EP0059811A1 - Electrode à air contenant du fer élémentaire et cellule équipée d'une telle électrode - Google Patents

Electrode à air contenant du fer élémentaire et cellule équipée d'une telle électrode Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0059811A1
EP0059811A1 EP81305234A EP81305234A EP0059811A1 EP 0059811 A1 EP0059811 A1 EP 0059811A1 EP 81305234 A EP81305234 A EP 81305234A EP 81305234 A EP81305234 A EP 81305234A EP 0059811 A1 EP0059811 A1 EP 0059811A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
metal
electrode
hydrophilic
composite
current collector
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP81305234A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Chia-Tsun Liu
Brian G. Demczyk
Paul R. Gongaware
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Publication of EP0059811A1 publication Critical patent/EP0059811A1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8615—Bifunctional electrodes for rechargeable cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • This invention relates to bifunctional air electrodes for use in electrochemical energy cells.
  • Electro-chemical cells of this type include a gas diffusion electrode capable of generating electricity by electro-chemically combining an oxidizable reactant with a reducible reactant.
  • these electro-chemical cells are comprised of spaced apart electrodes ionically connected by an electrolyte.
  • Such electrodes were found to have third cycle charging potentials of about 550 to 610 mV. vs. a Hg/HgO reference electrode. Values of about 550 to 585 mV. were achieved by using major amounts of oxygen evolution material, such as WC, adding substantially to the cost and weight of the electrode. It is desirable to lower this charging voltage, to conserve energy, and to reduce the amount of silver catalyst that dissolves in the electrolyte at that voltage. It is also desirable to reduce the cost and weight of the above-described types of electrodes, while maintaining a proper balance of electrolyte permeability.
  • the iron is used partly as a substitute for an oil impregnant, to reduce the consumption of the anode during cell operation, the iron apparently preventing wetting of the interior of the anode by the liquid electrolyte. Such a process would make the electrode substantially electrolyte impermeable.
  • a bifunctional air electrode for use in electrochemical energy cells comprises (A) a hydrophilic layer consisting essentially of a hydrophilic composite comprising from 1 part by weight of carbon particles having a total surface area of from 30 to 1,500 sq. meters/gram, where at least 50 wt.% of the carbon particles have a total surface area of from 30 to 300 sq.
  • the hydrophilic layer of the bifunctional air electrodes of the present invention comprises an expanded metal, wire screen, or preferably, a fiber netal current collector inert to electrolyte, and preferably fabricated from nickel, or nickel-plated steel, intimately contacted by the hydrophilic material.
  • the composite air electrode is then suitably framed in a material which is corrosion resistant to the alkaline electrolyte such as an ABS plastic.
  • the air electrode is positioned within the cell so that the hydrophobic material is in contact with either air or oxygen, and the hydrophilic material is in contact with an alkali hydroxide electrolyte such as NaOH, KOH or LiOH.
  • silver is used as a catalyst, from 0.05 to 1.0 part of a metal sulfide, preferably nickel sulfide, has proved convenient as a silver protection additive up to 1.0 part by weight of CoW0 4 , WC, WS 2 , or WC fuse sinter coated with 1 to 20 wt.% Co., and their mixtures has been found to be an effective oxygen evolution material.
  • An amount of nonwetting agent effective to bond the other components together and prevent electrolyte flooding is usually from 0.15 to 3 parts by weight of a powder having a preferred particulate size range of from 0.2 to 40 microns.
  • the carbon particles are silverized by precipitating Ag on the carbon, via the addition of AgN0 3 to an aqueous slurry of carbon in the presence of hydra- z ine (NH 2 NH 2 ).
  • a sufficient amount of distilled water is added to form a paste-like consistency.
  • This paste can be dried somewhat and then pressed into a hydrophilic layer and then be pressed into the current collector.
  • the paste is spread over and forced into a suitable current collector, to integrate the current collector into a composite structure as a first step. The structure is then air dried and pressed to form the hydrophilic layer.
