EG23453A - Paraffin alkylation. - Google Patents
Paraffin alkylation.Info
- Publication number
- EG23453A EG23453A EG2003070696A EG2003070696A EG23453A EG 23453 A EG23453 A EG 23453A EG 2003070696 A EG2003070696 A EG 2003070696A EG 2003070696 A EG2003070696 A EG 2003070696A EG 23453 A EG23453 A EG 23453A
- Authority
- EG
- Egypt
- Prior art keywords
- paraffin alkylation
- alkylation
- paraffin
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
- C07C2/56—Addition to acyclic hydrocarbons
- C07C2/58—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/62—Catalytic processes with acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C11/02—Alkenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
- C07C2/56—Addition to acyclic hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G29/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with other chemicals
- C10G29/20—Organic compounds not containing metal atoms
- C10G29/205—Organic compounds not containing metal atoms by reaction with hydrocarbons added to the hydrocarbon oil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/053—Sulfates or other compounds comprising the anion (SnO3n+1)2-
- C07C2527/054—Sulfuric acid or other acids with the formula H2Sn03n+1
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1081—Alkanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1088—Olefins
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/219,877 US6858770B2 (en) | 2001-08-21 | 2002-08-15 | Paraffin alkylation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EG23453A true EG23453A (en) | 2005-09-21 |
Family
ID=31886603
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EG2003070696A EG23453A (en) | 2002-08-15 | 2003-07-19 | Paraffin alkylation. |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US6858770B2 (de) |
| EP (2) | EP1546068A4 (de) |
| JP (3) | JP4542427B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR100970799B1 (de) |
| CN (2) | CN101186551B (de) |
| AR (1) | AR040547A1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003238019B2 (de) |
| BR (2) | BR122013007356B1 (de) |
| CA (2) | CA2493862C (de) |
| EG (1) | EG23453A (de) |
| IN (1) | IN2012DN00643A (de) |
| MX (1) | MXPA05001556A (de) |
| RO (4) | RO125602B1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2303024C2 (de) |
| TW (2) | TWI327993B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004016573A1 (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200410027B (de) |
Families Citing this family (61)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7838708B2 (en) | 2001-06-20 | 2010-11-23 | Grt, Inc. | Hydrocarbon conversion process improvements |
| US6774275B2 (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2004-08-10 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Pulse flow reaction |
| US20040052703A1 (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2004-03-18 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Contact structures |
| US20050171393A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2005-08-04 | Lorkovic Ivan M. | Hydrocarbon synthesis |
| WO2005021468A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 | 2005-03-10 | Grt, Inc. | Hydrocarbon synthesis |
| US7244867B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2007-07-17 | Marathon Oil Company | Process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US20080275284A1 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2008-11-06 | Marathon Oil Company | Process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US20060100469A1 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2006-05-11 | Waycuilis John J | Process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins and liquid hydrocarbons |
| US8173851B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2012-05-08 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US8642822B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2014-02-04 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons using microchannel reactor |
| US7674941B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2010-03-09 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US7550643B2 (en) * | 2004-04-28 | 2009-06-23 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | Isobutane alkylation |
| US7550644B2 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2009-06-23 | Precision Combustion, Inc. | Isobutane alkylation |
| US7119244B2 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2006-10-10 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Method of removing organic sulfur compounds from alkylate |
| US7446238B2 (en) * | 2005-01-31 | 2008-11-04 | Uop Llc | Alkylation process with recontacting in settler |
| US7408090B2 (en) * | 2005-04-07 | 2008-08-05 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Method of operating downflow boiling point reactors in the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes and dienes |
| MX2008009911A (es) | 2006-02-03 | 2009-02-27 | Grt Inc | Proceso continuo para convertir gas natural a hidrocarburos liquidos. |
| EP1993951B1 (de) | 2006-02-03 | 2014-07-30 | GRT, Inc. | Trennung von lichtgasen von brom |
| US7449612B2 (en) * | 2006-04-11 | 2008-11-11 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Paraffin alkylation process |
| US7906700B2 (en) * | 2006-06-01 | 2011-03-15 | Uop Llc | Alkylation of isobutene feeds |
| US20070299292A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Paraffin alkylation |
| US7601879B2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2009-10-13 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Paraffin alkylation |
| US7781634B2 (en) * | 2007-01-08 | 2010-08-24 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Treatment of olefin feed to paraffin alkylation |
