EP0052122A1 - System d'analyse d'images - Google Patents

System d'analyse d'images

Info

Publication number
EP0052122A1
EP0052122A1 EP81901300A EP81901300A EP0052122A1 EP 0052122 A1 EP0052122 A1 EP 0052122A1 EP 81901300 A EP81901300 A EP 81901300A EP 81901300 A EP81901300 A EP 81901300A EP 0052122 A1 EP0052122 A1 EP 0052122A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
image
mail
video signals
article
ray
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP81901300A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0052122A4 (fr
Inventor
Gregory Cleave Brown
James Dominic Quinn
Stanley Robert Silva
David William Williams
Kenneth Kwan Mow Wu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Australian Government
Original Assignee
Australian Government
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Australian Government filed Critical Australian Government
Publication of EP0052122A1 publication Critical patent/EP0052122A1/fr
Publication of EP0052122A4 publication Critical patent/EP0052122A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
    • G01N23/043—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using fluoroscopic examination, with visual observation or video transmission of fluoroscopic images

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an image analysis system, and particularly, but not exclusively, an image analysis system to form part of a system for the detection of improvised explosive devices (IED's), and more particularly to improvements in such detection techniques involving the use of X-ray fluoroscopy.
  • IED's improvised explosive devices
  • the inventive image analysis system has been developed primarily to analyse an X-ray radioscopic or radiographic image of the contents of an article of mail under investigation for the possible presence of an IED
  • the system also has " applications , such as; the analysis of satellite__photographs , for example to estimate the area of ground under tree cover (dark areas) or non-vegetated areas (light areas) ; automatic video surveillance systems to detect the presence of an intruder in the area under surveillance; analysis of radioscopic or radiographic images in general; and analysis of colour images by the use of infra-red, ultra-violet, and other forms of filters .
  • the bulk of the remaining description including the preferred embodiment, will be directed to the part ⁇ icular application of the image analysis system as part of a system for detecting IED's.
  • vapour trace detection Historically there are several techniques and devices employed in the detection of IED's, the principal ones being X-ray fluoroscopy and vapour trace detection.
  • the former technique has involved visual examination of an X-ray image, and is dependent on the sustained alertness and interpretative ability of a human operator, whilst the main problem with vapour trace detection techniques is that they can be readily countered by suitable containment of the explosive device, and furthermore they are incapable of detecting some of the types of explosives commonly used.
  • X-ray fluoroscopy techniques are still the most feasible because of the following advantages that they offer. 1. Penetration of covering material to reveal internal contents. 2. Detection based on distinctive densitometrie and geometric properties of IED components . 3. Independence from chemical characteristics of explosives, such as the escape of volatiles. 4. Potential capability for virtually certain detection combined with extremely low incidence of false alarms. 5. Additions to explosive can be considered and exploited to ensure a virtually unique response to X-ray fluorescence. 6 . The technique is competitive with most other techniques with regard to cost, compactness and portability .
  • the technique also offers flexibility in being able to cope with any new 0 IED designs.
  • the present invention is not used in a detection system specifically directed to overcoming the first disadvantage (a) referred to above, it can be eliminated by the use of relatively low energy X-rays, limitation of dose and incorporation of effective 30 shielding in the design of the detection system.
  • the present invention is not used in a detection system specifically directed to overcoming the second disadvantage (b) mentioned above, which particularly relates to. the capacity to search for and locate an IED the position of which is not known, it should be noted that almost all IED detection techniques can only detect when in close proximity to the IED, with the exception of some techniques based on vapour trace detection which have some limited capability in this regard.
  • the present invention can be incorporated in a detection system designed to overcome the third disadvantage (c) mentioned above, and having as its objective to produce a more practical and efficient system for analysing an image produced by X-ray fluoroscopy whilst coping with the throughput speeds of normal mail processing, that is, a technique and system operating on a real time basis.
