CN1556892A - 冲击钻头 - Google Patents

冲击钻头 Download PDF

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CN1556892A
CN1556892A CNA028183665A CN02818366A CN1556892A CN 1556892 A CN1556892 A CN 1556892A CN A028183665 A CNA028183665 A CN A028183665A CN 02818366 A CN02818366 A CN 02818366A CN 1556892 A CN1556892 A CN 1556892A
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impulse member
rotary body
axial end
drill bit
drilling
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CN1318723C (zh
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3C
佩特鲁斯·C·克里塞尔斯
H
迪雷·H·泽斯林
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/002—Drilling with diversely driven shafts extending into the borehole
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/36—Percussion drill bits
    • E21B10/40—Percussion drill bits with leading portion

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于钻入地质岩层内的装置，该装置包括：一旋转体；置于旋转体一轴向端面上的钻头切刀；一冲击件，平行于旋转轴、可往复运动地设置于所述旋转体上；以及置于冲击件的一轴向端面上的冲击切刀。本发明还涉及一种用于钻入地质岩层内的方法，该方法包括下列步骤：使一冲击件以冲击运动方式与岩层相接触，以敲碎至少一部分岩层，并且用一钻孔件刮掉岩层的开裂部分。

Description

冲击钻头
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于钻入地质岩层的装置，该装置包括：
-一旋转体；
-置于旋转体一轴向端面上的钻头切刀；
背景技术
这种装置为普遍公知的装置。钻头切刀产生旋转运动，通过该旋转运动它们对待形成的钻孔底部部分进行刮削。然后，这些钻屑通过例如钻井液而被取出。
但是当钻孔必须钻入一岩层材料较硬的地质岩层中时，该刮削动作速度非常低，并且生产量也较低。
为了缓解此缺点，公知技术是采用与冲击钻机同一原理的钻井装置。在这种装置中，一钻头件被旋转，并且一锤击件对着此钻头件进行锤击。由锤击件的锤击而引起的振动使得钻孔钻入的材料开裂。然后，旋转钻头刮掉材料的开裂部分。这种装置的缺点在于，由于锤击导致钻头切刀过度磨损，因此钻头切刀必须承受较高的作用力。另一缺点在于，部分锤击能量被吸收至钻头和锤击件之间的接触面内。
还有一个缺点在于，由于在钻头件上升期间不进行敲碎动作，因此钻屑不足以被取出。
另一缺点在于，当使用将刺入岩层的锋利切刀时，切刀将阻碍钻井装置的旋转。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供一种缓和上述缺点的钻井装置。
该目的通过一装置得以实现，该装置的特征在于：
-一冲击件，平行于旋转轴，相对于所述旋转体可往复运动地进行设置；
-置于冲击件一轴向端面上的冲击切刀。
因为旋转钻孔动作与冲击动作分离，钻头切刀以及冲击切刀能够被优化用于它们的特定任务。相对于旋转体可往复运动地设置的冲击件直接与待钻孔的材料相接触，从而冲击件撞击行程的全部能量均被待钻孔的材料所吸收。钻头切刀仅仅完成旋转运动，这样，它们将已经被冲击件敲碎的材料刮掉。
冲击动作和钻孔动作的分离还确保钻孔件始终与钻孔的底部接触，并且确保冲击件将进行全冲程地撞击。冲击件可由驱动装置往复驱动。这些驱动装置可为电动式或液压式。液压驱动装置的优点在于钻井液可用于驱动冲击件。此外，由于冲击件的容许冲程明显大于常规冲击钻井装置，使用液压驱动装置特别吸引人。
在一优选实施方式中，钻头切刀由PDC(聚晶金刚石复合片)构成。
钻头切刀还可设在至少一个滚锥处。相应地，冲击切刀也可设在至少一个滚锥处。
在本发明装置的一优选实施方式中，冲击切刀至少局部为球形。考虑到强度的因素，球形为最佳形状。
在另一优选实施方式中，冲击切刀具有一穿入岩层的锐利的刃。锋利的切刀比球形切刀在穿透岩层和敲碎岩层方面更为有效。由于这些冲击切刀相对于始终与钻孔底部接触的钻头切刀往复运动，所以冲击切刀将与底部短时接触，并因此而最低限度地阻碍钻井装置的旋转。
在本发明装置的另一具体实施方式中，喷嘴设置于冲击件的轴向端面和/或旋转体的轴向端面内。这些喷嘴提供钻井流体射流。这些射流用于冷却、润滑以及碎片的排出。
在本发明装置的另一优选实施方式中，冲击件的一端部具有一扇形断面，而旋转体的一端部则具有一互补断面，从而冲击件的端部由旋转体的端部沿轴向进行引导。从旋转方向来看，冲击件位于钻头切刀之前。这些冲击件将待钻孔的材料敲碎，并且随后钻头切刀将开裂的钻屑刮掉。
本发明还涉及一种用于钻入地质岩层内的方法，该方法包括下列步骤：
-使一冲击件以冲击运动方式与岩层相接触，以敲碎至少一部分岩层；以及
-用一钻孔件刮掉岩层的破裂部分。
附图简要说明
结合附图，下面的描述将阐明本发明的这些及其他优点和特征。
图1示出了本发明一装置的横断面图。
图2示出了图1中装置的仰视图。
图3示出了图1中装置的示意侧视图。
图4示出了本发明装置的第二具体实施方式的仰视图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了本发明一钻井装置1的横断面示意图。该钻井装置1包括一旋转体2。在旋转体2的轴向端面3上设置钻头切刀4。
该装置还包括一可往复运动地设置于旋转体2上的冲击件5。该冲击件由一液压缸6驱动。冲击切刀7设置于冲击件的轴向端面。
图2示出了一仰视图。该图示出了图1的I-I剖线。冲击件5具有一其内设置喷嘴8的扇形断面。旋转体2具有一与冲击件的扇形互补的形状。旋转体2和冲击件5共同构成一圆形断面。
图3示意出本发明一钻井装置1的操作过程。旋转体2做旋转运动R。钻头切刀4保持在始终与待钻钻孔的底部9相接触的状态。冲击件5依照运动P而上下移动。由于冲击件5与旋转体2分离，所以往复运动的冲程可以很长，这样，冲击切刀撞击钻孔底部9的速度相当快，从而能量便相当大，结果，底部9的材料更易开裂，并因此使得钻头切刀可更易将其刮掉。
本发明装置的一个优点在于，由于冲击件的冲击运动，滞塞运动得以减少乃至消除。也是由于冲击件5的接触时间短而避免了该滞塞运动。
由冲击件所引起的振动可用作地震测量的声源。这些地震测量用于测定钻孔底部之下所存在的岩层类型。
图4示出了本发明装置的第二具体实施方式的仰视图。该装置10同样具有一冲击件11和一钻孔件12。冲击件11设置若干棱锥形状的冲击切刀13。该棱锥形状为敲碎钻孔底部处的岩层提供了良好的敲击作用。
钻孔件12设有钻头切刀14和用于供给钻井流体的喷嘴15。
冲击件11进行往复运动以便锤击于岩层上。该往复运动可与旋转运动相结合，这样，冲击件11的边缘部分便具有了螺旋状的运动路径。优选地，该旋转与钻孔旋转的方向相同。