  • the hydrophilic layer is then bonded to a layer of hydrophobic material impervious to the electrolyte but .capable of permitting air and oxygen diffusion therethrough.
  • the gas permeable, alkaline liquid impermeable hydrophobic layer will comprise porous polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, and carbon particles.
  • the bifunctional metal/air battery of the present invention comprises at least one bifunctional air electrode as described above, having the hydrophobic layer in contact with a source of oxygen or air, such as the atmosphere.
  • a metal (fuel) electrode made of iron, cadmium, zinc, or the like is spaced apart from the air electrode and ionically connected by an alkali hydroxide electrolyte, preferably KOH.
  • the bifunctional air electrode of this invention is lightweight and inexpensive because elemental iron is used to replace some or all of the oxygen evolution material, such as WC.
  • the bifunctional air electrode of this invention maintains a proper balance of electrolyte permeability, due to the elemental iron providing an electrolyte storage surface, and allows third cycle charging potentials of about 510 to 575 mV. vs. a Hg/HgO reference electrode, conserving energy and catalyst costs.
  • the metal sulfide reacts with the catalyst to form a compound relatively insoluble in the alkali electrolyte, thus further conserving catalyst costs.
  • battery 10 is a general representation of the bifunctional metal/air cells of the present invention.
  • Metal/air cell 10 includes a casing 11 for support of the air electrode and fuel electrode as well as the electrolyte.
  • casing 11 is fabricated from ABS plastic or other non-conducting material that is stable or resistant to the electrolyte and reaction products, typically oxygen and hydrogen.
  • Cell 10 comprises a pair of bifunctional air electrodes 12 and 13 each having an outer hydrophobic layer 14 and 16, respectively, each of which is in contact with the atmosphere or other source of air or oxygen.
  • Air electrodes 12 and 13 also include hydrophilic layers 17 and 18, respectively, including integrally contained metal current collectors 19 and 21.
  • Electrodes 12 and 13 are framed in frames 22 and 23, preferably made from ABS plastic and having electrical leads 24 and 26, respectively.
  • Metal/air cell 10 includes a fuel electrode 27, preferably fabricated from iron, cadmium, zinc, or the like material, preferably iron, spaced between air electrodes 12 and 13 and including electrical lead 28.
  • Metal/ air cell 10 also includes an electrolyte 29 between and in contact with metal electrode 27 and air electrodes 12 and 13, respectively.
  • Electrolyte 29 is an alkali hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or preferably potassium hydroxide.
  • the bifunctional air electrode 12 is shown with hydrophilic layer 17 and hydrophobic layer 14 pressed and bonded thereto.
  • Current collector 19 is intimately contacted by and generally disposed within and impregnated by hydrophilic layer 17, and is adapted for electrical connection to the circuit.
  • the hydrophilic layer is 5 to 100 mils and preferably from 10 to 50 mils in thickness and the hydrophobic layer is from 5 to 50 mils thick.
  • the life of an air electrode increases with an increase in the thickness of the hydrophilic layer. However, any increase greater than about 100 mils is undesirable because of the increase in weight to the cell.
  • Hydrophilic layers 17 and 18 comprise a composite of four or five components and an integral current collector.
  • This hydrophilic composite when used in a bifunctional electrode must include a low surface area oxygen absorption and reduction material such as carbon black.
  • the carbon is in a fluffy form comprising discrete particles in a chain like structure, such as Shawinigan acetylene black, having a low surface area of about 30 to about 300 square meters per gram, as described in U.S. Patent Specification No. 3,977,901.
  • the carbon also may comprise a mixture of low surface area acetylene black carbon, and, for example, furnace carbon black, preferably in a fluffy form comprising discrete particles, having a surface area of from 80 to 1,500 square meters per gram.
  • the low surface area carbon, such as acetylene black must comprise from 50 wt.% to 100 wt.%, preferably from 65 wt.% to 100 wt.% of the carbon used.