  • the present invention involves identification and therefore detectio by image analysis of explosive devices in situations where a number of apparently similar items are present, by utilising the particular characteristic qualities of the radioscopic images produced by such explosive devices.
  • the radioscopic image of a lethal IED possesses a minimum proportion of dark area caused by the presence of X-ray absorbing material essential to • the operation of the IED, and in particular a lead azide primer charge, present in the most commonly used commercially available detonators required to detonate an explosive charge.
  • the present invention involves discerning the presence of such a material as distinct from the radioscopic images produced by other items present, which in the case of mail processing may be various types of paper clips . It is important that these articles be distinguished from a IED and the article of mail in question not diverted.
  • the present invention utilises the above characteristic of the fluorescent image . produced by an IED by employing a closed circuit television (CCTV) camera which provides video signals from which the extent of dark areas of the images produced may be measured in terms of the duration of any signal whose intensity is less than a predetermined value.
  • CCTV closed circuit television
  • a signal designating the category of each item displayed in the image frame as either safe, or potentially harmful, . is generated based on the total area count and is immediately available on completion of a scan of one complete image frame on the CCTV camera. Disclosure of the Invention
  • the invention may therefore envisage an apparatus for analysing images comprising a CCTV camera to scan said image and provide video signals, and means to process said video signals so as to provide an indication of the duration of any signal whose intensity varies from a predetermined value as a* measure of the extent of dark or light areas on the image.
  • the invention may also envisage a method of analysing images, comprising the steps of scanning said image with a CCTV camera to produce video signals, and processing said signals so as to provide an indication of the duration of any signal whose intensity varies from a __. _ . _ . . ,
  • predetermined value as a measure of the extent of dark or light areas on the image.
  • an X-ray fluorescent image of the contents of the article under investigation is produced, which is then analysed in accordance with the invention to provide a measure of the extent of dark areas on the image likely to result from the presence of an IED.
  • a total pulse count, recorded within the scan time, which is below a predetermined threshold count indicates that the dark area of the image density is below that normall associated with a lethal IED, and thus indicates that the article is safe.
  • above threshold counts merely indicate the possibility of an IED being present in the article under investigation and further checks can then be carried out either by way of visual examination or by the application of more sophisticated analysing equipment.
  • the invention as applied to the detection of IED's, basically rests with an electronic system utilising a CCTV camera to rapidly clear any large number of articles, such as mail, as being safe, whilst if he throughput amount is relatively small a trained operator may be sufficient to clear any items detected " as being possibly harmful, whilst in systems involving a relatively large number of articles more sophisticated analysing equipment may be utilised to screen the possibly harmful articles detected "by the system of the present invention.
  • One preferred form of the invention particularly as applied in a system for the screening of mail, will ⁇ 1,_ ⁇ f v- 0
  • Figure 1 is a view of an actual radioscopic image of the contents of a pre-prepared envelope containing electric detonators and a number of other items commonly present in mail,
  • Figures 2A and 2B are graphs representing measurements along line X-Y of the radiograph of Figure 1 as recorded on a photodensitometer
  • Figure 3 is a schematic layout of the apparatus of this preferred form of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a series of optical test patterns produced from the photodensitometer traces of Figures 2A and 2B
  • Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of the basic circuitry for processing the video signal provided by the CCTV camera
  • FIG. 6 is a detailed circuit diagram for the video buffer and synchronising separator in the circuitry of Figure 5,
  • FIG. 7 is a detailed circuit diagram for the video buffer and comparator in the circuitry of Figure 5 .
  • FIG 8 is a detailed circuit diagram for the clamp drive and window reset in the circuitry of Figure 5,
  • Figure 9 is a detailed circuit diagram for the horizontal and vertical window generator in the circuitry of Figure 5, Figures 10A to IOC together form a detailed circuit diagram for the dark area counter and comparator in the circuitry of Figure 5,