Claims (12)

1.用于钻入地质岩层内的装置，所述装置包括：
-一转动体；
-置于所述旋转体一轴向端面上的钻头切刀；
其特征在于，
-一冲击件，平行于旋转轴，相对于所述旋转体可往复运动地进行设置；
-置于所述冲击件的一轴向端面上的冲击切刀。
2.根据权利要求1的装置，其特征在于，所述装置具有用于可往复驱动所述冲击件的驱动装置。
3.根据权利要求2的装置，其特征在于，所述驱动装置为液压驱动装置。
4.根据权利要求1-3之一的装置，其特征在于，所述钻头切刀由聚晶金刚石构成。
5.根据权利要求1-4之一的装置，其特征在于，所述钻头切刀设在至少一个滚锥处。
6.根据权利要求1-5之一的装置，其特征在于，所述冲击切刀至少局部为球形。
7.根据权利要求1-6之一的装置，其特征在于，所述冲击切刀设在至少一个滚锥处。
8.根据权利要求1-7之一的装置，其特征在于，所述冲击切刀包括一锐利的切削刃。
9.根据权利要求1-8之一的装置，其特征在于，所述装置包括设置于所述冲击件轴向端面和/或所述旋转体轴向端面内的喷嘴。
10.根据权利要求1-9之一的装置，其特征在于，所述冲击件的一端部具有一扇形截面，而所述旋转体的一端部则具有一互补截面，从而所述冲击件的端部由所述旋转体的端部沿轴向进行引导。
11.根据权利要求1-10之一的装置，其特征在于，所述冲击件的边缘部分具有一螺旋状的运动路径。
12.用于钻入地质岩层的方法，所述方法包括下列步骤：
-使一冲击件以冲击运动方式与所述岩层相接触，以敲裂至少一部分岩层；以及
-用一钻孔件刮掉所述岩层的开裂部分。
CNB028183665A 2001-09-20 2002-09-19 用于钻入地质岩层内的装置和方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1318723C (zh)

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US7104344B2 (en) 2006-09-12
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US20040256155A1 (en) 2004-12-23
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CA2460069A1 (en) 2003-03-27
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CA2460069C (en) 2010-07-13
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