CS256202B1 - A method of growing wood-destroying fungi on a lignocellulosic substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

The irrigation method for growing wood-destroying fungi brings a new solution and new possibilities at the same time. It involves the transformation of wood and its complete use and the rapid acquisition of a large number of mushroom fruiting bodies. All wood from deciduous trees, including fruit trees, is used, i.e. waste wood including branches. Wood from coniferous trees can also be used. The method will allow the cultivation of all types of wood-destroying fungi. The highest yields of fruiting bodies are in oyster mushrooms, other fruiting bodies are used as spices, others for medicinal purposes. The water that the mycelium in the wood needs for the formation of fruiting bodies is supplied to the wood by suction using a glass wick. This method of irrigation appears to be the only possible one and therefore brings revolutionary possibilities in the use of mushrooms as food, /artificial meat/ or for obtaining medicinal substances, for research into fungal enzymes that can break down cellulose and directly produce full-fledged proteins. The method does not require any energy input, mushrooms grow in the cold (oysters, penny buns even at temperatures slightly above 0 6C).

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for supplying water to a wood mass with a mycelium in the cultivation of wood decaying fungi.

At present, wood decaying fungi, mainly oyster mushrooms, are grown on blocks of wood. The logs of freshly slaughtered wood are first placed in a plastic bag, where they are allowed to grow through inoculated mycelium. Then, the stubs with the mycelium that have been grown are planted, in the vertical position, in the ground, outside in a shady place. The best place is in the grassland, where the soil is permanently wet and permanently very wet microclimate. The fruiting bodies then grow on such planted blocks. In another method, the mycelium is inoculated into bales of treated straw that have been soaked in water, and the bales are sealed in a polyethylene package. The fruiting bodies grow out of the holes additionally formed in the polyethylene package. The disadvantage of the first method is that the fruiting bodies on the outdoor chambers grow in dependence on the air temperature, the growth affects the degree of air humidity and many other external mostly adverse effects.

The utilization of wood mass is not complete, there are many kinds of parasitic microorganisms, and the surface layer of wood of the woods is not used for lower water content. The second method of growing oyster on straw requires a more complicated preparation of the substrate, which, however, soon spawns and must be renewed.

There is not yet known a method of growing wood decaying fungi under artificial conditions in an artificial breeding plant that would allow water to enter the wood mass and mycelium during the period of formation of fruiting bodies that consume large amounts of water. A method of irrigation of plants is known, in which water and nutrient bundles are fed from the water vessel to the soil with plants by means of the intake fibers. AO 195 149, AO 218 222

When growing higher plants, the possibility of simultaneous substrate conversion is not observed.

The body itself of higher plants and mycelium of fungi are completely different morphologically and physiologically. Also nutritional requirements are quite different. The plants utilize and process the dissociated minerals with the help of light energy during light assimilation (photosynthesis). Wood-destroying fungi gain energy by chemically decomposing the complex polysaccharides (cellulose, lignin), or organic matter created by the plants, the cleavage takes place into monosaccharides, and the wood is transformed into a substance, physically and chemically, completely different with sufficient water. This concerns, for example, the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), which causes white wood rot.

By encapsulating the entire growing system in a polyethylene film, permanent favorable conditions such as sufficient air humidity are achieved and the possibility of attacking unwanted bacteria, fungi or fungi is eliminated.

The present invention provides a method for growing wood decaying fungi on a lignocellulosic substrate characterized in that the cultivation is carried out in two phases, wherein in the first phase the mycolium grows in a lignocellulosic mass which is in an enclosed space at a temperature of 15 to 25 ° C for two to five months, and in the second stage, the same lignocellulosic mass forms the fungus fruiting bodies at a temperature of 10 to 25 ° C, at a relative air humidity of 70 to 99% and in the light of 150 to 450 lux, the lignocellulosic mass being laid on a wick water containers below. The irrigation is fed into the wood mass with mycelium suction fibers. Water transfer between wood and wick is improved by inserting a layer of straw.

Glass fibers are very suitable, where there are parallel capillary spaces between the running fibers, where the water rises well above the original surface. The amount of water and the rate of its replacement decreases inversely with the height to which the water rises. As the height increases, the suction power of the fibers decreases. This is therefore a constant regulating factor that selects the intensity of the irrigation suture. In addition to the parallel intake fibers, mineral flounder is also suitable for water supply. mass, for example asbestos. Water can be sucked up to a low level for a shorter period of time using a bale of straw.

Water also evaporates well from the surface of the glass mesh. Evaporation is greater the less water in the air. At the same time, the wick of the intake fibers will permanently provide the necessary high humidity.

Water is sucked from the water container below. The water should be free of harmful substances and bacteria.

It may contain some beneficial fungal growth agents such as zinc. The substrate is suitable in the form of chips, sawdust and sawdust, while admixture of up to 1/3 of straw to the chips or sawdust is suitable. This is the case, for example, in the cultivation of oyster mushroom, or the pennycress. Straw ‘accelerates the growth of the mycelium in the substrate. The lignocellulosic mass is suitable mainly from deciduous trees, including fruit trees, but for some fungi, for example flax, it may also be coniferous trees. Deciduous tree wood should be fresh because it contains the most water.

