Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/24—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by extraction; Tobacco extracts
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/20—Biochemical treatment

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a fed-batch fermentation method for denitrating aqueous tobacco extracts via dissimilatory denitrification.
• This invention provides a method for denitrifying tobacco extract employing a fed-batch fermentation process.
• a stirred sterile deaerated aqueous tobacco extract containing up to about 21 weight percent soluble solids and up to about 4000 ppm nitrate-nitrogen is fed into a fermentor having therein a stirred culture solution containing an inoculum having a volume equal to 15-30% of the total volume of.
• extract to be denitrified and having at least 10 6 -10 8 cells/ml of conditioned denitrifying microorganisms-at a-rate-such that the nitrate-nitrogen content in the fermentor does not exceed about 1000 ppm, while providing additives necessary for and maintaining conditions under which nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas via a dissimilatory pathway.
• the incubation of the extract is continued for about two hours to insure complete denitrification.
• the invention also provides a method for denitrifying tobacco wherein an aqueous tobacco extract is formed and denitrified as above described and is then reapplied to the tobacco web resulting from the extraction to form reconstituted tobacco suitable for use in smoking products.
• the present invention provides an improved method for reducing nitrate and/or nitrite in aqueous tobacco extract by means of microbial denitrification.
• the method of the invention permits more rapid and efficient reduction of nitrate in tobacco materials when microorganisms which are capable of dissimilatory denitrification are utilized. Further, more concentrated extracts can be denitrified by means of the invention. This more rapid and efficient reduction is effected by employing a fed-batch culture technique. Smoking articles prepared from tobacco reconstituted with the denitrified extract deliver significantly lowered amounts of oxides of nitrogen on smoking.
• the time required for microbial denitration can be the rate limiting step. Therefore provision of a shorter processing time for nitrate reduction, as with the present invention, is.a significant economic advantage; particularly when operating on a commercial scale. Moreover the present process, provides more efficient utilization of nutrients, thereby reducing manufacturing costs. Finally since extracts . having higher soluble solids content can be treated in accordance with the invention, the size of the fermentors, as well as, the time and costs associated with concentration of extract for use in reconstitution processes are reduced.
• the process of the invention comprises feeding tobacco extract into a fermentor containing conditioned denitrifying microorganisms at a rate such that the ionic strength of the solution in the fermentor does not rise to a level inhibitory to the microorganisms.
• the conditions of the system are those which are conducive to efficient reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas.
• the invention comprises reducing the nitrate level of tobacco by denitrifying tobacco extract in accordance with such procesS and forming reconstituted tobacco employing the denitrified extract.
• microorganisms which reduce nitrate or nitrite to elemental nitrogen via a series of metabolic steps commonly known as dissimilatory denitrification are used. Nitrate reduction via this pathway is effected by a series of enzymatic reactions shown schematically below.
• dissim- ..ilatory reduction is selected since elemental nitrogen is the end product of nitrate reduction and can be completely.removed from the tobacco materials. Moreover, no other nitrogen- containing metabolic intermediate products that could poten- 'tially affect the subjective characteristics of the denitrated tobacco material or influence the further formation of-oxides of nitrogen in the generated smoke are produced via the dissimilatory denitrification mechanism. Further, because the extract stops cell growth, biomass build-up and attendant problem of waste disposal can-be avoided with this process. In addition, since the process is not highly exothermic the need for elaborate cooling steps can be avoided.
• Microorganisms which are effective in dissimilatory reduction of nitrates include Micrococcus (Paracoccus) denitrificans, specifically Paracoccus denitrificans, ATCC 19367; ATCC 17741 and ATCC 13543 and Micrococcus denitrificans
• the Paracoccus denitrificans strain ATCC 19367 has been utilized in the present process and has been found to be highly effective. This strain was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Park Lawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852. Its morphology is set forth in Table 1.
• microorganisms are capable of a number of : metabolic processes it is important to subject the microorganisms to an inductive treatment whereby they are acclimated or conditioned to the dissimilatory reduction of nitrates before using them in accordance with the process of the present invention.
• Reference herein to conditioned microorganisms are intended to mean microorganisms which have such enzyme systems and are acclimated to dissimilatory denitrification.