  • surface area is meant the total external area/gram.
  • the porous nature of carbon excludes surface area measurement by microscopial examination, which would give only the external surface. Consequently, indirect methods are used, which include measurements based on absorption isotherms, such as the standard method of Burnauer Emmett and Teller (BET), or mercury intrusion porosity measurements.
  • BET Burnauer Emmett and Teller
  • Unactivated, fluffy type acetylene black carbon having a surface area of about 70 sq. meters/gram, and a particle size diameter range of between 0.005 and 0.13 micron is particularly effective to evolve oxygen without deleterious effects on the electrode.
  • the air penetrates by diffusion to a three phase zone which is a narrow electro-chemically active zone where the 0 2 , liquid electrolyte and solid carbon particles meet.
  • a catalyst is usually also present. The most effective interface is at the current collector 19.
  • Useful catalysts include silver, which is preferred, platinum, platinum-ruthenium, nickel spinel, nickel perovskites, and iron, nickel or cobalt macrocyclics, among others.
  • the catalyst is effective for the reduction of oxygen and the decomposition of intermediate reaction products, typically perhydroxides.
  • a low oxygen evolution material may be used. This material helps to decrease oxygen overvoltage.
  • Compounds found suitable for use as this component include CoW0 4 , WC, WS 2 , and WC containing from 1 to 20 but preferably 10 to 15 wt.% fused cobalt, and their mixtures. In this latter material, the cobalt is generally fuse sintered onto tungsten carbide particles.
  • a nonwetting agent to prevent gross flooding of the electrode by the electrolyte and to bond the composite together is required.
  • the nonwetting agent includes at least polytetrafluoroethylene, and preferably comprises a blend of fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene.
  • the elemental iron component consists of substantially pure iron particles (Fe°).
  • This material can be easily produced from ferric oxide (Fe203), which is an inexpensive, commercially available material.
  • Fe 2 0 3 can be thermally reduced to metallic iron, Fe°, at about 750°C in a reducing atmosphere, preferably H 2 , for about 20 minutes. It can then be ground or otherwise pulverized to a powder having a critical particle size range of between 25 microns and 700 microns. Over 700 microns, electrode flooding will result. Under 25 microns, the electrode will lack sufficient porosity.
  • the elemental iron functions to reduce oxygen evolution overvoltage.
  • the iron provides a highly porous surface for effective electrolyte storage, while simultaneously acting as an electron conductor. As such it allows controlled penetration of electrolyte to the metallic current collecting grids where oxygen is formed on carbon surfaces, thus facilitating the oxygen evolution process.
  • the use of elemental iron enables either partial or total replacement of scarce, expensive, high density oxygen evolution materials, such as WC, resulting in lower weight, less expensive electrodes.
  • a silver protection additive can also be used when silver is the catalyst used in the hydrophilic layer.
  • Metal sulfides such as iron sulfide, cobalt sulfide, and preferably nickel sulfide are effective.
  • the S2- reacts with the silver to form Ag 2 S, which is relatively _insoluble in alkali hydroxide electrolytes.
  • Other catalysts such as platinum are inert in such electrolytes and present no dissolution problems. They are not preferred as the catalyst however, because relative to silver, they are very expensive.
  • the weight ratios of ingredients for the hydrophilic layer are: 1 part by weight of oxygen absorption/ reduction carbon having a surface area of between 30 sq. meters/gram and 1,500 sq. meters/gram and a particle size diameter range of between 0.005 micron and 0.13 micron, where at least 50 wt.% of the carbon has a low surface area of between 30 and 300 sq.
  • a catalyst for oxygen reduction and decomposition of perhydroxides such as silver, platinum, platinum-ruthenium and the like and their mixtures
  • silver when silver is used as a catalyst, from 0.05 to 1.0 part of a metal sulfide, preferably nickel sulfide as a silver protection additive; up to 1.0 part, i.e., 0.0 to 1.0 part of an oxygen evolution material selected from CoWO 4 , WS 2 , WC, WC fuse sinter coated with 1 to 20 wt.% Co, and their mixtures; and an effective amount, usually from 0.15 to 3 parts, of a bonding/nonwetting agent including at least polytetrafluoroethylene, and having a preferred particle size range of from 0.2 microns to 40 microns.