| EP2148846A1 (de) | 2007-05-24 | 2010-02-03 | GRT, Inc. | Zonenreaktor mit reversibler aufnahme und freisetzung von halogenwasserstoff |
| US8278494B2 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2012-10-02 | H R D Corporation | Method of making linear alkylbenzenes |
| US7491856B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2009-02-17 | H R D Corporation | Method of making alkylene glycols |
| US8304584B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2012-11-06 | H R D Corporation | Method of making alkylene glycols |
| US7977525B2 (en) * | 2008-01-31 | 2011-07-12 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | H2SO4 alkylation by conversion of olefin feed to oligomers and sulfate esters |
| US20090200205A1 (en) * | 2008-02-11 | 2009-08-13 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Sulfur extraction from straight run gasoline |
| US20090275791A1 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2009-11-05 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Ceramic foam catalyst support for gasoline alkylation |
| US8153854B2 (en) * | 2008-06-06 | 2012-04-10 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Gasoline alkylate RVP control |
| US8282810B2 (en) | 2008-06-13 | 2012-10-09 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Bromine-based method and system for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons using electrolysis for bromine recovery |
| CA2730934C (en) | 2008-07-18 | 2017-07-04 | Grt, Inc. | Continuous process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US8119848B2 (en) * | 2008-10-01 | 2012-02-21 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Preparation of alkylation feed |
| US8492603B2 (en) * | 2009-01-12 | 2013-07-23 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Selectivated isoolefin dimerization using metalized resins |
| US20100204964A1 (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2010-08-12 | Utah State University | Lidar-assisted multi-image matching for 3-d model and sensor pose refinement |
| US7785921B1 (en) * | 2009-04-13 | 2010-08-31 | Miasole | Barrier for doped molybdenum targets |
| US8258362B2 (en) * | 2009-05-04 | 2012-09-04 | Isp Investments Inc. | Method for the production of α, ω-olefins by using the copper catalyzed coupling reaction of a Grignard reagent with an allylic substrate |
| US20100331599A1 (en) * | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-30 | Bala Subramaniam | Alkylation catalyzed by binary mixtures of acid and ionic liquid |
| US8502006B2 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2013-08-06 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Dimerization process |
| US8198495B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2012-06-12 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes and systems for the staged synthesis of alkyl bromides |
| US8367884B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 | 2013-02-05 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes and systems for the staged synthesis of alkyl bromides |
| WO2011143215A2 (en) | 2010-05-10 | 2011-11-17 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Production of jet and other heavy fuels from isobutanol |
| RU2445164C1 (ru) * | 2010-09-09 | 2012-03-20 | Учреждение Российской Академии Наук Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Институт Нефтехимического Синтеза Им. А.В. Топчиева Ран (Инхс Ран) | Катализатор, способ его получения (варианты) и способ жидкофазного алкилирования изобутана олефинами c2-c4 в его присутствии |
| US8815050B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 | 2014-08-26 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes and systems for drying liquid bromine |
| US8436220B2 (en) | 2011-06-10 | 2013-05-07 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes and systems for demethanization of brominated hydrocarbons |
| US8829256B2 (en) | 2011-06-30 | 2014-09-09 | Gtc Technology Us, Llc | Processes and systems for fractionation of brominated hydrocarbons in the conversion of natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons |
| US8802908B2 (en) | 2011-10-21 | 2014-08-12 | Marathon Gtf Technology, Ltd. | Processes and systems for separate, parallel methane and higher alkanes' bromination |
| US9193641B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2015-11-24 | Gtc Technology Us, Llc | Processes and systems for conversion of alkyl bromides to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons in circulating catalyst reactor-regenerator systems |
| CN103865570B (zh) * | 2012-12-11 | 2016-05-11 | 中国石油化工集团公司 | 一种烷基化反应器及方法 |
| CN104587926B (zh) * | 2013-10-31 | 2017-08-22 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种微丝接触反应器和一种烷基化反应方法 |
| US9522859B2 (en) | 2014-12-11 | 2016-12-20 | Uop Llc | Methods for recovering ionic liquid fines from a process stream |
| CN106032472B (zh) * | 2015-03-20 | 2019-04-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种液体酸催化的异构烷烃与烯烃的烷基化反应方法和装置 |
| CN106032349A (zh) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-10-19 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种液体酸催化的异构烷烃与烯烃的烷基化反应方法 |
| EP3325578A4 (de) | 2015-07-23 | 2019-01-02 | Uop Llc | Modifizierte hf-alkylierungsreaktionszone zur alkylierung einer ionischen flüssigkeit |
| CN105032329B (zh) * | 2015-08-04 | 2017-12-29 | 惠州宇新化工有限责任公司 | 一种烷基化反应方法及脉冲流反应器 |
| RU2622294C2 (ru) * | 2015-09-01 | 2017-06-14 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический институт (технический университет)" (СПбГТИ(ТУ)) | Устройство для алкилирования изобутана олефинами на твердом катализаторе |
| CN107974280B (zh) * | 2016-10-25 | 2020-05-19 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种液体酸烷基化反应方法 |
