EP0090212B1 - Dispositif pour régler automatiquement le point de fonctionnement optimal d'une source de tension continue - Google Patents

Dispositif pour régler automatiquement le point de fonctionnement optimal d'une source de tension continue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0090212B1
EP0090212B1 EP83102274A EP83102274A EP0090212B1 EP 0090212 B1 EP0090212 B1 EP 0090212B1 EP 83102274 A EP83102274 A EP 83102274A EP 83102274 A EP83102274 A EP 83102274A EP 0090212 B1 EP0090212 B1 EP 0090212B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
power
voltage
sign
theoretical value
voltage source
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83102274A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0090212A3 (en
EP0090212A2 (fr
Inventor
Franz Dipl.-Ing. Assbeck
Volker Dipl.-Ing. Fleckenstein
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Priority to AT83102274T priority Critical patent/ATE31983T1/de
Publication of EP0090212A2 publication Critical patent/EP0090212A2/fr
Publication of EP0090212A3 publication Critical patent/EP0090212A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0090212B1 publication Critical patent/EP0090212B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
    • Y10S323/906—Solar cell systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for automatically setting the optimum working point of a DC voltage source with an internal resistance, in particular a solar generator.
  • a device for automatically setting the optimum working point of a DC voltage source with an internal resistance, in particular a solar generator is already known from EP-A-0 029 743.
  • Such a DC voltage source can e.g. B. an accumulator, a thermocouple, a fuel cell or in particular a solar generator.
  • a DC voltage source can e.g. B. an accumulator, a thermocouple, a fuel cell or in particular a solar generator.
  • these DC voltage sources have in common that between their two electrical state variables (output voltage and output current) there is a certain physical relationship, which is usually described in the equivalent circuit diagram by an internal resistance.
  • a direct current controller a voltage converter or another matching converter, which is fed to a downstream load
  • the maximum output voltage that can be achieved per se drops the more current is drawn via the voltage converter.
  • the voltage converter is controlled or regulated in such a way that a specific output voltage of the DC voltage source is maintained, the current which can be drawn is thus fixed.
  • the voltage source has only a single electrical degree of freedom, which can be specified as the operating point of the voltage source or the adapter. The power output of such a voltage source is determined by a function of the corresponding degree of freedom, i. H.
  • maximum power point "MPP"
  • MPP maximum power point
  • the system Especially for voltage sources whose primary energy is free (e.g. solar energy) or practically free compared to the installation effort, it is desirable for the system to be used optimally to keep the system running at full load, i.e. always work at the MPP to get as much electrical energy from the DC voltage source into a load, e.g. B. feed an energy storage.
  • the DC voltage transformer can also serve as a charge controller for an accumulator and the accumulator can be followed by a controllable inverter which, for. B. the busbar of an "island network", d. H. a remote group of consumers not supplied by a "public utility grid.
  • controllable inverter generally: a controllable power transformer
  • DC voltage transformer to convert the primary energy consumed by the DC voltage source into another electrical energy in a controllable manner
  • AC consumers such as feed pumps
  • the preamble of claim 1 takes this prior art into account.
  • the power output by the panel to a consumer is set by controlling an inverter in particular so that it becomes maximum.
  • a so-called “maximum power tracker” loads the consumer circuit with a disturbance current ⁇ I at fixed time intervals and evaluates the panel output voltage change AU that occurs.
  • the "maximum power point” itself is defined as the point on the panel U / I characteristic curve with the slope minus one, which is mapped into a reference voltage derived from the panel output voltage itself.
  • a comparison The differential voltage change d ⁇ U / d ⁇ l resulting from the interference current feed-in with the reference voltage enables the operating point to be shifted in the direction of the "maximum power point".
  • a sinusoidal search signal is superimposed on the panel output current in order to optimize the panel operating point.
  • the phase position of the first derivative of the panel output power relative to the search current is evaluated in a demodulator and it is determined whether the current operating point is to the left or right of the "maximum power point".
  • the pulse duty factor of a transistor used as a controllable power transformer is set by the demodulator output signal such that the panel operating point shifts in the direction of the "maximum power point".