  • the addition range of Fe° is critical
  • the carbon particles are silverized by precipitating Ag on the carbon, via the addition of AgN0 3 to an aqueous slurry of carbon in the presence of hydrazine (NH 2 NH 2 )
  • NH 2 NH 2 hydrazine
  • the components can then be mixed together with distilled water to a paste-like consistency.
  • the composition is spread over and through electrode current collectors, shown in the drawings as 19 and 21, each preferably formed as an array of nickel or nickel plated steel fibers sintered together generally below the melring point of the fibers to form a plaque with a theoretical density of from 5% to 15%, i.e. from 85% to 95% porous at a thickness of 12 to 15 mils.
  • the air electrodes of this invention can consist of a single layer of pasted current collector, as shown in Figure 2, but more commonly they consist of a plurality, usually two or three, impregnated layers of pasted current collectors bonded together, i.e., the hydrophilic layer comprises at least one and usually two or three current collectors sandwiched within the hydrophilic layer material.
  • the composition is permitted to air dry and thereafter the layers of pasted current collectors are subjected to a flat-bed pressing at a temperature between 250°C and 400°C at a pressure of from 0.25 and 3 tons/sq. inch, to consolidate the layers into a single air electrode.
  • the paste is dried, and then preformed into a hydrophilic layer at 25°C and 0.5 to 2 ton/sq. inch, followed by pressing into the current collector at the same temperature and pressure, followed by hot pressing at about 250°C and 0.5 to 3 ton/sq. inch. In either case the current collector is "formed" into the composite to provide a hydrophilic layer.
  • the pressing operating effects the quality of the air electrode and it is required that the temperature and pressure be adhered to for the best results.
  • Use of temperature, over 400°C would burn off the bonding/nonwetting agent, leaving an unbound structure.
  • the resulting hydrophilic layer has a preferred thickness of from 10 to 50 mils.
  • Hydrophobic layers 14 and 16 can comprise a sheet of porous, unsintered, fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene alone, or in combination with fluorinated ethylene propylene and carbon particles.
  • the hydrophobic layers will comprise porous fluorinated ethylene propylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon particles, where the carbon particles constitute from 20 wt.% to 75 wt.% of the hydrophobic layer. While other methods of attaching hydrophobic layers 14 and 16 to hydrophilic layers 17 and 18 are suitable, it is preferred that they be press laminated at the same time as the hydrophilic layer is pressed, using the same temperature and pressure as heretofore described.
  • They can also be roll laminated where both layers are first heated at a temperature of about 300°C for about 10 minutes and then are passed through a two roll mill, wherein the roll surfaces are maintained at a temperature of about 190°C with a pressure therebetween of about 25 psi.
  • silverized carbon was prepared by precipitating finely divided Ag on the carbon particles in the presence of NH 2 NH 2 via the addition of AgN0 3 to a wet carbon slurry. Excess water was vacuum filtered from the slurry and the resulting paste was air dried for about 16 hours. The dried silverized carbon powder was then homo- generously mixed with fluorinated ethylene propylene, a 60 wt.% solids dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene, cobalt coated tungsten carbide, and nickel sulfide. The material was then oven dried at 100°C to form a fine flowing powder, after which the elemental iron was added, and then the resulting material was mixed in a ball mill for about 1 hour.
  • the dry powders were dry pressed at .25°C and about 1 ton/sq. inch to provide unitary sheets of hydrophilic material. These sheets were then placed on the nickel fiber or steel wool current collectors, to provide the configurations desired, and pressed at 25°C and about 1 ton/sq. inch., forcing the hydrophilic material into the current collectors. At this point the current collectors were disposed within and encapsulated by the hydrophilic material.
