Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
  • C10M143/02—Polyethylene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/08—Amides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/08—Amides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms]
  • C10M2215/082—Amides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms] containing hydroxyl groups; Alkoxylated derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/086—Imides [having hydrocarbon substituents containing less than thirty carbon atoms]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/223—Five-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
  • C10M2215/224—Imidazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
  • C10M2215/225—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds the rings containing both nitrogen and oxygen
  • C10M2215/226—Morpholines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
  • C10M2215/26—Amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
  • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/24—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions having hydrocarbon substituents containing thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. nitrogen derivatives of substituted succinic acid
  • C10M2215/30—Heterocyclic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound

Definitions

• This invention relates to stable polymeric dispersant additives and viscosity-index improvers for lubricating oils. More particularly, this invention relates to viscosity-stable solutions of substantially saturated polymers comprising ethylene and one or more C 3 to C 28 alpha-olefins, preferably propylene, which have been grafted in the presence of a free radical initiator with an ethylenically-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid material, preferably at an elevated temperature and in an inert atmosphere, and thereafter reacted first with a polyamine, preferably an alkylene polyamine, having at: least two primary amino groups, such as diethylene triamine, and then with an anhydride of an organic acid, to form multifunctional polymar- ic reaction products characterized by viscosity-stabilising aetivity in mineral oil solutions.
• a polyamine preferably an alkylene polyamine, having at: least two primary amino groups, such as diethylene triamine, and then with an anhydride of an organic acid
• Ashless dispersants for lubricating oil compositions are known to enhance the sludge dispersing ability of said compositions.
• One type of dispcrsant is generally derived from a hydrocarbon-substituted dicarboxylic acid material such as an alkenyl succinic acid or anhydride reacted with a nitrogen-containing matcrial.
• United Kingdom Patent Specification 1,018,982 discloses the reaction of said alkenyl succin- ic anhydride with a 2-imidazoline or pyrimidine (the latter is obtained by the reaction of a carboxylic acid, a.g. acetic acid and an alkylene polyamine, e.g. dictiylene triamine) to provide a sludge dispersant for lubricating oils.
• Patent 3,415,750 discloses polyalkenyl su ⁇ c-cinicimido imidazolines and bis-imidazolines which can be used as said ashless detergents.
• the imidazoline is first prepared by the reaction of a polyachylene polyamine wich a carboxylic acid or its anhydride, e.g. acetic, which pr duct is thereafter reacted with a polyalkenyl succini; anhydride.
• U.S. Patent 3,216,936 teaches that it is advar- tageous to ensure that the reaction product of a mixture of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid, a monocarboxylic acid and an alkylene polyamine does not come from an intermediate reaction product of said monocarboxylic acid and said amine in order to avoid destroying the sludge dispersant activity of the final reaction product.
• Belgian Patent 843,360 teaches the production of soluble, sludge-dispersing additives for hydrocarbon fuels and lubricating oils by the free-radical induced grafting in solution of an ethylenically-unsaturated dicarboxyli.c acid material, such as maleic anhydride, onto a substantially saturated copolymer comprising ethylene and ac least one other alpha-olefin at an elevated temperature to provide, without substantial polymer degradation, a useful precursor copolymer which can be subsequently reacted with a carboxylic acid reacting polyfunctional material, such as a polyamine or a hydroxyamine or mixtures of these. form multifunctional polymeric imidated derivatives acting particular utility as engine sludge and varnish control additives for lubricating oils.
• an ethylenically-unsaturated dicarboxyli.c acid material such as maleic anhydride
• compositions comprising a lubricating oil having dissolved therein at least a viscosity index-improving amount, generally ranging from about 0.1 to about 50 wt. %, based on the total weight of said composition, of an oil-soluble C 1 to C 30 hydrocarbyl amide of an imide, preferably an alkylene polyamido-imide, grafted ethylene polymeric viscosity index improver containing from about 0.001 to 8, preferably 0.1 to 2, wt. % of nitrogen.