  • Figure 11 is a detailed circuit diagram for the double field counter in the circuitry of Figure 5, and
  • Figure 12 is a detailed circuit diagram for the output mixer in the circuitry of Figure 5. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention
  • Feasibility investigations have been carried out to determine an optimum X-ray energy for use with routine mail packages of varying thickness, generally greater than 3 mm.
  • the X-ray characteristics required produce a low beam attenuation in paper, while retaining a sufficiently high attenuation in metal to enable the detection of high X-ray dense material characteristic of IED construction.
  • test object was devised, as shown in Figure 1, which consisted of two X-ray simulated electric detonators, one of which was partially flattened, together with a number of other metal articles including paper fasteners and electrical copper leads, all arranged on a thin card support.
  • Two radioscopic images of the te object were produced, the first taken of the test object alone and the second including 20 mm thickness of zinc oxide impregnated copying paper.
  • This type of paper has a high X-ray absorption. Irradiation conditions were the same in each case using X-rays generated at 77 kV and filtered with a sheet of lead 0.34 ram thick. The exposure conditions were 720 mAs at 1000 mm source to film distance.
  • the ordinates correspond to the percentage of light transmitted through the radiograph and hence provide a quantitative measure of the X-ray absorption
  • a further effect evident on comparison of the two traces is the decreased signal to noise ratio when the test object included the copying paper. This is due to the X-rays being scattered within the bulk of the paper. Some of this scattered radiation falls on parts of the film or screen normally occluded by such components as the lead azide. The effect of X-ray scatter produced in materials like paper can limit the effectiveness of a discriminator when applied to increased thicknesses of materials .
  • the largest section of a lead azide plug is some 6 mm diameter and 4 mm in length. .
  • the projected image of rotation of the ASA is not significantly 2CT ' ⁇ 8 I / 0 0 ⁇ 6 8
  • a screening apparatus suitable for the screening of high volume mail is shown in Figure 3 and comprises three main functional blocks; firstly the X-ray imaging system producing an image on the fluorescent screen, secondly the closed circuit television (CCTV) system viewing this image and thirdly the electronic comparator - counter system.
  • CCTV closed circuit television
  • the X-ray image system consists of an X-ray generator and an X-ray fluorescent screen. Two types, a Du Pont Cronex E 2 screen covering an area of 250 x 250 mm and a Sirius HSF screen of 385 x 385 mm have been used successfully to date.
  • the optimum fluorescent screen for any application can be chosen in terms of area to be covered, X-ray energy used and the type of CCTV image sensing tube used. Objects to be examined are irradiated by X-rays which pass to the fluorescent screen and form a radioscopic image. Thus a visual image with grey scale information corresponding to the X-ray attenuation over a relatively large area is obtained on the fluorescent screen.
  • the quality of this image depends on the energy of X-rays that are used. As far as the fluorescent screen is concerned this is a linear process, the brightness of visible radiation being proportional to the intensity of X-radiation.
  • the use of an IED screening device is envisaged using an X-ray energy of 80 to 150 kV.
  • a standard CCTV camera is used to transduce the optical image produced on the fluorescent screen to an electronic signal.
  • the type of image sensing tube in r A' . ⁇ S i i 0 0 0 6 8
  • the camera chosen will depend on the X-ray dose used, and should be compatible with the fluorescent screen. Low X-ray dose systems will require more sensitive image sensing tubes to detect the low light level images obtained from the fluorescent screen. Such camera/image sensing tube systems which also produce standard CCTV signals are readily available, although expensive. A bandwidth better than 7 MHz, giving a line to line resolution finer than 550 lines, will be required from any camera used to survey objects up to 300 x 400 mm. A National WV - 240 N with a 17 mm vidicon was used for the optical tests . An Ikegami CTC 5600 G with a 25 mm Newvicon has been used successfully to date. The greater sensitivity of the Newvicon has allowed the X-ray experiments to be performed successfully.
  • the composite output from the CCTV camera is fed to the comparator system.
  • the comparator operates at high speed the comparator provides an output signal for areas of the fluorescent screen which are darker than the preset darkness (image intensity) threshold.
