合物组合物包括一种含氯乙烯的乙烯基聚合物。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中挤塑机流径包括靠近模芯,用来解除模头中形成的气体压力的装置。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中挤塑用料包含所述试剂和一种均匀地混有纤维的聚合物组合物的热塑性粒料。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中挤塑用料包含稳定泡沫的丙烯酸聚合物稳定剂,发泡剂和一种含均匀地混有纤维的聚合物组合物的热塑性粒料。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中构件是空心构件。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中构件是实心构件。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中定径规包括一定径块。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中所述试剂包括一种产生氮气的发泡剂或产生二氧化碳的发泡剂或它们的混合物。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中模芯和模头的温度保持在约170-230℃。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中液体包括水。
16.一种包含乙烯基聚合物和木纤维的发泡复合材料构件,为一种具有开孔泡沫结构的发泡复合材料结构构件形式,该构件适用作木结构构件的替代品,复合材料构件含约90-50(重量)%乙烯基聚合物和10-50(重量)%木纤维,因复合材料中由泡孔构成的开孔结构与纤维的相互作用,复合材料构件的热膨胀系数低于约3·10-5英寸/英寸-°F,收缩率低于约原尺寸的2%,平均紧固件保持力至少约是基本相似的松木构件的70%。
17.权利要求16的复合材料构件包含约80-60(重量)%的聚合物和20-40(重量)%的纤维。
18.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中该构件是空心构件。
19.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中该构件是实心构件。
20.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其矩形截面较大一边的尺寸大于约1厘米。
21.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其矩形截面中较小一边的尺寸大于约1厘米。
22.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中构件包括桁条板。
23.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中桁条板是一种成品尺寸至少约2英寸厚,12英寸宽的构件。
24.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中该构件包括住宅壁板。
25.权利要求20的复合材料构件,其中板壁构件包括紧固件连接板、可见的表面特征和一啮合槽。
26.权利要求21的复合材料构件,其中可见的表面特征包括一平坦的表面。
27.权利要求21的复合材料构件,其中可见的表面包括一种木纹表面。
28.权利要求16的复合材料构件具有一定形状的截面。
29.权利要求16的复合材料构件包括窗或门滑轨。
30.权利要求16的复合材料构件包括窗框。
31.权利要求16的复合材料构件包括装饰件。
32.权利要求27的复合材料构件包括窗扇档板。
33.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其杨氏模量大于250000磅/英寸2。
34.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其热膨胀系数为0.1·10-5与3·10-5英寸/英寸°F之间。
35.一种结构单元,包含至少两个以机械方法安全连接的权利要求16的结构构件。
36.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中构件表面包括有发泡表面的区域和有硬的光滑表面区域。
37.权利要求16的复合材料构件,具有厚度为约1-100密耳表面贴面层。
38.权利要求16的复合材料构件,其中聚合物组合物包括一种含氯乙烯的乙烯基聚合物。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/010,410 US6054207A (en) | 1998-01-21 | 1998-01-21 | Foamed thermoplastic polymer and wood fiber profile and member |
| US010,410 | 1998-01-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1236700A true CN1236700A (zh) | 1999-12-01 |
Family
ID=21745645
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN99100988A Pending CN1236700A (zh) | 1998-01-21 | 1999-01-21 | 发泡热塑性聚合物和木纤维型材和构件 |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6054207A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0931635B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1236700A (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE292007T1 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2259739C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69924419D1 (zh) |
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- 1999-01-05 EP EP19990300048 patent/EP0931635B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69924419D1 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
| ATE292007T1 (de) | 2005-04-15 |
| CA2259739C (en) | 2010-03-09 |
| EP0931635B1 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
| CA2259739A1 (en) | 1999-07-21 |
| EP0931635A1 (en) | 1999-07-28 |
| US6342172B1 (en) | 2002-01-29 |
| US6054207A (en) | 2000-04-25 |
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