DK0407084T3 - Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af polyurethan-bagsidebelagte substrater og de således fremstillede substrater - Google Patents

Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af polyurethan-bagsidebelagte substrater og de således fremstillede substrater

Info

Publication number
DK0407084T3
DK0407084T3 DK90306985.4T DK90306985T DK0407084T3 DK 0407084 T3 DK0407084 T3 DK 0407084T3 DK 90306985 T DK90306985 T DK 90306985T DK 0407084 T3 DK0407084 T3 DK 0407084T3
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
substrates
prepared
weight percent
units
cellular polyurethane
Prior art date
Application number
DK90306985.4T
Other languages
Danish (da)
English (en)
Inventor
Robert B Turner
Kenneth W Skaggs
Terry L Lamb
Original Assignee
Dow Chemical Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dow Chemical Co filed Critical Dow Chemical Co
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK0407084T3 publication Critical patent/DK0407084T3/da

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/08—Processes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
    • D06N3/12—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins
    • D06N3/14—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins with polyurethanes
    • D06N3/145—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins with polyurethanes two or more layers of polyurethanes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
    • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
    • D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/042—Polyolefin (co)polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/066—Silicon polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/068—Polyurethanes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2205/00—Condition, form or state of the materials
    • D06N2205/20—Cured materials, e.g. vulcanised, cross-linked
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2207/00—Treatments by energy or chemical effects
    • D06N2207/12—Treatments by energy or chemical effects by wave energy or particle radiation
    • D06N2207/123—Treatments by energy or chemical effects by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. IR, UV, actinic light, laser, X-ray, gamma-ray, microwave, radio frequency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
    • Y10T428/23979—Particular backing structure or composition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
    • Y10T428/249988—Of about the same composition as, and adjacent to, the void-containing component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
    • Y10T428/24999—Inorganic
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
    • Y10T428/249991—Synthetic resin or natural rubbers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31554—Next to second layer of polyamidoester
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3325—Including a foamed layer or component
    • Y10T442/3341—Plural foam layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/647—Including a foamed layer or component
    • Y10T442/649—Plural foamed layers

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Carpets (AREA)
  • Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
DK90306985.4T 1989-06-29 1990-06-26 Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af polyurethan-bagsidebelagte substrater og de således fremstillede substrater DK0407084T3 (da)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/373,856 US4913958A (en) 1989-06-29 1989-06-29 Process for preparing polyurethane-backed substrate

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK0407084T3 true DK0407084T3 (da) 1994-10-24

Family

ID=23474175

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK90306985.4T DK0407084T3 (da) 1989-06-29 1990-06-26 Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af polyurethan-bagsidebelagte substrater og de således fremstillede substrater

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4913958A (fr)
EP (1) EP0407084B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2810770B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE107716T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU627594B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2020034A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69010091T2 (fr)
DK (1) DK0407084T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2055330T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5268215A (en) * 1989-08-31 1993-12-07 Eastman Kodak Company Basecoat-clearcoat film
US5104693A (en) * 1990-12-20 1992-04-14 The Dow Chemical Company Polyurethane carpet-backing process based on soft segment prepolymers of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)
NL9200008A (nl) * 1992-01-06 1993-08-02 Martin Theodoor De Groot Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een thermoplastische sandwichplaat.
US5462766A (en) * 1994-02-15 1995-10-31 Bayer Corporation Polyurethane carpet backing process based on polymeric MDI quasi-prepolymers
US5558917A (en) * 1995-05-10 1996-09-24 Bayer Corporation Polyurethane carpet backing process based on polymeric MDI quasi-prepolymers
US5525640A (en) * 1995-09-13 1996-06-11 Osi Specialties, Inc. Silicone surfactants for use in inert gas blown polyurethane foams
US8575226B2 (en) 1998-09-17 2013-11-05 Rhino Linings Corporation Vegetable oil-based coating and method for application
US20030191274A1 (en) * 2001-10-10 2003-10-09 Kurth Thomas M. Oxylated vegetable-based polyol having increased functionality and urethane material formed using the polyol
US20020058774A1 (en) 2000-09-06 2002-05-16 Kurth Thomas M. Transesterified polyol having selectable and increased functionality and urethane material products formed using the polyol
US7063877B2 (en) 1998-09-17 2006-06-20 Urethane Soy Systems Company, Inc. Bio-based carpet material
US6180686B1 (en) * 1998-09-17 2001-01-30 Thomas M. Kurth Cellular plastic material
US6962636B2 (en) 1998-09-17 2005-11-08 Urethane Soy Systems Company, Inc. Method of producing a bio-based carpet material
US6979477B2 (en) 2000-09-06 2005-12-27 Urethane Soy Systems Company Vegetable oil-based coating and method for application
ID28969A (id) * 1998-12-18 2001-07-19 Dow Chemical Co Dispersi-dispersi poliuretan encer yang berguna untuk menyiapkan polimer-polimer dengan sifat-sifat resistansi kelembaban yang ditingkatkan
BR9917111A (pt) 1998-12-29 2001-10-23 Dow Chemical Co Processo para produzir uma espuma de poliuretano resiliente, espuma, espuma sobre um artigo de substrato e pisos ou têxteis acolchoados
JP2008535789A (ja) 2005-03-03 2008-09-04 サウス ダコタ ソイビーン プロセッサーズ,エルエルシー 酸化プロセスを利用して植物油から得られる新規ポリオール
US8124186B2 (en) * 2009-01-15 2012-02-28 Shurtech Brands, Llc Method of forming a shelf liner
EP3222766A1 (fr) 2016-03-22 2017-09-27 Polytex Sportbeläge Produktions-GmbH Machine de fabrication de gazon artificiel