  • the hydrophilic layers of Samples 1, 2 and 3 were hot bonded to hydrophobic layers at about 350°C and about 5 tons/sq. inch for 10 minutes, to form bifunctional air electrodes.
  • the hydrophilic layers of Samples 4 and 5 were bonded to hydrophobic layers at 25°C and about 8 tons/sq. inch, followed by a 30 minute bake in a N 2 atmosphere at 325°C.
  • the hydrophobic layer consisted of a pressed sheet of 71.5 wt.% Shawinigan acetylene black carbon 14.25 wt.% fluorinated ethylene propylene and 14.25 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • two bifunctional air electrode samples were prepared, not containing an elemental iron. These electrode samples both used 3 nickel fiber current collectors and both contained: 2.94 gr. acetylene black carbon having a particle size diameter between about 0.02 and 0.1 micron and having a surface area of about 40 to 90 sq. meters (gram; 0.61 gr. tungsten carbide fuse coated with 12 wt.% cobalt; 0.38 gr. fluorinated ethylene propylene and about 0.28 gr. polytetrafluoroethylene bonding/nonwetting agents; 0.13 gr. silver nitrate providing about 0.08 gr. silver catalyst; 0.66 gr. nickel sulfide; and no iron (Fe°).
  • the electrode material was prepared and bonded to the current collectors in the same way as described earlier in the Example.
  • the hydrophobic layer consisted of a pressed sheet of material similar to that described previously in the Example. This bifunctional air electrode was cycled and run as described above, in the Example. Potentials were measured as described hitherto, in the Example with the resulting third cycle charging potential values of 604 mV and 605 mV measured vs. a Hg/HgO reference.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
EP81305234A 1981-03-05 1981-11-04 Electrode à air contenant du fer élémentaire et cellule équipée d'une telle électrode Withdrawn EP0059811A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US240659 1981-03-05
US06/240,659 US4341848A (en) 1981-03-05 1981-03-05 Bifunctional air electrodes containing elemental iron powder charging additive

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EP0059811A1 true EP0059811A1 (fr) 1982-09-15

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US (1) US4341848A (fr)
EP (1) EP0059811A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS57148877A (fr)
BR (1) BR8107094A (fr)
ZA (1) ZA817262B (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994010714A1 (fr) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-11 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Electrode oxydoreductrice bifonctionnelle
WO2000016419A1 (fr) * 1998-09-17 2000-03-23 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Procede de fabrication d'une electrode metal-air au moyen de precurseurs de catalyseur solubles dans l'eau, et electrode obtenue par ce procede
EP0996185A1 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2000-04-26 Alcatel Electrode à air bifonctionnelle pour générateur électrochimique secondaire

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JPS57105970A (en) * 1980-12-23 1982-07-01 Toshiba Corp Air electrode
US4409301A (en) * 1981-12-21 1983-10-11 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Bifunctional gas diffusion electrode
US4444852A (en) * 1982-08-27 1984-04-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Size and weight graded multi-ply laminar electrodes
US4448856A (en) * 1983-03-14 1984-05-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Battery and fuel cell electrodes containing stainless steel charging additive
US4524114A (en) * 1983-07-05 1985-06-18 Allied Corporation Bifunctional air electrode
DE3331699C2 (de) * 1983-09-02 1985-10-31 Accumulatorenwerke Hoppecke Carl Zoellner & Sohn GmbH & Co KG, 5790 Brilon Sauerstoffelektrode für alkalische galvanische Elemente und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung
US4659559A (en) * 1985-11-25 1987-04-21 Struthers Ralph C Gas fueled fuel cell
US4822698A (en) * 1987-05-15 1989-04-18 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Seawater power cell
US4906535A (en) * 1987-07-06 1990-03-06 Alupower, Inc. Electrochemical cathode and materials therefor
US4855194A (en) * 1988-02-05 1989-08-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Fuel cell having electrolyte inventory control volume