• the induction process can be effected by growth and maintenance of the microorganisms under controlled conditions.
• a broth containing nitrate-nitrogen may be.inoculated with the denitrifying microorganism.
• the broth should have a nitrate-nitrogen content of at least 10 ppm and preferably about 1400 ppm to support and achieve the desired-amount of inoculum build-up. Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen greater than about 4000 ppm may have adverse effects on the microorganisms.
• additives necessary for growth of the microorganisms are required.
• such additives will include a carbon source, nitrate, phosphate, ammonium salts and metal salts, as sources of metallic ions, such as iron and magnesium.
• glucose as-the carbon source
• potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate salts, ammonium chloride, magnesium sulfate and ferric chloride have been found to result in a suitable medium.
• a medium containing 10 g glucose, 10 g.KNO 3 , 10.7 g K 2 HPO 4 , 5.24 g: KH 2 PO 4 , 1 g NH 4 Cl, 0.2 g MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O and 0.002 g FeCl 3 per liter of deionized water has been found adequate for buildup of Paracoccus denitrificans.
• the inoculated broth is incubated under conditions such that nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas via a dissimilatory metabolic pathway. Generally this is most efficiently accom- plished if the dissolved oxygen content in the broth during incubation is as close to 0 ppm as possible.
• the dissolved oxygen may be measured and monitored by employing a dissolved oxygen electrode.
• the desired low dissolved oxygen levels may be effectively achieved by initially sparging the fermentation vessel being employed for the incubation with an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0 volume/volume/ minute until the desired dissolved oxygen level is achieved, and thereafter eliminating the air access to the vessel.
• an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium
• the dissolved oxygen content may be well above 0 initially, where air access is restricted the dissolved oxygen will be reduced to approximately zero generally within 15 to 30 minutes after commencing fermentation.
• the intial pH of the broth should be between about 7 to 8 and preferably about 7.0 to 7.5.
• the broth is maintained at a temperature between about 20°C and 40°C, temperatures between about 30°C and 35°C being preferred.
• agitation is generally required and'may be achieved by low to medium speed rotary stirring at about 60 to 300 rpm. Adjustments in these conditions necessary to optimize fermentation with different microorganisms will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
• the incubation period is generally about 8 to 24 hours to permit maximum build-up but_will vary depending upon the initial relative : amounts of nitrate and inoculum and the specific incubation conditions. It is to be understood that the inoculum build-up incubation step can be expedited by means of a vacuum in the same manner as is more fully described hereinbelow in connection with the tobacco denitrification process.
• the microorganisms resulting from the above induction process it is desirable to transfer the microorganisms resulting from the above induction process to a second nitrate broth and subject them to a further induction incubation as described above.
• the induction process is preferably carried out serially in this manner at least three times and optimally a total of five times, in each case employing the culture resulting from the previous induction stage to inoculate the nitrate broth.
• the resulting microorganisms may be transferred to a fermentor for use in the present process.
• the built-up inoculum is transferred under aseptic and anaerobic conditions to a sterile fermentor large enough to accomodate the inoculum, necessary additives and tobacco extract to be denitrated.
• the , inoculum at the start of operation of the process of the invention, contains 10 6-8 cells/ml and has a volume about 15-30% of that of the tobacco extract to be denitrated.
• the optimum fermentation conditions will depend on the specific microorganisms employed. With the Paracoccus denitrificans strain herein employed effective fermentation is achieved when the temperature is maintained at about 25°C to 40°C, preferably at about 30°C to 35°C and optimally about 35°C. Although lower temperatures may be employed they may slow the fermentation process to a degree which is not commercially practical.
• the pH of the culture at the commencement of the process is in the range of about 7.0 to 8.0 and optimally at 7.3. Overall conditions of the system should be such that during denitration the pH is maintained between about 7.0 to 9.5.
• the fermentation media should be agitated during incubation.
• a minimum agitation of about 60 rpm is necessary to ; maintain the microorganisms in suspension and keep them in contact with their environment.
• agitation facilitates diffusion of the nitrogen gas end product from the media.