  • a method described in FR-A-2 175 653 uses even more complicated relationships to define and set the "maximum power point".
  • the invention has for its object to provide a further device for automatically setting the optimal operating point of a DC voltage source, especially a solar generator.
  • the device according to the invention enables, in addition to practical implementations which are carried out entirely in analog technology, embodiments in which digital and / or program-controlled components can also be used, in particular in the control part.
  • the starting point is accordingly a DC voltage source, in particular a solar generator, which is followed by a controllable power transformer for feeding a consumer.
  • the transmitter is controlled or regulated so that its power consumption, i. H. the electrical power output by the panel is maximum.
  • a state variable that determines the operating point of the panel i.e. the panel voltage or panel current
  • a corresponding setpoint is specified for a state variable that determines the operating point of the panel, i.e. the panel voltage or panel current.
  • An additional value in the sense of a disturbance variable is temporarily applied to this setpoint at certain time intervals and the differential change in the panel power caused thereby is recorded. After the activation of the additional value (removal of the disturbance variable), the setpoint is corrected, i. H.
  • the sign of this setpoint change being chosen to be the same as the sign of the additional value if a positive differential change in the panel power was determined during the connection, i. H. the time derivative of the measured power value caused by the activation is positive.
  • the direction of correction (the sign of the change in the setpoint) must be selected opposite the sign of the additional setpoint. So there is a setpoint correction that always leads to an operating point with higher panel performance until the MPP is exceeded. From then on, the further corrections cause the operating point to oscillate around the MPP.
  • the Störstednamplituden can be selected so low here that she only 1 0 / 0th preferably less than 1%. Cause a change in the panel performance, i.e. practically no longer disturb the actual panel control.
  • the amount and sign of the additional setpoint are given the same and fixed for all connections.
  • the amount of the setpoint change itself can be determined as a function of the respective change in the panel power caused by the activation of the additional setpoint, whereby the working point is initially quickly approximated to the MPP in the event of large deviations between the maximum power point and the respective working point.
  • the method can be carried out even more simply if the amount of the setpoint changes for all setpoint changes is given in the same and fixed manner, in particular the amount of the setpoint changes can be chosen to be smaller than the amount of the additional setpoint.
  • the change in the output panel power is preferably determined by differentially evaluating the steady state of the panel power before and after the additional setpoint is applied.
  • the actual power value (for example, slightly smoothed) that is in the stationary state is detected before a disturbance variable feed-in, immediately before the start of the disturbance variable feed-in into a memory, which places this temporarily stored actual value at the input of a differentiating element until, when the disturbance variable is applied, a steady-state actual power value is set, which then inputs the differentiating element instead of temporarily stored actual power value is switched on.
  • an unchangeable setpoint can be specified as soon as the power output falls below a set minimum value.
  • FIG. 1 shows the course of the current-voltage characteristic of a solar generator and the dependence of the panel power on the degree of freedom of the arrangement.
  • FIG. 2 shows a device for carrying out the method and
  • FIG. 3 shows the most important part of an evaluation circuit for detecting the stationary power change.
  • FIG. 4 shows the control of the individual switching elements of the device.
  • the relationship between the output voltage U (panel voltage) of a solar generator and the current I drawn (panel current) is plotted in FIG. Furthermore, the solar power P, ie the product of the panel voltage and panel current, is shown.
  • the solar power P has a pronounced maximum P opt , which on the U / I state diagram corresponds to the values U opt and I opt of the two electrical state variables U and I.
  • the diagrams shown, which differ slightly even for different panels of the same type, are measured at an irradiation of 930 W / m 2 , an ambient temperature of 24 ° C and a panel temperature of 36 ° C. If these external, non-electrical parameters are changed, different diagrams result.
  • the optimum operating point which is given by U opt and l opt , is set automatically.
  • a solar generator 1 feeds a consumer 3 via an electrical power transformer 2.