• the present invention also comprises the viscosity stabilization of an oil additive concentrate comprising a hydrocarbon solvent, from .1 to 50 wt. % based on the total weight of said concentrate of an imidated grafted ethylene C 3 -C 28 alpha-olefin copolymeric viscosity index improver having a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 700 to 500,000 and a weight average/numberaverage molecular weight ( M w / M n ) ratio of less than 7, comprising the step of reacting said concentrate with a hydrocarbyl-substituted acid anhydride wherein the hydrocarbyl constituont has from about 1 to 30, preferably 1.
• the reaction appears to be an acylation of pendant primary amine groups by their reaction with the organic acid anhydride which can be represented as follows: Ethylene copolymer chain - Alkylene amino-imide of a grafted ethylene copolymer i
• This acylation of the free primary amino group with the anhydride produces an amide structure which limits the multifunctionalized copolymers property of solution chain extension thereby inhibiting viscosity increase of oil solutions containing the additives of the invention.
• the mineral oil compositions of the invention can be further reacted with an oil-soluble hydrocarbyl substituted acid having from about 10 to 70 carbon atoms having a pK of less than about 2.5, preferably a polymethylene substituted benzene sulfonic acid, said polymethylene substituent having from 18-40, optimally 24 to 32 carbons, in an amount of from about 0.01 wt. % to 8 wt. % at a temperature within the range of about 150°C. to about 200°C. and for a period from a bout 0.1 hour to about 20 hours, e.g. for 1 hour at 190°C.
• This further step results in an additive oil composition of improved viscosity stability which has no visually perceptible haze.
• the ethylene copolymers to be grafted contain from about 2 to about 98, preferably 30 to 80 wt. % of ethylene, and about 2 to 98, preferably 20 t 70, wt. % of one or more C 3 to C 28 , preferably C 3 to C 18 , more preferably C 3 to C 8 , alpha-olefins, e.g. propylene.
• Such copolymers preferably have a degree of crystallinity of less than 25 wt.
• M n number average molecular weight in the range of about 700 toabout 500,000, preferably 10,000 to 250,000, as determined by vapor phase osmometry (VPO) or membrane osmometry.
• VPO vapor phase osmometry
• Copolymers of ethylene and propylene are most preferred.
• alphs-olefins suitable in place of propylene to form the copolymer or to be used in combination with ethylene and propylene to form a terpolymer include 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene; also branched-chain alpha-olefins, such as 5-methylpentene-1 and 6-methylheptene-1 and mixtures-thereof.
• Terpolymers of ethylene, said alpha-olefin and non-conjugated diolefin or mixtures of such diolefins may also be used.
• the amount of the non-conjugated diolafin ranges from about 0.5 to 20 mole percent, preferably about 1 to about 7 mole percent, based on the total amount of ethylene and alpha-olefin present.
• diolefins include cyclopentadiene, 2-methylene-5-norbornene, non- conjugated hexadiene, or any other alicyclic or aliphatic non-conjugated diolefin having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms per molecule, such as 2-methyl or ethyl norbornadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-2-octadiene, 3-(2-methyl-1-propene) cyclopentene, ethylidene norbornene, etc.
• ethylene copolymers this term including terpolymers, may be prepared using the well-known Ziegler-Natta catalyst compositions as described in U.K. Patent 1,397,994.
• Such polymerization may be effected to produce the ethylene copolymers by passing 0.1 to 15, for example, 5 parts of ethylene; 0.05 to 10, for example, 2.5 parts of said higher alpha-olefin, typically propylene; and from 10 to 10,000 parts of hydrogen per million parts of ethylene; into 100 parts of an inert liquid solvent containing (a) from about 0.0017 to 0.017, for example, 0.0086 parts of a transition metal principal catalyst, for example, VOC1 3 ; and (b) from about 0.0084 to 0.084, for example, 0.042 parts of cocatalyst, e.g. (C 2 H 5 ) 3 Al 2 Cl 3 ; at a temper- ature of about 25°C. and a pressure of 60 psig for a period of time sufficient to effect optimum conversion, for example, 15 minutes to one-half hour; all parts being parts by weight.