CA1306284C (fr) * 1987-08-24 1992-08-11 Karl V. Kordesch Electrodes metalliques et electrodes catalysees au moyen d'un oxyde de metalpour les cellules electrochimiques et methode de fabrication de ces electrodes
US5045349A (en) * 1989-08-16 1991-09-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Silver-nickel composite cathodes for alkaline secondary batteries
DE4027655C1 (fr) * 1990-08-31 1991-10-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V., 8000 Muenchen, De
US5318862A (en) * 1993-09-22 1994-06-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Bifunctional gas diffusion electrodes employing wettable, non-wettable layered structure using the mud-caking concept
US6069107A (en) * 1998-06-17 2000-05-30 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Recharge catalyst with thin film carbon coating, metal-air electrode including said catalyst and methods for making said catalyst and electrode
US6127060A (en) * 1998-06-17 2000-10-03 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Recharge catalyst with thin film low corrosion coating, metal-air electrode including said catalyst and methods for making said catalyst and electrode
US6183894B1 (en) * 1999-11-08 2001-02-06 Brookhaven Science Associates Electrocatalyst for alcohol oxidation in fuel cells
CN101326675B (zh) * 2005-12-06 2012-06-06 雷沃尔特科技有限公司 双功能空气电极
US9941516B2 (en) * 2006-09-22 2018-04-10 Bar Ilan University Porous clusters of silver powder comprising zirconium oxide for use in gas diffusion electrodes, and methods of production thereof
US8900750B2 (en) 2006-09-22 2014-12-02 Bar-Ilan University Porous clusters of silver powder promoted by zirconium oxide for use as a catalyst in gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the production thereof
US7718319B2 (en) 2006-09-25 2010-05-18 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Cation-substituted spinel oxide and oxyfluoride cathodes for lithium ion batteries
DE102007032551A1 (de) * 2007-07-12 2009-01-15 Neos International Gmbh Elektrochemische Energiequelle zum Unterwasserbetrieb
US8802304B2 (en) * 2010-08-10 2014-08-12 Eos Energy Storage, Llc Bifunctional (rechargeable) air electrodes comprising a corrosion-resistant outer layer and conductive inner layer
WO2013090680A2 (fr) 2011-12-14 2013-06-20 Eos Energy Storage, Llc Élément électriquement rechargeable à anode métallique, ainsi que systèmes et procédés d'accumulateurs correspondants
IN2015DN00813A (fr) 2012-07-18 2015-06-12 Aza Holding Pte Ltd

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FR2401528A1 (fr) * 1977-08-26 1979-03-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrodes a air et cellules metal/air munies d'une ou plusieurs telles electrodes

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FR2290045A1 (fr) * 1974-10-23 1976-05-28 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrode a air et cellule electrochimique equipee d'une telle electrode
FR2401528A1 (fr) * 1977-08-26 1979-03-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrodes a air et cellules metal/air munies d'une ou plusieurs telles electrodes

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994010714A1 (fr) * 1992-10-30 1994-05-11 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Electrode oxydoreductrice bifonctionnelle
WO2000016419A1 (fr) * 1998-09-17 2000-03-23 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Procede de fabrication d'une electrode metal-air au moyen de precurseurs de catalyseur solubles dans l'eau, et electrode obtenue par ce procede
US6291090B1 (en) 1998-09-17 2001-09-18 Aer Energy Resources, Inc. Method for making metal-air electrode with water soluble catalyst precursors
EP0996185A1 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2000-04-26 Alcatel Electrode à air bifonctionnelle pour générateur électrochimique secondaire
FR2785093A1 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2000-04-28 Cit Alcatel Electrode a air bifonctionnelle pour generateur electrochimique secondaire

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JPS57148877A (en) 1982-09-14
ZA817262B (en) 1983-03-30
BR8107094A (pt) 1983-04-12
US4341848A (en) 1982-07-27

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