  • the power transformer is designed as a DC controller and serves as a charge controller of a battery 3.
  • the terminal voltage of the battery changes only very slightly during a disturbance variable connection, so that the electrical power supplied to the battery and which is taken from the solar generator via the DC controller is practically proportional is the charging current of the battery, which can be measured on the measuring cell 4.
  • the input voltage of the battery is also used to supply the operating voltage for the control unit 6 of the DC chopper and the further control devices via a power supply unit 5.
  • the aim of the control according to the invention is to regulate the state variable U (in this case, the panel voltage) as the reference variable of the arrangement to the optimum working point U o t , which is done by changing the pulse-pause ratio of the switch contained in the direct current controller 2.
  • U the state variable
  • U o t the current flowing through the actuator 2 as the manipulated variable of the system is changed in such a way that it corresponds to the desired working point.
  • the setpoint generator (7) advantageously provides a basic setpoint Ü o and a correction setpoint U corr . which are put together to the Sollwe o + U corr . It is initially assumed that the device operates at an operating point which deviates from the optimal operating point (maximum power point MPP), which is given by the voltage o and is permanently set on an adjusting device 7a in the setpoint generator. The arrangement can be operated in a controlled manner, but regulation can also be provided. So z. B. on a comparator 8, the control deviation between the target value U o and an actual value U tapped off by means of a corresponding measuring element 9, are formed for the panel voltage in order to obtain the control variable of the control device 6 of the actuator 2.
  • a time stage 10 now generates a disturbance variable (additional setpoint AU '), which is temporarily applied to the setpoint U o set on the setpoint generator, for example as an interference voltage surge.
  • B. 8 at comparator If the sign of the additional setpoint .DELTA.U 'is negative, it leads in the example shown in Figure 1 case U o ⁇ U o p t to a decrease in tillbebenen of solar generator panel power P.
  • the setpoint value U o supplied by the setpoint generator is then changed.
  • the setpoint generator 7 advantageously an integrator 7b, to which two antiparallel Zener diodes are connected in parallel to limit the voltage.
  • the evaluation circuit 11 contains at its output a limit indicator 12, which provides the sign of the power change in the form of a digital signal and in a memory, for. B. a flip-flop circuit 13 inputs.
  • the memory output is connected in such a way that a positive or negative voltage ⁇ U 0 (corresponding to an increase or decrease in the power) of a constant amount is provided in accordance with the stored signal.
  • the time stage 10 closes a switch 14 between the memory 13 and the integrator 7, so that the integrator is now briefly connected to the voltage provided by the memory as an input voltage with a sign corresponding to the sign of the differential power change.
  • the setpoint U o is thus changed by a constant, fixed, predetermined correction amount ⁇ U o after each connection.
  • ⁇ U o a constant, fixed, predetermined correction amount
  • the sign and amount of the additional setpoint value ⁇ U ' is fixed in the given case by the time step 10. Because of the highly sensitive differential detection of the change in performance can .DELTA.U selected 'so that caused by the feed-forward change in the output voltage U o 1% to a maximum of 1%, the voltage U o p t in the MPP.
  • the setpoint change ⁇ U o is determined by the closing time of the switch 14 and is advantageously chosen such that ⁇ U o is somewhat smaller than ⁇ U '.
  • the time stage 10 also controls a switching device consisting of two switches 16a and 16b within the evaluation circuit 11.
  • a current measuring element is sufficient for the evaluation circuit 11 to detect the power output of the DC voltage source, since the terminal voltage of the consumer is therefore the battery input voltage when open - And switching off the disturbance variable remains practically constant and a slow change in the terminal voltage dependent on the state of charge of the battery is of no importance for the differential power change.
  • current and voltage must be recorded and multiplied with one another in order to record the power or its differential change.
  • the switch 16a which is opened immediately before or at least when the additional setpoint starts to be connected, connects the measuring element 4 (or a downstream actual value smoothing element 17 with a small time constant) to a spoke 18a, in which the one measured before the activation is then connected value of the power output belonging to a steady state of the panel is stored. Even before the end of the connection, as soon as the arrangement has settled to a new stationary value belonging to U o + ⁇ U ', the switch 16a is closed again and the memory 18a contains the new stationary measured value.