| US11511256B2 (en) * | 2019-05-24 | 2022-11-29 | Lummus Technology Llc | Flexible production of gasoline and jet fuel in alkylation reactor |
| TWI801918B (zh) | 2020-06-29 | 2023-05-11 | 美商魯瑪斯科技有限責任公司 | 用於丁烯之經控制寡聚化的方法 |
| EP4237394A4 (de) | 2020-10-28 | 2024-10-09 | Lummus Technology LLC | Dimerisierung und trimerisierung von c5-olefinen durch katalytische destillation |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US315574A (en) * | 1885-04-14 | Stove | ||
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| US2472578A (en) | 1946-03-21 | 1949-06-07 | Atlantic Refining Co | Method of contacting fluids |
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| US3435092A (en) * | 1966-08-24 | 1969-03-25 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Alkylation utilizing fine dispersion of reactants in a constant catalyst mass |
| IL28565A (en) | 1967-08-25 | 1971-12-29 | Hydro Chem & Mineral Corp | Apparatus and process for providing direct contact between a liquid and one or more other fluids |
| US3725499A (en) * | 1968-06-27 | 1973-04-03 | Texaco Inc | Alkylation of secondary olefins derived from hydrocarbon compositions containing tertiary olefins |
| US3839487A (en) | 1971-07-09 | 1974-10-01 | Merichem Co | Alkylation utilizing fibers in a conduit reactor |
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| US4375576A (en) | 1981-07-27 | 1983-03-01 | Chemical Research & Licensing Co. | Enhanced diisobutene production in the presence of methyl tertiary butyl ether |
| FR2529905B1 (fr) * | 1982-07-09 | 1988-04-08 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif d'hydrotraitement d'hydrocarbures en phase liquide, en presence d'un catalyseur en lit expanse ou bouillonnant |
| US5003124A (en) | 1982-11-17 | 1991-03-26 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Oligomerization process |
| US4540839A (en) | 1984-03-26 | 1985-09-10 | Petro-Tex Chemical Corporation | Process for the production of polymer gasoline |
| JPS61291017A (ja) * | 1985-06-19 | 1986-12-20 | Hitachi Ltd | 充填塔 |
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| US4783567A (en) | 1987-11-23 | 1988-11-08 | Uop Inc. | HF alkylation process |
| DK168520B1 (da) | 1989-12-18 | 1994-04-11 | Topsoe Haldor As | Fremgangsmåde til væskefase-alkylering af et carbonhydrid med et olefinalkyleringsmiddel |
| US5420093A (en) | 1991-10-25 | 1995-05-30 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst based on silica and sulfuric acid and its use for the alkylation of paraffins |
| US5196626A (en) | 1991-11-04 | 1993-03-23 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Film type alkylation process |
| EP0584006B1 (de) | 1992-08-20 | 1996-06-05 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Verfahren zur Alkylierung von Paraffinen |
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| US5792428A (en) | 1994-07-18 | 1998-08-11 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Apparatus for conducting exothermic reactions |
| US5659096A (en) * | 1995-06-05 | 1997-08-19 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Combination of olefin oligomerization and paraffin alkylation |
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-
2002
- 2002-08-15 US US10/219,877 patent/US6858770B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-06-12 CA CA2493862A patent/CA2493862C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-12 BR BRBR122013007356-6A patent/BR122013007356B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-06-12 BR BRPI0312605-6B1A patent/BR0312605B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-06-12 KR KR1020057002102A patent/KR100970799B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-12 WO PCT/US2003/018584 patent/WO2004016573A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-12 AU AU2003238019A patent/AU2003238019B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-12 RO ROA200900798A patent/RO125602B1/ro unknown
- 2003-06-12 CN CN2007101612880A patent/CN101186551B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-12 IN IN643DEN2012 patent/IN2012DN00643A/en unknown
- 2003-06-12 CA CA2688868A patent/CA2688868C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-12 JP JP2004529075A patent/JP4542427B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-12 EP EP03737042A patent/EP1546068A4/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-06-12 RO ROA200900797A patent/RO125601B1/ro unknown
- 2003-06-12 EP EP10179165A patent/EP2258673A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-06-12 RU RU2005106995/04A patent/RU2303024C2/ru active
- 2003-06-12 RO ROA200900799A patent/RO125600B1/ro unknown
- 2003-06-12 RO ROA200500104A patent/RO123094B1/ro unknown
- 2003-06-12 CN CNB038133814A patent/CN100379710C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-12 MX MXPA05001556A patent/MXPA05001556A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-07-10 TW TW098134026A patent/TWI327993B/zh active
- 2003-07-10 TW TW092118853A patent/TWI327994B/zh active
- 2003-07-11 AR AR20030102510A patent/AR040547A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-07-19 EG EG2003070696A patent/EG23453A/xx active
-
2004
- 2004-03-04 US US10/793,028 patent/US7250542B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-06-17 US US10/870,104 patent/US6995296B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-10-26 US US10/973,746 patent/US7319180B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-12-10 ZA ZA200410027A patent/ZA200410027B/xx unknown
-
2009
- 2009-12-24 JP JP2009292785A patent/JP2010100859A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-05-21 JP JP2010117362A patent/JP2010209348A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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