• Agitation of about 60-150 rpm is typically employed. Since the volume in the fermentation vessel changes during operation of the process, stirring means effective for such changing volumes are desirable. For example, a multiple impeller arrangement or a single impeller and draft tube might be employed to provide agitation.
• the dissolved oxygen content of the fermentation media should be low enough for dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to nitrogen to occur. Typically dissolved oxygen levels below 0.5 ppm are adequate. Optimally levels as close to zero as possible are desirable in order to expedite dissmilatory denitrification.
• the initial oxygen . content of the fermentation media may be above zero, if oxygen access is restricted the content will rapidly be reduced such that desirable low levels are achieved within the early part of the incubation stage. Typically such oxygen content reduction will be complete within 30 minutes after fermentation commences. By continuing to restrict oxygen access during operation of the process, low, near zero levels can be maintained.
• Sparging with an inert gas, as nitrogen or helium for 10 minutes at a flow rate equal to the volume being deaerated is generally effective to reach about 0 ppm dissolved oxygen. Sparging, though useful intially, is not required and is generally not employed during operation of the process.
• the denitrification process of the invention requires presence of certain additives in the medium.
• a carbon source is required.
• a carbon source is preferably glucose in an amount equal to 2.5 g/1000 ppm NO 3 -N for 10% soluble solids increasing to 10 g/1000 ppm NO 3 -N for 21% soluble solids extract to be denitrified.
• Other carbon sources such as sucrose, fructose, molasses or the like may also be employed.
• the carbon source is all present in the inoculum upon commencement of denitrification since the microorganisms will be -more active initially when optimal, non-inhibitory concentrations are present.
• a phosphate source In addition to a carbon source, a phosphate source, certain metallic ions and ammonia are utilized in the present process. References to additives herein are intended to signify materials such as these, which along with nitrate or nitrite, are necessary to the denitrification process. Specifically potassium phosphate, phosphoric acid or other phosphate material in which the phosphate is available to the microorganisms may be employed. Metallic ions, preferably in the form of FeCl3 and MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O or other sources of such ions, are employed. Each of these materials may be present in the tobacco extract or the inoculum. It is preferable, however, that the FeCl 3 be present in the inoculum.
• the additives when the additives are present in the extract care should be taken to ensure that sufficient amounts of these additives remain available to the microorganisms, that is, unreacted with the tobacco extract components.
• the actual amounts of these materials required in the process is small. Generally no more than 0.1 gram of each material per liter of extract is required.
• the additives should be deaerated and sterilized prior to commencing denitrification. These procedures ,may be effected on the additives per se or following their addition to the extract.
• an aqueous tobacco extract is reduced.
• Such an extract may be formed employing conventional techniques, as by contacting a tobacco material with an aqueous solution to extract the soluble components, including nitrate salts. The time of contact will depend on the water to tobacco ratio and the temperature of the aqueous solution.
• the aqueous extract pro- Jerusalem by contact with the aqueous solution is separated from the insoluble fibrous tobacco residue, employing conventional solid- liquid separation techniques. For example, squeezing, centrifugation and filtration techniques may be employed.
• the separated tobacco extract is treated to adjust the soluble solids and/or nitrate content.
• extracts containing up to about 21% soluble solids and up to about 4000 ppm nitrate-nitrogen may be treated in accordance with this invention.
• Sterilization of the tobacco material prior to commencing the process of the invention is generally preferable to avoid any conflicting microbial process.
• Such sterilization may be accomplished by conventional means. Autoclaving or heating may be employed for this purpose.
• sterilization may be accomplished chemically by elevating or reducing the pH of the system to above 11 or below 2.4 for at least about 60 minutes using strong acids or bases which are acceptable in the system. For example, potassium hydroxide or phosphoric acid may be used for this purpose.
• Deaeration of the extract prior to commencing the process may be accomplished in the manner employed to deaerate the additives and culture broth.
• the pH of the extract should generally be between about 6-8 and optimally about 7.3 at the start of the process.
• Addition of KOH or H 3 PO 4 to the extract may be employed to achieve the desired pH level.