  • a differentiating element 18c is connected downstream of the memory, wherein the memory and differentiating element can be combined to form a common differentiating device 18, which is shown in FIG. 3.
  • Memory 18a and switch 16a cooperate in such a way that at the input of the differentiator 18c the respective power measurement value before opening the switch, with the switch open the measured value measured and stored immediately before the disturbance variable connection and after the switch is closed again the measured value, now at U o + ⁇ U 'belonging measured value are supplied. Since these measured values are obtained in each case in steady-state conditions, the differentiator 18c thus only records the change in the steady-state power P stat caused by the disturbance variable, ie its change ⁇ P stat . This can e.g. B. are formed by means 18b and is present after the switch 16a is closed again as a surge and is differentiated. The differential change in the steady-state power output of the DC voltage is therefore present at the output of the differentiating element 18c.
  • the capacitor 31 connected upstream of an operational amplifier 30 acts as a memory which charges when the highly insulating switch 16a is closed in accordance with the input signal applied and retains this charge virtually unchanged until the switch 16a is closed again.
  • the operational amplifier 30 is designed via the capacitance 31 and the resistor 34 as a differentiator and via the RC circuit 33, 34 as additional smoothing.
  • the switch 16b which is actuated and actuated together with the switch 16a via a control signal S1, prevents currents from flowing out of the differentiating device 18 into a downstream smoothing element 18d during the opening time of 16a.
  • This smoothing member 18d can e.g. B. consist of a passive low-pass filter and an active smoothing element and serve a superimposed AC component of the differentiator output voltage, the harmonics of the actual power value prevails to smooth.
  • the limit value detector 12 already mentioned detects the sign of this (smoothed) change in power and leads, via the connection already described, by means of the elements 13 and 14 to readjusting the correction setpoint U corr or the setpoint U o by the voltage ⁇ Uo.
  • a further limit value indicator 19 is provided, which checks the actual value of the output power for falling below a minimum value, closes a bypass switch 20 on the integrator 7 and thus disengages the means for adjusting the setpoint value U o as soon as the output power of the solar generator is so low that a perfect detection in the evaluation circuit 11 is no longer possible.
  • connection of the additional setpoint ⁇ U 'and readjustment of the setpoint takes place in work cycles which are specified by the time control circuit 10.
  • the duration of such a cycle can e.g. B. 2 seconds and divided into 256 time steps by a corresponding oscillator with a downstream counter.
  • the oscillator 21 can be matched to the actuator cycle.
  • the addresses of a memory 22 are controlled in succession with the oscillator pulses, in which the corresponding control pulses for the tracking control are stored for each time step.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of the course of the corresponding control signals as a function of the time steps n.
  • the initially closed switching device 16a, 16b is opened (control signal S1) and the additional setpoint ⁇ U 'of the addition point 8 is applied immediately thereafter (voltage S2). If the panel has settled to a steady state actual power value in accordance with the new voltage setpoint U o + ⁇ U ', the switching device 16a is closed - with ⁇ U' still applied. The input voltage of the differentiating element 18c thereby jumps to the new actual power value and a pulse is generated at the differentiator output and the smoothing element 18d, the sign of which is evaluated by the threshold value element 12.
  • the memory 13 is opened briefly with the control signal S3 and the pending output signal of the threshold value element 12 is stored for the duration of one cycle. Subsequently, the disturbance variable connection ⁇ U 'is ended and the correction of the setpoint U corr begins.
  • the output of the memory is given to the integrator 7b for a fixed correction time, the output voltage U corr of which changes by the voltage time area ⁇ U o belonging to the signal S4.
  • the control of the DC chopper shown here primarily acts on the transmitted current via the pulse-pause control, the voltage being set according to the load resistance.
  • the control of the DC chopper shown here primarily acts on the transmitted current via the pulse-pause control, the voltage being set according to the load resistance.
  • other power converters can also be used.
  • the device thus makes it possible to track the working point to the optimum working point, all displacements of the optimal working point being taken into account automatically.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
  • Continuous-Control Power Sources That Use Transistors (AREA)