• an inert liquid solvent containing (a) from about 0.0017 to 0.017, for example, 0.0086 parts of
• These materials which are grafted (attached) onto the copolymer contain at least one ethylenic bond and at least one, preferably two, carboxylic acid or its anhydride groups or a polar group which is convertible into said carboxyl groups by oxidation or hydrolysis.
• Maleic anhydride or a derivative thereof is preferred as it does not appear to homopolymerize appreciably but grafts onto the ethylene copolymer or terpolymer to give two carboxylic acid functionalities.
• Such preferred materials have the generic formula wherein R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen or a halogen and 0 is oxygen. Suitable examples additionally include chloromaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, or the corresponding dicarboxylic acids, such as maleic acid or fumaric acid or their monoesters.
• the grafting according to the process of this invention is carried out at an elevated temperature in the range of about 100°C. to 250°C., preferably 120 to 190°C. and more preferably 150 to 180°C., e.g. above 160°C., in solvent, preferably a mineral lubricating oil solution con taining, e.g. 1 to 50, preferably 5 to 30 wt. %, based on the initial total oil solution, of the ethylene polymer and preferably under an inert environment.
• the grafting is carried out in the presence of a high-temperature decomposable compound capable of supplying free radicals at said elevated temperature.
• the free-radical initiators which may be used are peroxides, hydroperoxides, and azo compounds and preferably those which have a boiling point greater than about 100°C. and decompose thermally within the grafting temperature range to provide said free radicals.
• Representative of these free-radical initiators are azobutyronitrile and 2. 5-dimethyl-hex-3-yne-2,5 bis-tertiary-butyl peroxide, commercially sold as Lupersol 130 or its hexane analogue. The initiator is used at a level of between about 0.005% and about 1%, based on the total weight of the polymer solution,
• the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid material e.g. maleic anhydride
• the aforesaid carboxylic acid material and free radical initiator are used in a weight percent ratio range of 1.0:1 to 30:1, preferably 2.0:1 to 7:1, more preferably 3.0:1 to 6:.L.
• the grafting is preferably carried out in an inert atmosphere, such as by nitrogen blanketing. While the grafting can be carried out in the presence of air, the yield of the desired graft polymer is decreased as compared to grafting under an inert atmosphere.
• the inert environment should be substantially free of oxygen.
• the grafting time ranges from about 0..1 to 12 hours, preferably from about 0.5 to 6 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 3 hours.
• the graft reaction is carried out to at least approximately 4 times, preferably at least about 6 times the half-life of the free-radical initiator at the reaction temperature employed. e.g. with 2,5-dimethyl hex-3-yne-2, 5-bis(t-butyl peroxide) 2 hours at 160°C. and one hour at 170°C.
• the copolymer solution is first heated to grafting temperature and thereafter said carboxylic acid material and initiator are added with agitation although they could have been added prior to heating.
• the excess acid material is eliminated by an inert gas purge, e.g. nitrogen sparging.
• the maleic anhydride or other carboxylic acid material used is grafted onto both the polymer and the solvent for the reaction.
• the wt. % grafted onto the polymer is normally greater than the amount grafted onto the oil due to greater reactivity of the polymer to grafting.
• the exact split between the two materials depends upon the polymer and its reactivity, the reactivity and type of oil, and also the concentration of the polymer in the oil. The split can be measured empirically from the infrared analyses of product dialyzed into oil and polymer fractions and measuring the anhydride peak absorbance in each.
• the grafting is preferably carried out in a mineral lubricating oil which need not be removed after the grafting step but can be used as the solvent in the subsequent reaction of the graft polymer with the polyfunctional material and as a solvent for the end product to form the concentrate.
• Useful polyamines for reaction with the grafted ethylene-containing polymers are those which have at least two primary amino groups, hereafter designated poly(primary amines), i.e. one group to react with the dicarboxylic acid moiety to form the imido linkage and one more group to react with the organic acid anhydride whereby an amide is formed.