• a vacuum during fermentation involving dissimilatory denitrification causes the denitrification to proceed toward completion at an increased rate. This is believed 'to be due, at least in part, to the more rapid diffusion of the nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas end products and their removal from the system as a result of application of the vacuum. Therefore, during practice of the process a vacuum may be maintained in the fermentation vessel. Any conventional means for producing a vacuum may be employed. The degree of vacuum utilized during fermentation depends in part on the growth kinetics of the microorganisms involved and the organisms' ability to produce the sequential enzyme systems required for the denitrification process under reduced pressure. At suffi- ciently high vacuum levels microbial functions may be affected.
• the equipment employed in the practice of the invention may be sterilized prior to commencing the process.
• This equipment generally comprises a fermentor capable of maintaining the required oxygen exclusion and provided with an inlet port for the extract, a pump such as a peristaltic or piston pump to regulate feed of the extract, and a holding tank for the extract, said tank also being capable of maintaining oxygen exclusion and being provided with an outlet port.
• the tank is connected to the pump which is in turn connected to the fermentor by means of tubing. All connections should be such as to maintain anaerobic and aseptic conditions in the system.
• the extract is fed, preferably at a regular rate, into the fermentor.
• the rate should be such that the nitrate-nitrogen in the fermentor remains below 1000 ppm, preferably between 500-800 ppm and optimally not above 700 ppm.
• the conditions in the fermentor should be maintained for at least two hours to ensure maximum denitrification of the extract. By means of the process essentially complete denitrification can be accomplished in less than 20 hours.
• the extract may be combined with insoluble tobacco materials which have been made into a sheet using conventional reconstitution methods. Prior to such reconstitution the extract may be concentrated if necessary or desired. Of course, since more concentrated denitrated extracts may be produced in the practice of the present invention the degree of concentration required can be relatively reduced.
• the resulting reconstituted tobacco may be employed in any smoking product desired. Any such smoking tobacco product will exhibit reduced delivery of nitrogen oxides during combustion.
• the process of the invention may be employed to denitrate extracts from whole tobacco leaf, cut or chopped tobacco, tobacco filler, reconstituted tobacco, tobacco stems and the like.
• references to tobacco and tobacco materials are to be understood to include all such forms of tobacco in various stages of curing.
• reconstituted tobacco denitrated in accordance with the invention exhibits reduced nitrogen oxide delivery in any tobacco product which is consumed by combustion and that references to smoking tobacco products include, cigars, cigarettes, cigarillos and the like.
• Paracoccus denitrificans ATCC #19367 was subjected to ar induction process.
• 25 ml of inoculum containing 10 7 cells/ml was incubated for 12 hours in a sparger flask in 250 ml of culture medium.
• the sparger flask was provided with a sparger reaching the bottom of the flask and an exhaust port for the removal of metabolic gases or for deaeration during sparging.
• the culture medium comprised 235 ml of a first sterile solution containing K 2 HPO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 KNO 3 , MgSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O and NH 4 Cl and 15 ml of a second sterile solution containing glucose and FeCl 3 .
• the overall composition of the culture medium was 10.7 g/1 K 2 HPO 4 , 5.24 g/l KH 2 PO 4 10.0 g/1 KNO 3 , 0.2g/l Mg S0 4 .7H 2 0, 1.0 g/1 NH 4 Cl, 10.0 g/1 glucose and 0.002 g/l FeCl 3 in deionized water.
• the culture medium was deaerated with sterile nitrogen for 10 minutes and cooled to below 33°C before inoculation. During incubation a temperature of 33°C was maintained by means of a water bath and agitation of 120 revolutions/minute was effected by means of a shaker.
• the inoculum resulting from the last buildup step was employed to dsnitrate the tobacco extract.
• 6,538 ml of sterile 20 g/50 ml glucose solution and 261.5 ml of sterile 0.002 g/1.0 ml FeCl 3 solution was added thereto.
• the above prepared tobacco extract was pumped at a rate of 328 ml/minute into a fermentor containing the prepared inoculum.
• Conditions in the fermentor were 33°C,76mm Hg vacuum, 100 rpm, 0% DO (dissolved oxygen) and pH 7-8.
• DO dissolved oxygen
• the denitrated extract was thereupon sterilized, concentrated to about 40% solids by evaporation and applied to a tobacco web to form reconstituted tobacco.