The lignocellulosic mass should be removed from bacteria, fungi and fungi by, for example, steaming at 70 ° C for two days prior to vaccination. Sometimes it is sufficient for a shorter time immersion in water warm 80 ° C. The willow substrate may also contain water up to 100%. Similarly, the pennycress also grows well through wood, which has a high water content. Because the Weasel or Sulfur Sickling invade parasitically and healthy trees, their amateur cultivation cannot be recommended. Inoculation of the mycelium * into the substrate is followed by ingrowth of the substrate. The rate of ingrowth is influenced by the structure of wood and also by the amount of seedlings.

Substrate penetration takes place at a temperature of 10 to 27 ° C and an air humidity of 80 to 99%. Ingrowth takes place already in the confined space, preferably polyethylene foil and lasts 1 to 5 months. The time depends on the amount of planting material and the substrate structure. It would be desirable to compress the complex substrate to reduce the disadvantageous air spaces. Thereafter, a decrease in temperature, often below 15 ° C, causes fructification and the fruiting bodies grow constantly at low temperatures. By transferring water to and from the fruiting bodies, a considerable amount of water is taken from the substrate, which at this stage is replaced by water supply to the wood mass and evaporation by means of suction fibers.

During the period of fruiting, it is necessary to illuminate the fruiting of 150 to 450 lux. for this reason, the growing area is bounded by a foil that is translucent because the use of diffused daylight is economical. The lined substrate contains mycelium and the original lignocellulosic mass converted to monosaccharides. The resulting product of the new irrigation method would thus be fruiting bodies of fungi and transformed wood with mycelium, suitable for animal feed. By repeating the same growing cycles under repeatedly the same conditions in an artificial plant, it would be possible to breed the most suitable strains of different types of wood decaying fungi that would be particularly suitable for irrigation with a glass wick. The new method of mushroom cultivation will simultaneously improve research opportunities, mushroom cultivation and the range of active substances that contain mushrooms. These include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, anticancer agents and other biologically active substances from fungi. In addition to the oyster mushroom, a large number of other wood decaying fungi grow well on lignocellulosic matter. Using the glass wick irrigation, the Kuehneromyces mutabilis, the Judas ear, the velvet penny, the edible tuft, the chickens, or the birch whitefish can now be well grown and are now showing anticancer effects.

Also common is the cultivation of crates / Lepiota leucothites, Lepiota rhacodes, which grow abundantly on crushed bark in foliage. It is also possible to grow Leucoprinus birnbaumi, or also collar giant. Polyethylene coating allows to increase the concentration of CO ₂ , which is a beneficial factor in the growth of mycelium in oyster. Polyethylene packaging also ensures high air humidity. The method will allow the use of all lignocellulosic waste.

In the accompanying four drawings, four methods of a plurality of possible ways of cultivating wood decaying fungi by capillary irrigation and forming a suitable microclimate, using suction fibers, are shown, wherein the schematic diagrams show the cross-section of the growing area and complete contact of the substrate with the suction fibers in FIGS. 4, or partial contact of the substrate with the suction fibers in FIG. 2, where evaporation of the water from the suction fibers is also used to form a microclimate in the growing area.

In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, the suction fibers 1 exit from the water source 2 with water 3 and enter the growing area 14. The water source 2, the suction fibers 1 and the growing area 14 are enclosed within a package of transparent film 15. the space 14 is delimited in FIG. 1 by a wall 5 and a bottom 4 and comprises wood sawdust and straw in a mixture 10 and a wooden log

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256202 4 and the fruiting bodies of the fungus 13. In FIG. 2, the suction fibers 11 extend in the growing area 14 between the bottom and the inner bottom. with openings 2 ^and further between wall 5 and inner wall 11 which contains openings 2. In the growing area 14 there are wood chips 11 and fruiting mushrooms 13. In Fig. 3, the growing area 14 comprises wood chips 11 wood chips and straw in mixture 10 and is bounded by an outer side wall 7 with openings 9 and a bottom 2 ·

In Fig. 4, the suction fibers 2 are transferred through a support wall 16 emerging from the water 2 ^{in the} water source 2 so that both ends extend into the water 2 in the water source 2. the wood trunk 17, which is placed obliquely and on which the fruiting bodies of the fungus 13 grow, is laid on the intake fibers 2.

At the same time, Figure 4 shows a specific example of an embodiment where the oyster mushroom grows on a stem of maple, willow, poplar, or other deciduous machines. The dimensions of the growing area in the greenhouse can only be 50 x 55 x 110 cm. The stellar mycelium strain is placed on one, two or more walls emerging from the water in the water vessel when the first fruiting bodies are discovered.

Three or four layers of glass mesh are passed through these walls. The glass mesh 2 has a cross bond and is 350 g / m. See Fig. 4. Water is sucked up to 2 to 5 cm. Good contact of the wood with the suction wick ensures the weight of the timber, which is placed horizontally.