  • a window area of the fluorescent screen is selected to be analysed, by virtue of command signals generated within the comparator.
  • the output of the comparator system is fed to the gate input of the counter/timer and used to interrupt the internal 10 MHz clock when the counter/timer is in the totalize (summation) mode. Thus the counter/timer will count and accumulate at 10 million counts per second while the comparator signal is present.
  • a control circuit is used in the comparator system to select a single video frame for image analysis.
  • the resulting count is held and displayed in the counter/timer. This count and display sequence - 12 -
  • the displayed count is proportional to the area of the fluorescent screen within the window darker than the preset darkness threshold and the maximum count ranges to approximately 240,000 for a single frame.
  • the video monitor is able to be switched to display
  • Test pattern (a) is a series of grey level areas approximating to the size of a detonator and having optical densities of 3.0, 1.2, 0.8 and.0.38 respectively. This pattern was used to demonstrate grey level discrimination by the comparator.
  • Pattern (b) is an opaque square, approximating in size to the X-radioscopic image of the lead azide priming charge in a detonator. This was successively rotated and the count recorded to confirm that the discriminator was not directionally biased.
  • Pattern (c) is an opaque circle 3 mm diameter to assess the performance of the counting of the system firstly for small areas and secondly as a test for comparison of counts obtained for fragments of different shape being equal to the original area.
  • the optical test patterns were mounted on a white opal screen backlit by two 15 watt white fluorescent tubes. This produced a high contrast image with an average background illumination of 350 lux. This level of illumination is within the operating range of the camera.
  • the reproducibility of area measurements corres ⁇ ponding to an average count of 5450 in a total field of 200,000 counts was investigated using test pattern (b) . This is a larger proportion of the field than would normally be operative but is a good test for the general accuracy that can be expected from this device.
  • a standard deviation for fifty readings of 21 counts was obtained, which indicates a 99.6% probability for any reading to repeat more closely than ⁇ _> + ⁇ — 1% of the average reading.
  • test pattern (c) corresponding to 10-20 counts of course do not show this level of repeatability. Errors of up to 50% of the average can be expected in normal operation. A most important fact however, is that the system shows a remarkable freedom from background noise, with a zero reading invariably resulting for an image field with no feature sufficient to trigger the device. With an object that produces - _.
  • the circuitry for processing the video signal comprises the following functional blocks.
  • the input video signal CV is fed to a synchronizing pulse separator which provides both horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses.
  • a video isolation amplifier 2N3642 and 2N3645 feeds the input video pulses B and C to the output mixer circuits 6.
  • the input video signal CV is applied directly to a video buffer 2N6515 and 2N3906, which provides a low impedance drive to the high speed comparator MC10116.
  • a clamp 2N6515 is used to provide DC restoration keyed to the back porch of the horizontal synchronizing pulse, The buffered and clamped video then passes to the high speed comparator MC10116.
  • An ECL to TTL level translator MPS4258 drives the schmi.tt gates 74LS13 providing the digitized video D and D.
  • the DC reference input to the comparator MCI0116 is taken from a multi turn potentiometer 10K grey scale threshold supplied from +5 Volts.
  • the timing signal K required by the keyed clamp and a reset WR for the window generator 2A are provided by monostable integrated circuits 74LS221.
  • the horizontal synchronizin pulse H is delayed and shaped to produce a clamp drive pulse K (occurring during the back porch) and a reset pulse WR for the window generator.
  • the window gating signal W for the counter circuits is generated by delaying and shaping the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses H and V. Control of these delays allows adjustment of the size and position of the window in the horizontal and vertical directions.
  • the input video signal 5 consists of odd and even fields transmitted in sequence. An odd and an even field are required to make a complete video frame.
  • the double field counter 3 when initiated provides a gating signal F to the counter circuits for the duration of one odd and one even field.
  • This counter may be activated by a manual push button manual start count or by an external TTL compatable signal input S.
  • the video signals B and C from the isolating amplifier 2.13642 and 2N3645 within the synchronizing separator and buffer 5 or D from the high speed comparator 1 are " combined, as required, with a video signal WV, representing the window position, to provide a suitable display on the video monitor.