• poly(primary amines) can be represented by the formula wherein R represents an alkylene group, an alkylene imino group, a hydrocarbyl group, a saturated ring structure, an unsaturated ring structure or a nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring structure.
• the useful poly(primary amines) include poly(primary amines) of about 2 to 60, e.g.
• amines may be hydrocarbyl poly(primary amines) or may be hydrocarbyl poly(primary amines) including other groups, e.g., cyano groups, amide groups, imidazoline groups, and the like.
• Preferred amines are aliphatic saturated poly(primary amines), including those of the general formula: wherein R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, amino alkylene radicals, and C 1 to C 12 alkylamino C 2 to C 6 alkylene radicals, s is a number of from 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4, and t is a number of from 0 to 10, preferably 2 to 6.
• Suitable amine compounds include ethylene diamine, diaminomethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetraamine, tetraethylene pentamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, di-(1,2-propylene) triamine, di-(1,3-propylene) triamine, di-(1,4-butylene) triamine and N,N-di-(2-aminoethyl) ethylene diamine.
• amine compounds include alicyclic diamines such as 1,4-di-(aminomethyl) cyclohexane and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, such as N-amino-alkyl piperazines of the general formula: wherein G is an omega-aminoalkylene radical of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and p is an integer of from 1 to 4.
• N,N'-di-(2-aminomethyl) piperazine is N,N'-di-(2-aminomethyl) piperazine.
• alkylene amines Commercial mixtures of amine compounds may advantageously be used.
• one process for preparing alkylene amines involves the reaction of an alkylene dihalide (such as ethylene dichloride or propylene dichloride) with ammonia, which results in a complex mixture of alkylene groups, forming such compounds as diethylene triamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and isomeric piperazines.
• alkylene dihalide such as ethylene dichloride or propylene dichloride
• ammonia such as a complex mixture of alkylene groups
• Low cost poly(ethylene amines) compourds having a composition approximating tetraethylene pentamine are available commercially under the trade name Polyamine 400.
• Still other polyamines separated by hetero atom chains such as polyethers or sulfides can be used.
• the grafted polymer preferably in solution, can be readily reacted with said poly(primary amine) and mixtures thereof by admixture together and heating at a temperature of from about 100°C. to 250°C. for from 10 minutes to 30 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 10 hours, usually about 15 minutes to about 3 hours. It is preferred to use 0.01 to 2.5 mole, more preferably 0.5 to 1.0 mole, of the poly-(primary amine) per mole of grafted carboxylic material, such as maleic anhydride.
• the reaction of diethylene triamine with the grafted ethylene-containing polymer occurs in 15 minutes or less at 170°C. with a nitrogen blanket.
• the solution grafting step when carried out in the presence of a high temperature decomposable peroxide is accomplished without significant degradation of the chain length (molecular weight) of the ethylene-containing polymer. Measurement of molecular weights and degradation can be evaluated by determination of the thickening efficiency of the polymer.
• T.E. Thickening efficiency
• a polyisobutylene sold as an oil solution by Exxon Chemical Co. as Parutane N
• Parutane N having a Staudinger Molecular Weight of 20,000
• a solvent-extracted neutral mineral lubricating oil having a viscosity of 150 SUS at 37.8°C., a viscosity index of 105 and an ASTM pour point of 0°F., (Solvent 150 Neutral) to a viscosity of 12.4 centistokes at 98.9°C., to the weight percent of a test copolymer required to thicken the same oil to the same viscosity at the same temperature.
• T.E. is related to ( M n ) and is a convenient, useful measurement for the formulation of lubricating oils of various grades.
• grafted carboxyl e.g. maleic anhydride
• the imidization reaction product contains in the range of 0.001 to 8, preferably 0.01 to 2, wt. % nitrogen and/or oxygen and ha a M n in the range of 700 to 500,000, preferably 700 to 250,000.
• the imidization reaction product is readily reacted with the organic acid anhydride to achieve amidation of the imidized grafted ethylene copolymer.