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3849156A (en) * 1969-01-31 1974-11-19 Union Carbide Corp Process for providing a backing on carpets
US3941633A (en) * 1974-03-27 1976-03-02 Seton Company Plastic laminate, article and method of making same
DE3067350D1 (en) * 1979-08-31 1984-05-10 Bp Chem Int Ltd Production of polyurethane foams, and foams made thereby
US4483894A (en) * 1981-06-24 1984-11-20 The Dow Chemical Company Process for applying polyurethane foams to substrates and product made thereby

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0407084A3 (en) 1991-07-24
ATE107716T1 (de) 1994-07-15
JP2810770B2 (ja) 1998-10-15
EP0407084B1 (fr) 1994-06-22
AU5796890A (en) 1991-01-03
AU627594B2 (en) 1992-08-27
ES2055330T3 (es) 1994-08-16
EP0407084A2 (fr) 1991-01-09
US4913958A (en) 1990-04-03
DE69010091T2 (de) 1994-10-13
CA2020034A1 (fr) 1990-12-30
DE69010091D1 (de) 1994-07-28
JPH0343243A (ja) 1991-02-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0407084A3 (en) Process for preparing polyurethane-backed substrates, and the substrates so produced
MX9207284A (es) Copolimeros para elaborar aparatos biomedicos.
ATE180803T1 (de) Polymere auf der grundlage von polyisocyanat, hergestellt aus formulierungen enthaltend silikonfreie tenside und verfahren zu deren herstellung
DE3852325D1 (de) Vinylacetat-Ethylen-Copolymer-Emulsionen, hergestellt in Anwesenheit eines Stabilisiersystems eines Polyvinylalkohols mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht und eines oberflächenaktiven Mittels.
DE3575734D1 (de) Pfropfpolymer-dispersion in einer mischung von polyolen mit niedrigem molekulargewicht und polyaetherpolyolen und polyurethanschaum davon.
IE802693L (en) Absorbant article
EP0585771A3 (fr) Polymère segmenté de polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylène contenant des segments différents de polyoxyalkylène dans la molécule moyenne.
EP0338396A3 (fr) Agents tensio-actifs à base de polyalkylène carbonates
IL82834A0 (en) Biodegradable polymeric materials based on polyether glycols,processes for the preparation thereof and surgical articles made therefrom
ZA918926B (en) 2-substituted bisindenylmetallocenes,process for their preparation,and their use as catalysts in the polymerization of olefins
DE68924283D1 (de) Lösliche Polyimidsiloxane, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung.
MY111150A (en) Absorbent article.
DE59008234D1 (de) Verwendung von Polysiloxan-Polyoxyalkylen-Blockmischpolymerisaten bei der Herstellung von Polyurethanhartschäumen.
DE3787306D1 (de) Oberflächenaktives Mittel auf der Basis von Polysiloxanen und dessen Verwendung bei der Herstellung von Polyurethanschaum.
EP0462389A3 (en) Curable organopolysiloxanes containing sioc-bound oxyalkylene ether groups, their preparation and use
ZA878635B (en) Compatibilized blends of alpha,omega-alkylene glycols and polyether polyols and process for preparing the same
GB2196015B (en) Dispersible hydrophilic polymer compositions for use in viscosifying heavy brines
ATE71227T1 (de) Im wesentlichen nicht quellbare kontaktlinse, die blockcopolymere mit polysiloxan-polyoxyalkylen- einheiten in der hauptkette enthaelt.
DK230889A (da) Copolymer til anvendelse i eller som polymert bindemiddel i opsvulmende belaegninger
TR199901752T2 (xx) Yeni polioller ve bu yeni poliollerin poli�retan haz�rlan���nda kullan�m�.
JPS649728A (en) Heat-shrinkable film
Vacki et al. Hydrophilic Copolymers, Process for Their Preparation and Their Use
Ishida Interfaces in Ceramics
Owen et al. Flexible Polyurethane Foam Composition
Rozentsveig et al. Investigation of the Friction Properties and Work Capacity of Anode-Oxide Hard Coatings in Vacuum