  • the signals D from the comparator 1, W from the window generator 2A, and the signals F from double field counter 3 are combined in the 74LS00 NAND'S.
  • This combined signal is used to switch pulses from a crystal clock Oscillator 74S00 into the totalizing counter 74LS90(X6) and the presettable down counter 74LS192(X6) .
  • the clock frequency may be chosen to directly scale the counters if required.
  • a digital readout is provided by decoding the totalizing counter within the decode and drive T1L308(X6) .
  • Logic ' circuits 74LS00(X5) detect a borrow signal BS on the presettable down counter to indicate a totalized count greater than that preset in the down counter.
  • Output signals indicating, processing complete/next item N and count above limit/sample divert Y are provided for interfacing to external equipment.
  • signal Y occurs a signal X appears and illuminates LED thus giving a visual indication of the occurrence of signal Y.
  • Regulated voltages of +5 and -5 are supplied by a conventional power supply (not shown) comprising mains transformer, rectifier and regulator circuits.
  • TlL308's and MClOll ⁇ 's are as manufactured by National Semi-Conductor Corp. of Santa Clara, California, U.S.A.
  • the TlL308's are as manufactured by Texas Instruments Inc., of Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.
  • the MC10116's are as manufactured by Motorola Semi-Conductor Products Inc., of Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
  • the control outputs to hold/divert ports are activated for images containing areas darker than the preset level and producing a count (proportional to actual area) greater than the preset value.
  • the system may work with equal facility on the inverse image, by measuring areas lighter than the preset intensity value and diverting for area counts less than the limit.
  • the range of mail testing rates accommodated include those representing low volume numbers received by a single small establishment, through to the high volume ratings of the automatic processing as required by postal authorities.
  • the former is illustrated by a recent analysis of incoming mail received at a small registry, where a daily average of 150 articles is handled and of which a summary appears 'A TT v '-*
  • the Toshiba culling machine has a preliminary article-thickness test set by Australia Post to 5 mm.
  • the thicker mail articles are culled from the main flow of mail to receive individual handling with respect to stamp cancellation etc.
  • a thickness monitoring system When used in conjunction with letter bomb screening devices a thickness monitoring system becomes a preliminary screening device. When set at 5 mm, as mentioned, it should reject a package containing a commercial detonator (6 mm diameter) in a rudimentary design of IED. However a setting of 3 mm is needed to comply with the specifications of RARDE for the possible thicknesses of lethal letter bombs . The suggestion here is that or the amount of explosives to be in a form to represent a lethal charge the thickness of the letter can be as low as 3 mm.
  • the comparator can respond to a threshold image intensity , and can differentiate between a range of grey levels as required , when the camera is operating within the specified illumination range .
  • a more sensitive CCTV camera such as a high sensitivity commercial vidicon marketed under ' the name , NEWVICON , is more suitable for X-ray work .
  • the specified illumination range both the accuracy of count and repeatability (for a given area) are of an encouragingly high order .
  • an X-ray mail screening system has been constructed , the performance of which is in accord with design objectives . Testing of the comparator under low X-ray intensity conditions is planned. The comparator works most satisfactorily under high-dose/ high- light- level illuminated screen conditions and there is little doubt that it will be just as satisfactory under low-dose/low-light-level fluorescent screen conditions . Finally the X-ray examination of in-coming mail to the applicants- establishment where the invention has been developed has shown for a total of about 3000 articles processed , only 2% have shown X-ray image contrast above a critical threshold value (which would indicate the possible presence of an IED) .
  • the present invention has been described above in the preferred embodiment as applied to analysing an X-ray radioscopic image in a system for detecting IED's, but, as discussed previously, the invention can be used to analyse other forms of images for the purposes of determining the nature and extent of particular characteristics of the image about which information is required.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Closed-Circuit Television Systems (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
  • Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)