• Suitable organic acid anhydrides include both (a) the anhydride of a monocarboxylic acid represented by the structure wherein R is selected from an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl or heterocyclic radical and a substituted heterocyclic radical and can contain from one to 30 carbon atoms; and (b) the anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid represented by the structure wherein Z is selected from alkylene, arylene and alkenylene and contains from 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
• anhydrides of the monocarboxylic acids the anhydrides of the following acids are representative.
• Cychopropanecarboxylic acid cyclopentane-carboxylic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, hydrocapric acid, chaulmoogric acid, naphthenic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzoic acid and cyclodecanecarboxylic acid.
• Benzoic acid 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid,m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, 2,3-di- bromobenzoic acid, 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,3-dinitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroGenzoic acid, gallic acid, anisic acid, phenylacetic acid and beta-phenylpropionic acid.
• Picolinic acid nicotinic acid, furylacrylic acid, piperic acid, indoxylic acid, 3-indoleacetic acid, cinchoni- nic acid, furoic acid, 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid, 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid, 9-acridancarboxylic acid, quinaldic acid, pyrazionic acid and antipyric acid.
• amidation of the imide grafted ethylene copolymer which imidization reaction was preferentially carried.out in a mineral oil solution, can be preferentially conducted as a continuation of the imidization reaction by subsequently injecting the organic acid anhydride directly into the system. If desired, amidation can be a separate non-integrated reaction step.
• a sufficient amount of the organic acid anhydride is introduced into the heated solution containing the imidized grafted ethylene copolymer and the reaction carried on for a period of 0.25 to 8 hours at a temperature ranging from 50 to 250°C., a temperature of about 100 to 200°C. being preferred. In order to fully complete the reaction, it is useful to utilize a slight excess, i.e.
• the amidation process step is preferentially conducted on an imidized graft ethylene copolymeric mineral oil solution wherein the excess poly(primary amine) e.g. alkylene polyamine is reduced to a level of less than about 0.05, optimally less than about 0.02, weight percent free (unreacted) amine.
• poly(primary amine) e.g. alkylene polyamine
• the amidation reaction can be monitored by differential infrared analysis of the reaction medium. Differential infrared analysis involves absorption comparison of a sample of the starting material placed in the reference beam with a test sample placed in the sample beam using matched cells. It has been found that amidation results in the development of maximum absorption at an amide band of 1630-1670 whereas the acid absorption band of between 1720 and 1740 cm - 1 first increases and then decreases as the reaction is completed since the excess anhydride and acid byproducts responsible for acid absorption are depleted through remova The best method of monitoring completion of the amidation of the imide grafted ethylene copolymer is to continue the reaction until absorption at the 1650-1670 cm -1 band is at a maximum.
• the mineral oil additive composition containing the ethylene copolymer dispersant additives usually contain from about .1 to about 50 wt. % based upon the total weight of the hydrocarbon solution of the amidated-imidated, graft ethylene copolymer additive.
• these oil additive compositions are found to be hazy because they contain a hazing material derived from homopolymerization of the grafted moieties and/or low molecular weight polar species insoluble in oil. It is therefore useful to treat the composition by adding at least a haze-removing amount of an oil-soluble acid having a.pK of less than.-about 2.5, e.g. a dialkylbenzene sulfonic acid.
• the treatment of the haze-containing oil composition is carried out at a temperature of about room temperature to about 250°C., preferably from about 150 to about 200°C. and for a time period of about 0.1 hour up to about 20 hours, preferably from 0.5 to about 3 hours.
• the oil-soluble acid preferably has a pK of from about 0.001 to about 2.5,optimally from about 0.1 to about 2.
• the term pK for the purpose of this disclosure is used herein to express the extent of the dissociation of the acid used to treat the haze causing substance.
• pK can be defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the oil-soluble strong acid.
• Useful acids which eliminate the hazing property of the hazing substance are represented by oil-soluble derivatives of alkyl carboxylic acids, such as isostearic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phosphoric acid, thiophosphoric acids, phosphonic acid, thiophosphonic acids, phosphinic acid, thiophosphinic acids, sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfinic acid and alpha-substituted halo- or nitro- or nitrilo-carboxylic acids wherein the oil solubilizing group or groups are hydrocarbyl and containing from about 3 to about 70, preferably from about 18 to 40, optimally 25 to 32 carbon atoms.