Claims (6)

1. Dispositif pour le réglage automatique du point optimal de fonctionnement d'une source de tension continue (1) présentant une résistance interne, notamment une pile solaire, comportant
a) un transformateur d'énergie branché en aval de la source de tension continue (1) et comportant un dispositif de commande (6) auquel est envoyée une chaleur de consigne (Uo) pour la tension de sortie (U1) de la source de tension continue (1),
b) un organe de mesure (4) servant à détecter une grandeur qui correspond à la puissance (P) délivrée par la source de tension continue (1) à l'appareil d'utilisation (5, 3), notamment une batterie,
c) un dispositif (7) de formation de la valeur de consigne (Uo),
d) un dispositif l'intervention qui modifie de façon transitoire le point de fonctionnement de la source de tension continue (1) par application d'une grandeur perturbatrice (U') au transformateur d'énergie (2),
e) un circuit d'évaluation (11) comportant un dispositif différentiateur (18) qui détermine le signe de la variation, provoquée par l'intervention, de l'énergie délivrée par la source de tension continue (1), et des moyens de réglage (13, 14), qui règlent (SK), en fonction du signe, le dispositif (7) de formation de la valeur de consigne, caractérisé par
f) une mémoire (18a) située dans le dispositif différentiateur (18) et qui au début d'une intervention, explore et mémorise (S1) la valeur (P) présente au niveau de l'organe de mesure (4),
g) un interrupteur (16a) monté à l'entrée du circuit d'évaluation (11) et qui, au début d'une intervention, découple le circuit d'évaluation par rapport au circuit de mesure (4) au début d'une intervention et l'accouple à nouveau (S1) avant la fin de l'intervention,
h) des moyens (18b), qui déterminent, dans le dispositif différentiateur (18) et avant la fin d'une intervention la variation provoquée de puissance (AP) et l'envoient à à un circuit différentiateur (18c),
i) une mémoire de signes (13) située dans les dispositifs de réglage (13, 14) et dans laquelle le signe, détecté par un comparateur (12), de la dérivée dans le temps de la variation de puissance (signe (dΔP dt)) est introduit (S3) à la fin d'une intervention, et
k) un dispositif de commande temporelle (10) qui sert de dispositif d'intervention et délivre, d'une manière coordonnée dans le temps, des signaux de commande (S1, S3) pour la mémoire (18a), l'interrupteur (16a) et la mémoire de signes (13).
2. Dispositif suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif de commande temporelle (10) ajoute (en 8), en tant que grandeur perturbatrice, à la valeur de consigne (Uo) pour le dispositif de commande (6), une valeur de consigne additionnelle prédéterminée (AU') pendant un intervalle de temps prédéterminé.
3. Dispositif suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif de commande temporelle (10) contient une mémoire (22), qui est commandée par un générateur de cadence (21) et dans laquelle les signaux de commande (S1 à S4), qui sont nécessaires pour réaliser l'intervention de la grandeur perturbatrice et le réglage ultérieur du dispositif de formation de la valeur de consigne, sont mémorisés sous forme programmée en mémoire.
4. Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait que l'organe de mesure (4) est branché dans le circuit entre le transformateur d'énergie (2) et l'appareil d'utilisation (5, 3).
5. Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait qu'un transmetteur de valeur limite (19) débranche (interrupteur 20) les moyens de réglage (13, 14) lorsque la puissance délivrée tombe au-dessous d'une valeur minimale.
6. Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait que le dispositif (7) de formation de la valeur de consigne forme la valeur de consigne (Uo) en tant que somme d'une valeur de consigne de base (Uo) et d'une valeur de consigne de correction (Ukorr), et contient, pour la formation de la valeur de consigne de base, un dispositif de réglage (7a) et pour la formation de la valeur de consigne de correction, un intégrateur (7b) auquel est envoyé pendant un bref intervalle de temps (figure 4, signal S4), après chaque intervention de la grandeur additionnelle, une tension d'entrée prédéterminée (ΔUo) possédant le signe mémorisé dans la mémoire de signes (13).
EP83102274A 1982-03-31 1983-03-08 Dispositif pour régler automatiquement le point de fonctionnement optimal d'une source de tension continue Expired EP0090212B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83102274T ATE31983T1 (de) 1982-03-31 1983-03-08 Vorrichtung zum selbsttaetigen einstellen des optimalen arbeitspunktes einer gleichspannungsquelle.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3212022 1982-03-31
DE19823212022 DE3212022A1 (de) 1982-03-31 1982-03-31 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum selbsttaetigen einstellen des optimalen arbeitspunktes einer gleichspannungsquelle

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0090212A2 EP0090212A2 (fr) 1983-10-05
EP0090212A3 EP0090212A3 (en) 1984-11-28
EP0090212B1 true EP0090212B1 (fr) 1988-01-13

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EP83102274A Expired EP0090212B1 (fr) 1982-03-31 1983-03-08 Dispositif pour régler automatiquement le point de fonctionnement optimal d'une source de tension continue

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US (1) US4510434A (fr)
EP (1) EP0090212B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS58182726A (fr)
AT (1) ATE31983T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3212022A1 (fr)

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Also Published As

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EP0090212A3 (en) 1984-11-28
JPS58182726A (ja) 1983-10-25
DE3375336D1 (en) 1988-02-18
EP0090212A2 (fr) 1983-10-05
US4510434A (en) 1985-04-09
ATE31983T1 (de) 1988-01-15
DE3212022A1 (de) 1983-10-06

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