• the resulting sheet contained 10.8% OV, 44% hot water solubles, trace NO 3 -N, 0.12% ammonia, 2.0% reducing sugars and 0.65% total alkaloids.
• Cigarettes formed wholly from the reconstituted tobacco delivered 0.08 mg NO, 17 mg CO, 0.03 mg HCN and 0.68 mg RCHO.
• Inoculum induction and buildup was effected in the manner employed in Example 1 except that the third incubation stage was effected using 220 ml inoculum in 1100 ml of culture medium.
• the prepared extract was pumped for 12 hours into the conditioned culture solution containing glucose and FeCl 3 at a rate of 405 ml/minute using a Cole and Palmer piston pump.
• Conditions in the fermentor were 33°C, 76mmHg vacuum, 100 rpm agitation, 0% DO and pH 7-8. After completion of the feed, conditions were maintained for two more hours to completely remove nitrate and glucose from the medium. Sampling during denitrification indicated 0% NO 3 -N at the end of 12 hours operation.
• the denitrified extract was autoclaved at 121°C for 30 minutes.
• the resulting sterile extract was concentrated to 47.7% solids by-evaporation and applied to a tobacco web to form reconstituted tobacco.
• the thus produced tobacco sheet was subjectively comparable to industrial grade tobacco.
• the sheet contained 12.0% OV, 48% hot water solubles, ⁇ 0.04% NON, 0.10% amino nitrogen, 0.12% ammonia, ⁇ 2.0% reducing sugars and 0.67 total alkaloids.
• Cigarettes formed from the reconstituted tobacco delivered ⁇ 0.01 mg NO, 11 mg CO, 0.02 mg HCN and 0.56 mg RCHO.
• Example 2 The procedure employed for the inoculum build-up and- denitrification conditioning was identical to that of Example 2 except that only a 700 ml inoculum rather than a 1200 ml inoculum, was employed to inoculate 6.839 liters of the first solution, 0.341 liter of 10 g/50 ml glucose solution and 0.0684 liters 0.002 g/10 ml FeCl 3 solution in the third transfer. At the end of this build-up stage 0 ppm NO 3 -N remained in the culture solution.
• the fifth inoculation involved 7.950 liters inoculum in 75.23 liters of the first sterile solution and 3.762 liters of 10 g/50 ml glucose solution and 752.3 ml of 0.002 g/10 ml FeCl 3 solution.
• To the culture resulting from this last stage were added 20.692 1 of 20 g/50 ml deaerated sterile glucose solution and 4.14 ml of 40% weight/volume deaerated sterile FeCl 3 solution prior to denitrification of the tobacco extract.
• the resulting tobacco extract was aseptically and anaerobically fed by means of a Cole and Palmer peristaltic pump at a rate of 260 ml/min. into a fermentor containing the con- ditianed inoculum.
• the feed was completed in 18 hours.
• 370 ppm NO 3 -N remained in the extract.
• conditions in the fermentor were the same as in Example 1. Upon completion of the feed, these conditions were maintained for an additional two hours. 71 ppm NO 3 -N remained in the extract.
• the denitrified extract containing 13.2% soluble solids was sterilized, concentrated by evaporation and applied to a tobacco web to form reconstituted tobacco.
• the resulting reconstituted sheet contained 47% hot water solubles, ⁇ 0.04 NO 3 -N, 0.20% amino nitrogen, 0.30% alkaloids and ⁇ 0.10% soluble NH 3 .
• Cigarettes formed from the sheet delivered 2 mg CO and 0.45 mg RCHO. Neither the HCN nor NO delivery could be measured since both were too low and the cigarettes were difficult to keep lighted due to excessive moisture in the reconstituted tobacco.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Biochemistry (AREA)
• Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)

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Cited By (5)

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• 1982
  • 1982-06-23 CA CA000405819A patent/CA1191673A/en not_active Expired
  • 1982-06-24 BR BR8203702A patent/BR8203702A/pt unknown
  • 1982-06-24 AU AU85316/82A patent/AU8531682A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1982-06-24 EP EP82303306A patent/EP0070112A3/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1982-06-24 AR AR28976682A patent/AR228186A1/es active

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