• oil-soluble sulfonic acids which are typically alkaryl sulfonic acids.
• alkylaryl sulfonic acids generally have from 9 to 76, preferably 24 to 46, total carbons.
• the alkyl substituent or substituents preferably have 18 to 40, optimally 24 to 32, total carbons.
• alkyl mono-aryl sulfonic acids are those acids that are formed by alkylating benzene with oligomers of propylene or C 4 -C 10 1-alkenes containing 20 to 40 carbon atoms and thereafter sulfonating the resulting alkylate.
• the class of compounds may thus be identified as the polyalkyl benzene sulfonic acids.
• An especially preferred compound is the octacosyl benzene sulfonic acid wherein the alkyl radical is derived from a nominal 28 carbon propylene oligomer.
• a wide range, e.g. 0.001 to 50 wt. %, preferably 0.005 to 20%, of the oil-soluble nitrogen and/or oxygen containing graft polymers treated in accordance with this invention can be incorporated into about a major amount of an oleaginous material, such as a lubricating oil or hydrocarbon fuel.
• an oleaginous material such as a lubricating oil or hydrocarbon fuel.
• the treated polymer concentrations are within the range of about 0.01 to 20 wt. %, e.g., 0.1 to 15.0 wt. %, preferably 0.25 to 10.0 wt. %, of the total composition.
• the lubricating oils to which the products of this invention can be added include not only hydrocarbon oil derived from petro leum, but also include synthetic lubricating oils such as esters of dibasic acids and complex esters made by esterification of monobasic acids, polyglycols, dibasic acids and alcohols.
• amidated-imidaced graft polymers of the invention may be utilized in a concentrate form, e.g., from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, preferably 15 to 49 wt. % in oil, e.g., mineral lubricating oil, for ease of handling.
• oil e.g., mineral lubricating oil
• the above concentrates and lubricating oil compositions may contain other conventional additives, such as dyes, pour point depressants, antiwear agents, antioxidants, other viscosity-index improvers, dispersants and the like.
• the resulting copolymer solution had a color of 5 with a haze reading of 108 nephelos (unchanged from the starting material); as measured on a naphelometer purchased from Kohlmann Industries, Maywood, Ill. and identified as Model 9.
• This material had a viscosity of 1543 centistokes at 210°F., active ingredient of 15.42 wt. % by dialysis, N wt. % of 0.12% (0.49 wt. % N on polymer), flash point of 420°F. and T.E. of 1.43.
• On blends with a test oil of 6.2 cs, 9.5 wt. % gave a 12.8 cs. 210°F.
• Example 1 product 300 grams was charged into a 4-necked 1 liter flask and heated to 125°C. while stirring and N 2 blanketing. 1 gram of acetic anhydride was added and reacted for.1 hour. The mixture was stripped for 1 hour at 125°C. The temperature was then raised to 170°C. and 3 grams of C 24 ave. alkylbenzene sulfonic acid were added. Reaction continued for 4 hours. The haze was reduced from 108 (initial) to 16 nephelos.
• Acid anhydrides are known not to react with tertiary amines. However, they may react with secondary amines. From the stoichiometry of the reaction of acetic anhydride with an imide made from DETA, as derived from their amide measurements, only the primary amine, not the secondary amine, reacts in this case.
• a 15W50 SAE crankcase oil formulation was made up using 12.5 wt. % of the oil concentrate of Example 2, 2 volume % of an ashless dispersant additive, 1.1 volume % of an overbased magnesium sulfonate, 0.8 volume % of overbased calcium phenate, 0.5 volume % of an antioxidant, and 1.43 volume % of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and a mineral lubricating oil blend of base stocks.
• a formulation was made up in the same manner replac- inc the oil concentrate of Example 2 with the same weight percent of the oil concentrate of Example 1.

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