Abstract

Procede et systeme d'analyse d'images, et en particulier procede et systeme d'analyse d'images de radioscopie aux rayons X du contenu d'un colis de poste pour detecter la presence de dispositifs explosifs improvises (IED). Le systeme comprend une camera de television en circuit ferme (CCTV) pour balayer l'image et produire des signaux video (CV), et des moyens de traitement de signaux (1) pour comparer le niveau de ces signaux video (CV) avec une valeur de seuil predeterminee et pour produire une impulsion de sortie (B) lorsque l'intensite des signaux varie par rapport a une valeur predeterminee donnant une mesure de l'etendue des regions sombres ou claires sur l'image, et en particulier, en ce qui concerne la detection des dispositifs explosifs improvises (IED), pour produire une impulsion de sortie (B) lorsque l'intensite du signal est inferieure a cette valeur de seuil predeterminee, et des moyens (4) pour compter ces impulsions pour une zone particuliere sur l'image et pour produire un signal de sortie (Y) indiquant l'etendue des regions sombres sur l'image et fournissant une indication quant a la presence d'un dispositif explosif improvise (IED).
EP19810901300 1980-06-03 1981-06-03 System d'analyse d'images. Withdrawn EP0052122A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU3854/80 1980-06-03
AUPE385480 1980-06-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0052122A1 true EP0052122A1 (fr) 1982-05-26
EP0052122A4 EP0052122A4 (fr) 1982-10-07

Family

ID=3768550

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19810901300 Withdrawn EP0052122A4 (fr) 1980-06-03 1981-06-03 System d'analyse d'images.

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0052122A4 (fr)
JP (1) JPS57500762A (fr)
BE (1) BE889075A (fr)
CA (1) CA1177952A (fr)
IT (1) IT1171270B (fr)
WO (1) WO1981003594A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0087442A4 (fr) * 1981-09-10 1986-08-21 Commw Of Australia Systeme d'analyse d'image.
US5309496A (en) * 1992-12-23 1994-05-03 Winsor Robin W Filmless X-ray apparatus and method of using the same
US20030144800A1 (en) * 2001-12-31 2003-07-31 Lockheed Martin Corporation Methods and system for hazardous material early detection for use with mail and other objects
SE521332C2 (sv) * 2002-04-16 2003-10-21 Styrbjoern Gaerde Automat och förfarande för hantering av försändelser
GB2391937A (en) * 2002-08-17 2004-02-18 Paul Anthony Kendall Mail screening unit for powders
US20050276443A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-15 Slamani Mohamed A Method and apparatus for recognizing an object within an image
JP4730526B2 (ja) * 2005-06-27 2011-07-20 独立行政法人理化学研究所 封入物検査装置
US12101581B2 (en) * 2022-04-04 2024-09-24 Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh Method and system for recording a mail screening process

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT256262B (de) * 1964-07-29 1967-08-10 Philips Nv Verfahren und Anordnung zur Wiedergabe eines Radiogramms, bei welchem die Punkte einer bestimmten wählbaren Strahlungsintensität hervorgehoben werden
GB1246058A (en) * 1968-07-25 1971-09-15 Wilhelm Jank An apparatus using a television camera for intimidation and/or monitoring
US3884816A (en) * 1972-12-19 1975-05-20 Jeol Ltd Method and apparatus for detecting dangerous articles and/or precious metals
US4031545A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-06-21 American Science & Engineering, Inc. Radiant energy alarm system
DE2617111C3 (de) * 1976-04-17 1986-02-20 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Verfahren zum Feststellen einer Bewegung im Überwachungsbereich einer Fernsehkamera
DE2710883C2 (de) * 1977-03-12 1979-04-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart System zur Diskrimination eines Videosignals
DE2715083C3 (de) * 1977-04-04 1983-02-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart System zur Diskrimination eines Videosignals
DE2735400C2 (de) * 1977-08-05 1979-09-20 Heimann Gmbh, 6200 Wiesbaden Vorrichtung zum Prüfen von Gepäckstücken mitteis Röntgenstrahlung

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT8148598A0 (it) 1981-06-02
WO1981003594A1 (fr) 1981-12-10
IT1171270B (it) 1987-06-10
EP0052122A4 (fr) 1982-10-07
BE889075A (fr) 1981-10-01
JPS57500762A (fr) 1982-04-30
CA1177952A (fr) 1984-11-13
IT8148598A1 (it) 1982-12-02

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