For a period of several months, it is also possible to advantageously replace a fiberglass or other artificial wick with a bundle of cereal straw, which also sucks water up to a short height. The inclined position of the log is suitable because the water entering the log may sink in the log and thus accumulate more water in the wood.

The new method of growing oyster mushrooms or, in a very similar way, other wood decaying fungi on woody trunks, branches and other tree material will enable year-round cultivation of wood-fungi on wood material and good use of this diverse material. Practically it is about obtaining proteins, vitamins and minerals in nutritionally valuable composition by direct conversion of wood. The production of artificial meat from mushrooms is known. Chemically decomposing lignocellulosic matter is an exceptional ability of fungi and full-value proteins contain not only fruiting bodies but also the remaining mycelium. Wood decaying fungi can be grown in a room with windows, or cultivation, or outdoors under long-term favorable conditions. For fruiting results, the relative air humidity should be 70% to 90%, the temperature should be 10 to 25 ° C, and the light should be 150 to

450 lux.

The new method has many advantages over the method where mycelium blocks are buried in the soil. There is no need to cut the wood into short logs, all the mass of trees can be used, the fruiting bodies grow more intensively and faster, the wood mass is perfectly utilized and it is possible to consider using the lined substrate with mycelium as an ingredient for livestock nutrition. The glass wick irrigation works automatically without supplying energy and so satisfies the fungus requirements that the mycelium often grows into the glass wick and grows parallel to the fiber bundles up to the water surface. The oyster mushroom is also interesting because it draws nitrogen from its air for its proteins.

Mushroom foods are dietary and are harmless to health. The new method of irrigation with glass wick can be obtained within two months, i.e. in two growth waves of oyster mushroom, weighing 60% of the original weight of the wood. Previously, the methods of growing oyster on wood have yielded a total yield of 15-20% of the original wood weight.

In a similar way, other wood decaying fungi can be grown using irrigation with a glass wick in a growing room or at least in a greenhouse. Flanunulina velutipes / is very demanding on sufficiently moist substrate and high air humidity. At the same time, good air exchange is required in the formation of fruiting bodies. Perhaps that's why it grows in nature mostly on the hillsides. The advantage of the penny is that it grows in autumn and winter even at a temperature of only 0 ° C, it is a winter sponge, it does not require heating of the plant. Heating of water to the irrigation and space using a hay collector could be sufficient here. Like the oyster, the ear of the Judas (Hirneola auricula-judae) can be grown;

Similarly to oyster, it is very good to grow tufts, (Hypholoma sublateritium, or capnoides), which grow in rich clusters. Kuehneromyces mutabilis can be well grown in a wooden substrate to which water is supplied with 200 g / m 2 glass wicks when placed in a polystyrene foam container. Polystyrene foam provides excellent thermal insulation and at the same time the walls of such a vessel and the bottom are permeable to air and water. Water rises through the wicks to a height of 3 to 5 cm above the surface.

This species grows from spring to late autumn, although it is a thermophilic summer mushroom. It is also easy to grow birch chorus (Piptoporus betulinus), which, like the penny whale, has anti-cancer effects under investigation.

The condition for successful cultivation of mushrooms is to permanently maintain the high humidity of the substrate and the high humidity of the air while simultaneously exchanging the air in the vicinity of the fruiting bodies. It is the removal of CO ₂ . The mycelium absorbs water through the entire surface. At the same time, it is essential that all substrates contain sufficient air and are not waterlogged. The mycelium in water immediately ceases. A single drop of water alone destroys a large amount of mycelium upon direct contact.

The sulphurization of rotting bacteria in the non-air substrate also causes mycelium extinction. Watering the mycelium or substrate as with plants is therefore not possible. Thus, capillary irrigation will irreplaceably solve simultaneous water and air in the substrate. Wood as a substrate is less prone to waterlogging and rot than straw.

By means of the irrigated wick irrigation, fungi can also be successfully grown in substrates which are sufficiently resistant to waterlogging and to which additional water can be additionally added during the growth of the broodstock without further waterlogging and rotting. Such substrates are needles and beech or oak leaves in which a popular champignon mushroom sponge can be grown (Lepista nuda). Because the mycelium grows along the surface of the fiberglass bundles symmetrically on both sides of the mesh, the local aquatic microenvironment is convenient. mycelium in aquatic environment on vitreous tissue could be used for research of enzymatic activity, nutrient uptake and metabolism of fungi, which are present everywhere, cause decomposition processes, diseases, parasitize and are also a source of active substances and food.

Claims (2)

, 1. A method of growing wood decaying fungi on a lignocellulosic substrate, characterized in that the cultivation is carried out in two phases, wherein in the first phase the mycelium grows in a closed cell at a temperature in the range of 15 to 25 ° C for two to five months, and in the second phase, on the same lignocellulosic mass, the fungus is formed at 10 to 25 ° C, at a relative air humidity of 70 to 99% and in the light of 150 to 450 lux, the lignocellulosic mass being laid on a wick that sucks water from water than the lignocellulosic mass. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that there is a layer of straw between the water-wicking wick and the ligno-cellulosic mass placed thereon.